The teoretical foundations of the study experience of loneliness in adolescence

The objective lack of a sufficient number of agreed «external» guidelines for social self-determination necessarily forces young people to rely more on internal person to rely more on internal guidelines - a system of personal values, self-ideal, identity. However, it is these very personal formations that at a certain stage of socialization a certain stage of socialization (in particular, in adolescence) are still in the stage of formation, which, in turn, significantly complicates the process of social identity as one of the central elements of the image of the of the social world as a whole.

When critical life situations arise related to interpersonal relationships (love, misunderstanding of loved ones, betrayal of friends) underdeveloped semantic self-regulation is associated with meaning-making, so it is quite difficult for a young person to rethink, reassess a difficult, conflict situation, find a new meaning in what is happening [7, p. 63].

Loneliness as an intention of imagination is combined with the concept of creative activity. Young people realize their desire for self-affirmation by creating and showing their own videos with people, animals, and objects. In the online environment, they try to find as many supporters and fans as possible, trying to overcome the isolation inherent in technical means. Distance allows participants in virtual creativity to liberate themselves, to demonstrate their very limited abilities by creating a paradoxical image. The danger of spreading this kind of «works», the irony of which is not understood by everyone, threatens to establish lowbrow taste, loss of a sense of proportion, and adequate aesthetic perception of the beauty of the world. Polarized attitudes towards this kind of quasi-creativity, leading to sharp clashes of opinion, incorrect expression of criticism or approval, can lead to the formation of opposing groups or cause rejection and general condemnation. The global nature of negative judgment can lead to feelings of complete loneliness, stress, and deprivation.

Psychological problems, the consequences of social instability, material insecurity, social and legal insecurity complicate the situation of student youth, for whom the age-old biologically given necessity is to find a loved one and express love feelings. The growing importance of intimate attachments is associated with the psychosocial process of sexual identification, which is manifested in young people's mastery of their sexual social role and society's acceptance of this role. This stage of students' psychoontogenesis is accompanied by overcoming psychological dependence on parents/adults, and is characterized by the authorization of social and psychological individuation of the individual. The search for like-minded people and life partners, caused by the growing need of a young person to satisfy the feeling of intimacy in interaction with some people, is complicated in the absence of stability of the social status of students.

Constant anxiety about the future, material insecurity, prolongation of study time due to the need for continuous professional development of young people are the reasons for the steady decline in the number of officially concluded marriages, the increase in unions unequal in age, social status and financial situation, and the postponement of the first marriage to a more mature age. These phenomena are both a consequence and a cause of the overall unfavorable demographic situation in the country. psychological loneliness ambivalence

Psychologists distinguish between loneliness as an «objective» and «subjective» condition. Some people are objectively socially isolated: they have few social contacts with others. Other people are subjectively lonely: they report feeling lonely in the sense that they do not have as many social contacts as they would like. As is now well

known, these two types do not have a reliable correlation. Not every recluse is lonely, but some sociable people are lonely.

The subjective and evaluative characteristics of loneliness distinguish it from more objective concepts related to a person's social relationships, such as social isolation. This is also supported by research that shows how similar social mechanisms can lead to different perceptions of loneliness by different people, indicating that loneliness seems to be highly dependent on individual interpretation and perception of one's social life [25].

Thus, the distinction between objective and subjective forms of loneliness tracks an intuitively obvious point. But it is important to think carefully about what kind of difference is being tracked. To begin with, in the standard sense, thinking about loneliness always requires thinking about a person's subjective life-their experiences, the sense of the quality of their existence. If this is the case, then it is futile to distinguish between a purely objective kind of loneliness, which can be measured in terms of the quantity and quality of a person's social contacts, and a subjective kind that tracks the experiences of the person who suffers. The best way to make the distinction is to consider that the subjective dimension establishes a necessary condition for loneliness: a person can only be lonely if he or she feels lonely. This necessary condition does not require that the sufferer be cognitively aware of his or her loneliness: the experience does not necessarily give rise to the knowledge that he or she is lonely. But it does exclude the possibility that the sufferer is (objectively) lonely without feeling lonely. From this point of view, a person cannot be lonely without this fact being reflected in his or her mental life. On the contrary, the absence of social ties is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for loneliness: loneliness begins and ends with experience.

Symptoms of loneliness range from psychological to physical. Adjectives such as boredom, self-pity, sadness, emptiness, and shame are used to describe the feeling of loneliness.

Loneliness affects, directly or through other mechanisms, biological markers of health, leading to dysregulation of the neuroendocrine system and systemic inflammation, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and brain damage. In addition, some health conditions associated with loneliness can, in turn, cause other health problems. These include depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease, which in turn can affect neuroendocrine dysregulation and cognitive function [15].

People describe thoughts and feelings of loneliness with words such as anxiety, fear, shame, and helplessness. These powerful emotions can affect the way we act. They can create a downward spiral where loneliness causes a person to withdraw even further from family and friends and thus become even lonelier. Loneliness can affect the way we anticipate and interpret our social experiences. It can mean that we feel more anxious or fearful about social situations or react too quickly to cues of social rejection. Loneliness can be exacerbated if we believe the cause of loneliness is something that is unchangeable and will not change: that it is just a part of who we are or aging. Early life events, personality types, and coping styles all influence the risk of loneliness in later life [40].

Cognitive processes determine how people evaluate the situation they are in. Perlman and Peplau took this as a starting point, combined with the attributional aspects of perceived personal control over one's situation, when they developed their definition of loneliness: «Loneliness is an unpleasant experience that occurs when a person's social network is inadequate in some important way, quantitatively or qualitatively» [34]. This definition considers loneliness as a one-dimensional concept that varies primarily in intensity of experience.

Loneliness is a situation that is experienced by a person as one in which there is an unpleasant or unacceptable absence (quality) of certain relationships. This includes situations in which the number of existing relationships is less than what is considered desirable or acceptable, as well as situations in which the intimacy that a person desires has not been realized. Thus, loneliness is related to the way a person perceives, experiences, and evaluates his or her isolation and lack of communication with other people.

One is an objective state of loneliness or solitude, which may well be a desirable and not lonely situation, similar to the result of a satisfying private life. The other is the subjective state of loneliness, which can occur in personal isolation, or it can be felt among others, even among countless other people, as, for example, in a modern city. Loneliness, solitude, and loneliness are clearly not the same thing. However, there are two main points to note in this regard. First, research indicates that situational loneliness and subjective self-assessment of loneliness often (though not necessarily) occur together, suggesting the need for an interrelated analysis, which will be discussed below when discussing solitude. In most regression studies of loneliness, the most significant explanatory variable is living alone, with related variables such as widowhood and bereavement. The fact that loneliness has experienced such an extraordinary increase in advanced economies over the past half-century raises additional questions about loneliness, especially in Western cultures. (This is not to say, of course, that loneliness is a priority for single people, or that they are necessarily lonely. Many who do not live alone experience acute loneliness). Secondly, the modern problem of loneliness, whether correct or not, is often associated with or even shaped by the growing number of people living alone.

Loneliness is now being diagnosed as an «epidemic» or, in the words of the British Office for National Statistics, as a «ticking time bomb». Doctors report that patients are asking: «Can you give me a cure for loneliness?» They humanely discuss in the British journal The Lancet the role of antidepressants and patients «for whom time now stands empty as they wait in houses full of silence... This brings home to me the truth about this epidemic - the epidemic of loneliness... I don't know how to solve it, although I wish I did». The scale of the epidemic is widely estimated. North American and British studies show that 30-50 percent of respondents feel lonely. About 10-25 percent report severe loneliness. The British Mental Health Foundation (2010) found that only 22 percent of respondents had never felt lonely, and 42 percent felt depressed because of loneliness. Loneliness particularly affects the very young and the elderly, as does suicide. Among children, loneliness is evident and even growing.

According to the European Quality of Life Survey, about 12% of EU citizens felt lonely more than half the time in 2016. There is inconclusive evidence on the distribution of loneliness between age groups. Some studies find an increased incidence of loneliness in adolescence and old age. Others find that loneliness increases or decreases monotonically with age. Recent evidence suggests three peaks in loneliness throughout life: one in adolescence or young adulthood, one in old age, and an additional peak around age 50-60.

In 2017, the Joe Cox Committee on Loneliness in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland submitted a report to the British Parliament stating that «more than 9 million people in the country often or always feel lonely».

In January 2018, the United Kingdom appointed Tracey Crouch, the Deputy Minister for Sport and Community Affairs, as the «Loneliness Minister» to lead a government team focused on tackling social loneliness. When this surprising title of «Minister for Loneliness» was established, it meant that loneliness had officially become a humanistic psychological issue that government officials must address in this fast-paced and interactive era [26]. A little later, a similar ministry appeared in Japan.

In the 2000s, the philosophy and psychology of loneliness began to be studied in the world's leading scientific and educational centers. Centers for Loneliness Studies (Center for Loneliness Studies, University of Sheffield) were established.

According to the scientist Ben Lazare Mijuskovic [31], nowadays loneliness is not associated with the inability or feeling of inability to communicate with others. A person is drawn to others because he or she is already lonely, only «after first experiencing, recognizing, and understanding the pervasive sense of isolation that haunts the human soul». Our loneliness is an inevitable consequence of self-awareness, which occurs before and therefore independently of intersubjective development. Loneliness can be experienced and interpreted in different ways, but in all cases, loneliness is not simply a state that can be clearly philosophically defined. Rather, loneliness is a «general concept», and a number of different aspects of loneliness are the actual subject of study in the philosophy and psychology of loneliness.

The American researcher Thomas L. Dumm [18] states: «Loneliness is a prism through which the entire spectrum of human life can be explored... In addition, loneliness is one of the strategies of human life».

Markus Mund and Franz Neyer of the Institute of Psychology at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena, Germany, have studied two factors - loneliness and health - that influence how a person's personality changes in early and midlife, and, in turn, how their personality influences these same factors. In short, it appears that our personality influences the likelihood that we will become more lonely (and feel less healthy) as we age, and that loneliness (and less healthy feelings) shapes our personality, potentially creating a vicious cycle of isolation.

The researchers measured the personality traits, loneliness, and subjective health of 661 healthy young adults (average age 24) in 1995, and then tracked down 271 of them in 2010 and asked them the same questions (at that time the average age of the sample was 40). To measure subjective health, participants simply answered the question «How is your health in general?» on a 5-point scale from «very good» to «poor».

Over the fifteen years of the study, the participants on average became more lonely and felt less healthy. At the same time, their scores on personality traits such as neuroticism and extraversion decreased over time, while their scores on traits such as agreeableness and conscientiousness increased.

Researchers at Euromonitor International note that today there is already a large stratum of people who do not want to share their lives with others, and in the next fifteen years the number of single-person households will increase in all countries. By 2030, there will be 120 million more of them [45].

Loneliness is detrimental to mental and physical health, experts say, leading to an increased risk of heart disease, dementia, stroke and premature death. As researchers track record levels of self-reported loneliness, public health leaders are banding together to develop a public health framework to address the epidemic.

«The world is becoming lonelier and there's some very, very worrisome consequences», said Dr. Jeremy Nobel, founder of The Foundation for Art and Healing, a nonprofit that addresses public health concerns through creative expression, which launched an initiative called Project Unlonely. Dr. Jeremy Nobel argues in his book, «Project Unlonely: Healing our Crisis of Disconnection», there are three types of loneliness: psychological, social and existential.

Some may experience psychological loneliness when they don't feel like they have anyone to confide in or trust. Societal loneliness is feeling systemically excluded because of a characteristic, including gender, race or disability. Existential, or spiritual, loneliness comes from feeling disconnected from oneself.

A Harvard survey conducted in 2020 found that 61% of adults from 18 to 25 reported feeling serious loneliness, compared to 39% across the general population. 79% of adults aged 18 to 24 report feeling lonely compared to 41% of seniors aged 66 and older.

Other populations that report high prevalence of loneliness and isolation include people with poor physical and mental health, disabilities, financial insecurity, those who live alone, single parents and older populations.

«This is why it's so complicated when you try to address loneliness as a population health topic because it's so varied based on the circumstances individuals have to navigate», Dr. Jeremy Nobel said [15].

Self-reported feelings of loneliness decreased to 34% in January 2023, and although the problem is not «as severe as it was during the pandemic, it remains elevated compared to before the pandemic», said Lindsay Kobayashi, assistant professor of epidemiology and global public health at the University of Michigan School of Public Health.

The U.S. Surgeon General's advisory report found that loneliness increases the risk of premature death by 26% and isolation by 29%. Feeling lonely also increases a person's risk of heart disease by 29% and the risk of stroke by 32%, according to the American Heart Association.

COVID-19 prompted a boom in delivery services and Zoom meetings, Dr. Vivek Murthy said which sustained society, schools and workplaces after restrictions on social distancing lifted. As a result, there are fewer opportunities for Americans to interact in person and build social connections.

«We have to be intentional about building social connections in our life», he said. People are also more likely to change jobs or move around the country due to the rise in remote work, which can disrupt meaningful connections.

Social media has accelerated loneliness as research shows feeling lonely is more common among heavy users of these sites. Although «likes» and «followers» may make a person feel good in the moment, they don't foster genuine connectedness with other people, Dr. Vivek Murthy said.

The Harvard study found that 43% of young adults reported increases in loneliness since the outbreak of the pandemic. About half reported that no one in the past few weeks had «taken more than just a few minutes» to ask how they were doing in a way that made them feel like the person «genuinely cared» [15].

Experts say recognition and awareness are important first steps to escaping loneliness.

«There are a lot of people struggling with loneliness and it doesn't mean that you're broken or something is fundamentally wrong with you», Dr. Vivek Murthy said.

On an individual level, there are things that people can practice that could prevent them from feeling lonely. He suggests taking 15 minutes a day to reach out to someone you care about, look for ways to serve others and make the time count by giving other people your full attention and putting devices away [15].

Conclusions

Thus, the reasons for the social and psychological loneliness of young people are the lack of emotional ties; lack of healthy social identification; lack of common norms and values and rules of behavior acceptable to all members of the group; lack of sufficient time for in-depth communication.

Loneliness can be a temporary and situational phenomenon, not a static one, often depending on different social situations. R. Weiss, for example, has identified six social needs to avoid feeling lonely: a sense of connection through close and intimate relationships with others; the ability to care for others; a sense of social integration in a peer group; confidence in one's own value from others; the presence of a reliable alliance; and access to advice and support from others.

Real states of loneliness are usually accompanied by symptoms of psychological disorders in the form of negative affects or even neuroses. Different people tend to have different affective reactions to loneliness. Some lonely people complain of feeling sad and depressed, others say they feel fear and anxiety, and still others report bitterness and anger.

The experience of loneliness is influenced not so much by real relationships with other people as by an ideal idea of what these relationships should be. Loneliness is an emotion in motion rather than something permanent or fixed. Loneliness needs to be approached through the relationships between people, as it is constantly shaped by the complexity of their daily lives. In some situations we feel lonely, in others we feel more connected to other people.

Adolescence poses two main challenges for a person: establishing autonomy and independence from parents and forming their own identity. In order to accomplish these tasks effectively, a young person needs constructive communication with significant adults and a peer reference group at the level they desire. They also need solitude to realize their own inner world, to rethink and reorganize the roles they have played so far and to form a new identity and align it with the world around them, to receive support, acceptance and approval.

Loneliness in adolescence is experienced especially acutely. If a young person opens up his or her inner world, realizes his or her uniqueness and feels unwanted, rejected and isolated from the outside world, and does not find his or her place among the peer group and does not establish interpersonal relationships at the level desired by him or her, he or she feels powerless, frightened and vulnerable. Loneliness in adolescence is associated with social and developmental changes that occur during this period. In particular, due to the growing need for autonomy and the desire to create a separate adolescent identity that extends beyond the immediate family environment, and is reflected in the growing separation from parents and attempts to establish new relationships with peers in the wider social world.

Understanding what factors are associated with youth loneliness and how it affects well-being is important for developing effective interventions aimed at overcoming the negative consequences of this phenomenon.

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