Краткий тематический словарь. Вооруженные конфликты и терроризм

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С.И. Жолобов

Краткий тематический словарь. Вооруженные конфликты и терроризм

Учебное пособие

для студентов университетов

Нижний Новгород 2009

Жолобов С.И.

Краткий тематический словарь. Вооруженные конфликты и терроризм: Учебное пособие для студентов университетов. - Нижний Новгород: НГЛУ им. Н. А. Добролюбова, 2009. - 119 с.

Настоящая работа представляет собой лексический справочник по темам, изучаемым студентами на пятом курсе. Соответствующий словарный состав сгруппирован на основе тематического принципа. Каждая лексическая единица снабжена толкованием, переводом, иллюстративными примерами ее употребления в речи, а также минимально необходимой грамматической и стилистической информацией. Кроме того, в учебное пособие включены разнообразные упражнения, которые должны помочь студентам усвоить изучаемый ими словарный материал.

©С. И. Жолобов, 2009

Contents

1. Conflicts

1.1 Confrontation

1.2 Armed conflict

1.3 Destruction

2. Fighting

2.1 General concepts

2.2 Fighting a battle

2.3 Offence and invasion

2.4 Defence

3. Settlement of conflicts

3.1 Unification and disintegration

3.2 Promotion of peace

3.3 Negotiation

4. Terrorism

4.1 Explosion

4.2 Terrorist activities

4.3 Types of terrorists

4.4 Hostage-taking

4.5 Security

1. Conflicts

1.1 Confrontation

1. confrontation [countable, uncountable] (1) a situation in which there is a lot of angry disagreement between two people or groups противоборство, противостояние, конфронтация; противоречие: (a) direct confrontation | (an) ideological / political confrontation | The Paris summit formally ended four decades of military confrontation between East and West.

(2) a fight or battle столкновение, стычка: (an) armed / military / violent confrontation | The police were obviously anticipating a confrontation, as they were heavily armed.

2. confrontation COLLOCATIONS

confrontation with / between sb: Japan seemed unlikely to risk military confrontation with Russia. | There were violent confrontations between police and demonstrators.

to provoke / lead to (a) confrontation: The issue has caused great tension between the two countries and could lead to a military confrontation.

to seek (a) confrontation стремиться к конфронтации: The point is not to seek confrontation for its own sake.

to be / get involved in (a) confrontation: You might expect Christians to be the last group of people to be involved in strong confrontations.

to avoid (a) confrontation: The commission remains so weak that it will continue to avoid confrontation with governments.

3. standoff | stand-off [countable] a disagreement or fight in which neither opponent can do anything to win or achieve their aim противоборство, противостояние, конфронтация: The political standoff led to a six-month delay in passing this year's budget.

standoff with / between sb: After a prolonged legal battle, she is ready to end her standoff with state authorities. | There is no sign of an end to the stand-off between Mohawk Indians and the Quebec provincial police.

to lead to a standoff: The State Department was warning that this could lead to another diplomatic stand-off.

4. conflict [countable; uncountable] (1) a state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries конфликт, противоречие, столкновение, конфликтная ситуация; коллизия: (a) political / social / ethnic conflict | It is an ethnic conflict between peoples who see each other at close range.

to be in / come into / bring sb into conflict (with sb) (over sth)

(2) fighting between two or more groups of people or countries; a war вооруженный конфликт, вооруженное столкновение, сражение; борьба: the conflict in the Middle East | the Arab-Israeli conflict | Can this peace settlement bring an end to years of conflict?

conflict over / about sth: a conflict between neighbouring countries over / about their common border conflict fighting terrorism security

armed / military / violent conflict вооруженный / военный конфликт, война: For years the region has been torn apart by armed conflicts. | Nevertheless, national security issues and the incidence of military conflict remain highly significant. | UN troops intervened to avert a threat of violent conflict.

5. conflict COLLOCATIONS

to cause / create / provoke (a) conflict: It was an unpopular policy and caused a number of conflicts within the party. | The issue provoked conflicts between the press and the police.

to be / get involved in (a) conflict: The United States was involved in these conflicts, sometimes as a mediator, always as a supplier of arms. | A decree in February banned the sale of weapons to countries involved in armed conflict.

to prevent / avert (a) conflict: The National Security Council has met to discuss ways of preventing a military conflict.

to avoid (a) conflict: We wish to avoid conflict between our countries.

to resolve / settle / end (a) conflict урегулировать / разрешить конфликт / конфликтную ситуацию: No conflict can really be resolved as long as these double standards prevail. | Opinion polls show that many of them are prepared to sacrifice territory to end the conflict.

resolution of (a) conflict | conflict resolution урегулирование / разрешение конфликта / конфликтной ситуации: a lawyer specializing in conflict resolution

6. tension [uncountable; countable - usually plural] the feeling caused by a lack of trust between people, groups, or countries who do not agree about something and may attack each other напряжение, напряженность, напряженное состояние: increasing / mounting tension | high / low tension | political / social / racial tension(s) | The tension was high in Mexico as the day of the decision approached. | The years of his government are remembered for political tension.

tension builds (up) / mounts / grows / increases / escalates напряжение / напряженность нарастает: The tension built up to a climax. | A crowd gathered and tension mounted / escalated till the riot broke out. | Tension in the region has grown due to recent bombings.

to ease / reduce / defuse tension(s) ослаблять напряжение / напряженность: The talks were due to include discussions of measures to reduce / ease / defuse tension between the two states and to promote bilateral exchanges.

tension eases / subsides напряжение / напряженность спадает: After a while the tension eased.

7. friction [uncountable; countable - usually plural] disagreement or unfriendliness caused by people having different opinions разногласия, противоречия, трения: political / social / racial friction | The decision is likely to lead to friction with neighbouring countries.

source of friction: This question can become a major source of friction.

8. tension | friction COLLOCATIONS

to cause / create / produce / generate tension(s) / friction(s) создать напряженную обстановку; вызывать разногласия / противоречия / трения: Immigration from Comoros has caused tensions on Mayotte. | Restrictions on trade have caused friction between these two nations.

tension / friction arises появляется напряжение / напряженность, появляются разногласия / противоречия / трения

to increase / heighten / raise / aggravate tension(s) / friction(s) усилить напряженность / противоречия / разногласия / трения, обострить обстановку: The failure of the talks held in Geneva at the end of September has increased / raised tensions. | The deadlock in electing a president heightened the political tension in the country. | The plan is likely only to aggravate ethnic frictions.

9. force [uncountable] military action used as a way of achieving your aims сила; насилие, принуждение

the use of force применение силы: After World War I the use of force to settle conflicts was prohibited. | The UN will allow the use of force against aircraft violating the zone.

by force (of arms) силой (оружия): Peace cannot be imposed by force (of arms).

to use / apply / resort to force применять силу, прибегать к использованию силы

to renounce (the use of) force отказываться от применения силы

10. aggression [uncountable] | act of aggression [countable] the act of attacking a country, especially when that country has not attacked first нападение; агрессия, незаконное применение силы преступное нападение: military / territorial aggression | an act of unprovoked aggression | Any eastward expansion would be regarded by the government as an act of aggression. | We shall unite to defend ourselves against aggression.

aggression against sb: As our older generation knows from experience, unchecked aggression against a small nation is a prelude to international disaster.

to commit (an act of) aggression against sb осуществить агрессию против кого-л.

to prevent (an act of) aggression предотвратить агрессию: The President promised to use all his powers to prevent further aggression. | It will inevitably be harder to prevent similar acts of aggression in future.

11. aggressor [countable] a person or country that begins a fight or war with another person or country агрессор; нападающая сторона, субъект преступного нападения; зачинщик конфликта: the aggressor nation | to deter potential aggressors | The situation is complex and it is not easy to determine exactly who is the aggressor in this case. | If the enemy ignites war recklessly, we shall resolutely answer it with war and completely destroy the aggressors.

12. enemy | foe (literary) [countable] (1) someone who is opposed to someone else and tries to do them harm враг; неприятель, противник: Our enemies were hidden in the trenches. | His foes immediately expressed fear he will launch new attacks on them.

implacable / mortal / sworn enemy заклятый / непримиримый враг

natural enemy кровный враг

formidable / powerful enemy сильный враг, сильный / достойный соперник

insidious enemy коварный враг

(2) enemy | the enemy (usually singular; can be followed by a singular or plural verb) a country, or the armed forces of a country, which is at war with another country враг; неприятель, противник: You cannot attack an enemy unless you have precise information about their numbers and position. | Britain and France decided to unite and fight against their common enemy. | The enemy were pursued for two miles.

to confront / face an enemy сражаться с врагом, столкнуться лицом к лицу с врагом

to conquer / overcome / rout / crush an enemy победить врага: He was not satisfied until he had crushed his enemies.

enemy soldiers / troops / forces / aircraft / territory / lines / attack: Enemy forces have now built up to a dangerous strength. | Over three hundred enemy aircraft were destroyed. | The Serbs were determined to halt the enemy attacks.

13. threat [countable - usually singular] the possibility that something very bad will happen; someone or something that is regarded as a possible danger угроза, опасность

threat of sth: There's a serious threat of military invasion / rioting.

threat to sb / sth: a threat to freedom / democracy

threat from sb: According to the Secretary of State, the Russians face no threat from an expanded NATO.

threat that… : There is a threat that violence will break out again.

to be under threat of sth: The country is under threat of attack.

to face a threat столкнуться с угрозой: They face the threat of terrorism every day.

to be / pose / constitute / present / represent a threat (to sb / sth) представлять угрозу: The fighting is a major threat to stability in the region. | The dispute poses a direct threat to peace. | The process constitutes a national threat because it will break up the United Kingdom.

to reduce a threat уменьшать угрозу: Meantime, the government is already spending less, helping to reduce the threat of inflation.

to prevent / avert a threat предотвращать угрозу: The threat of full-scale war has not been averted.

a threat escalates угроза усиливается: When the focus is upon the potential for violence, the threat escalates.

14. danger (1) [uncountable; countable] the possibility that something bad will happen; the possibility that someone or something will be harmed, destroyed, or killed опасность

danger of sth: If there is a danger of war, we must help.

danger from sth: The public was not aware of the danger from nuclear tests in Nevada. | Is there any danger from radioactive sources?

to be in danger / jeopardy | to face (a) danger быть в / подвергаться опасности: The refugees believe that their lives are in danger. | His political career was in jeopardy. | The soldier faced danger and death without flinching.

to be in (great / grave / real / serious) danger of (doing) sth: The peace talks are now in danger of collapse.

to be out of danger быть вне опасности

to put / place sb / sth in danger / jeopardy подвергать кого-л. / что-л. опасности, ставить под угрозу: The killings could put the whole peace process in danger / jeopardy.

to pose a danger to / for sb представлять угрозу для кого-л.: That poses a great danger to the House. | Erosion and rising sea levels are now posing a serious danger to the lowest-lying islands. | Low growth rates pose particular dangers for centrally planned economies.

to avert (a) danger предотвращать опасность

(2) hazard | menace [countable] something or someone that may harm or kill you опасность; угроза, риск the growing danger / menace of global war | We know the dangers / hazards of modern warfare. | There must be protection from radiation hazards.

danger / hazard / menace to sb / sth

to be / pose / constitute / present / represent a danger / hazard (to / for sb / sth)

15. peril [uncountable; countable] (literary or formal) great danger, especially of being harmed or killed опасность; угроза, риск

to be in (great / grave / serious) peril: The army is now in grave peril.

to be fraught with peril to be full of dangers: The journey through the mountains was fraught with peril.

to put sb / sth in peril: They put their own lives in peril to rescue their friends.

the perils of (doing) sth: Cook faced the perils of the Atlantic seas.

16. to threaten | to menace (formal) [transitive] to be likely to harm or destroy something грозить, угрожать: The whole community has been living in fear for far too long, menaced equally by both sets of paramilitaries.

to threaten sth (with sth): Their actions threaten the stability and security of the region.

to threaten to do sth: The dispute threatened to damage East-West relations. | The incident threatens to ruin his chances in the election.

17. to endanger | to jeopardize [transitive] to put someone or something in danger of being hurt, damaged, or destroyed подвергать опасности / риску, создавать угрозу безопасности: New tensions could endanger the peace process. | Any raid or rescue operation would endanger the lives of the hostages. | Large-scale military offensives could jeopardize the UN peace process.

1.2 Armed conflict

war [uncountable; countable] armed fighting between two or more countries or groups, involving large numbers of soldiers and weapons, or a particular example of this война: a war hero / veteran

to be on the brink / verge of war находиться на грани войны: In October 1962 the world seemed on the brink of nuclear war.

to declare war (on / against sb.) объявлять войну: When Poland was invaded, the Allies had no choice but to declare war. | Britain and France declared war on Germany in 1939 as a result of the invasion of Poland.

to launch / start / unleash / ignite (a) war (against sb) | to go to war (against / with sb // over sth) to start to fight a war with another country начать / развязать войну: Hitler may have been right to launch his war as soon as possible, on the calculation that only by seizing the resources of the entire continent could the Reich prevail against the British Empire or the Soviet Union. | The United States alternated between brandishing carrots and sticks, to which North Korea replied with a bewildering mix of signals that culminated in a June 1994 threat to unleash war against the South. | If the enemy ignites war recklessly, we shall resolutely answer it with war and completely destroy the aggressors. | If this country goes to war we will have to face the fact that many people will die. | The Kosovo conflict was not a matter of survival for any of the 19 nations which, with varying enthusiasm, went to war against Slobodan Milosevic.

to plunge (a country) into (a) war ввергать (страну) в войну: Foolish mistakes by the nation's leaders have plunged the country into a war that could have been avoided.

to set off / spark (off) / touch off / trigger (off) / provoke / ignite a war вызвать / спровоцировать войну: Careless political action can easily set of / spark off a war. | It was these national rivalries that eventually touched off the First World War. | The incident could trigger a civil war. | These events provoked / ignited the war in Europe.

to incite / instigate / foment / stir up (a) war подстрекать к войне: He was blamed for fomenting war in the Balkans.

war breaks out / erupts вспыхивает / разражается война: War broke out in September of 1939. | War broke out between the two countries after a border dispute. | I was still living in London when the war broke out. | However, even before the war erupted again in the early 1980s, education provision in the south was inadequate.

the outbreak of war (внезапное) начало войны: His career was interrupted by the outbreak of war. | The system started to operate in late 1914, a few months after the outbreak of war in Europe. | This preparatory work was practically complete at the outbreak of war.

to be at war / in a state of war (with sb) быть в состоянии войны (с кем-л.): In 1920 Poland and Russia were still at war. | They were in a state of war with that country.

to conduct / fight / wage (a) war (against / on / with sb) вести войну: Britain has fought two wars this century.

to escalate / step up a war наращивать / расширять военные действия: The US government stepped up its war against terrorism.

war escalates (into sth) / intensifies военные действия расширяются: Unless the international community succeeds in bringing the two countries to the negotiating table soon, the war itself could escalate. | The local war escalated into a major conflict. | In early 1990 the guerrilla war intensified, with rising casualties among both the local population and the security forces.

war rages (on) if war rages, it continues with great violence война свирепствует: Civil war has been raging in the country for years. | The war rages on and the time has come to take sides.

to win / lose a war выиграть / проиграть войну: They had no chance of winning the war.

to end a war | a war ends закончить войну | война заканчивается: When the war ended in 1945, Europe was in chaos.

the (disastrous / dire / serious) effects / consequences of a war

to abolish / eliminate war устранять возможность возникновения войны

to ban / outlaw war запрещать военные действия, объявлять военные действия незаконными

(to fight // die / be killed) in a war (воевать / умереть / погибнуть) на войне: My grandfather fought in the Second World War. | He died in the Vietnam war.

to breed wars порождать войны

civil / cold / defensive / offensive / holy / limited / local war гражданская / холодная / оборонительная / наступательная / священная / локальная война

war of aggression / attrition / extermination / independence агрессивная война / война на истощение / война на уничтожение / война за независимость: They were fighting a war of independence against a powerful enemy.

conventional war война с применением обычных видов оружия

atomic / nuclear / thermonuclear war атомная / ядерная / термоядерная война: Both countries wanted to avoid a nuclear war.

full-scale / large-scale / all-out / total war полномасштабная / крупномасштабная война; полномасштабные / крупномасштабные боевые действия: The fighting is threatening to turn into full-scale war.

global / world war мировая война

hostilities [plural] (formal) fighting in a war; acts of fighting военные / боевые действия

to open / cease / suspend hostilities начинать / прекращать / приостанавливать военные / боевые действия

to resume / renew hostilities возобновлять боевые действия: the likelihood of renewed hostilities between the two countries | The rebels have resumed hostilities against government troops.

hostilities break out военные / боевые действия начинаются / вспыхивают: The authorities have urged people to stock up on fuel in case hostilities break out.

the outbreak of hostilities (внезапное) начало военных / боевых действий: Washington gave the military in Hawaii plenty of warning about the imminent outbreak of hostilities. | Anti-war demonstrations continued after the outbreak of hostilities.

cessation of hostilities прекращение военных / боевые действий: The UN is demanding an immediate cessation of hostilities. | This led to a wider cessation of hostilities, although it was never formalized.

war / battle zone [countable] an area where a war is being fought район / зона военных / боевых действий: A war zone is a dangerous place to be even in the absence of combat. | He could be sent to another war zone at any time. | More front-line troops will be flown to the battle zone over the next few days.

hot spot | troubled area [countable] a place where there is often a lot of violence or fighting горячая точка; неспокойный регион: The border has become a major hot spot. | There were many hot spots in the region, where fighting was going on. | British forces will withdraw from the troubled area as quickly as possible.

a hotbed of sth a place where a lot of a particular type of activity, especially bad or violent activity, happens очаг, рассадник: a hotbed of vice / crime / racial intolerance | Bavaria was a hotbed of extremist politics in the 20s and 30s. | The political party has become a hotbed of nationalism and racial bigotry.

tinderbox [countable - usually singular] a place or situation that is dangerous and where there could suddenly be a lot of fighting or problems очаг напряженности: The area is a tinderbox that could again plunge the country into civil war. | The Balkans have a long and tragically deserved reputation as a political tinderbox. | The racial tension in the area makes it a tinderbox ready to ignite.

warfare [uncountable] the activity of fighting in a war, especially when particular methods of fighting are involved война; военные действия; ведение войны; методы / приемы ведения войны: conventional / nuclear / chemical / biological warfare | desert / jungle / naval / trench warfare | It quickly made Hanoi the most heavily bombed city in the history of warfare. | More years of trench warfare and carnage on the Western Front were now almost unavoidable.

guerrilla warfare fighting by small groups of fighters in mountains, forests etc партизанская война, партизанские (военные) действия: The rebels aimed to overthrow the government through protracted guerrilla warfare.

wartime | time of war | wartime period [uncountable] the period of time when a country is fighting a war военное время: He died on a wartime bombing mission. | In time of war the government must have entire disposal of all material resources. | The mass of new information was greatly augmented during the wartime period.

in / during wartime: Military technology changes dramatically in wartime, in response to experience on the battlefield. | The original buildings were destroyed during wartime.

wartime experience(s): His parents say he's still affected by his wartime experience. | Her wartime experiences were still fresh in her memory.

peacetime [uncountable] a period of time when a country is not fighting a war мирное время: The talks were aimed at establishing normal peacetime relations between the two countries.

in / during peacetime: The British could afford to reduce defence spending in peacetime without excessive risk. | A country's army may be quite small during peacetime.

disaster | calamity | catastrophe [countable; uncountable] a terrible and unexpected event that causes a lot of damage or suffering беда, бедствие, несчастье, катастрофа: a crushing / devastating / dire / great / major disaster / calamity / catastrophe | the calamity of war | From all points of view, war would be a catastrophe. | The refugee camp was a disaster area. | At the simplest level, patriotism lent meaning and purpose to personal catastrophes that would otherwise appear intolerable.

national disaster / calamity / catastrophe национальная катастрофа

to be on the brink / verge of disaster / calamity / catastrophe находиться на грани катастрофы: The peace process was on the brink of disaster.

to be heading for / move towards disaster / calamity / catastrophe двигаться / идти к катастрофе: The country seems to be moving towards catastrophe.

to court disaster навлекать беду / бедствие / несчастье: They courted disaster by sending troops into the region.

to cause / bring (a) disaster / calamity / catastrophe (to sb) | to lead (sb / sth) to disaster / calamity / catastrophe приводить к беде / катастрофе: The war brought disaster to local people. | He argues that the new policy could lead to disaster. | The war has led to a humanitarian disaster.

to end / result in disaster / calamity / catastrophe закончиться бедой / катастрофой: It could only end / result in disaster / calamity.

to avoid (a) disaster / calamity / catastrophe избегать беды / катастрофы: He made a television play but turned down all other offers that came his way, desperate to avoid another disaster.

to avert / prevent / ward off (a) disaster / calamity / catastrophe предотвращать беду / бедствие / катастрофу: Sudan requires food immediately to avert a humanitarian catastrophe. | The governments of the world failed to act to prevent the catastrophe of World War II.

to survive (a) disaster / calamity / catastrophe пережить бедствие / катастрофу

ceasefire | armistice [countable] an agreement to stop fighting for a period of time, especially in order to discuss permanent peace прекращение огня; прекращение военных действий; перемирие: a ceasefire agreement | The ceasefire won't last unless both sides are prepared to compromise. | President Chissano offered an immediate armistice, but this was turned down by the rebel leader. | Media coverage exceeded any news event in history, including the armistice that ended World War I in 1918.

temporary ceasefire временное прекращение огня

ceasefire violation(s) нарушение соглашения о прекращении огня: Each side repeatedly accused the other of ceasefire violations.

truce [countable] an agreement between enemies to stop fighting or arguing for a short time, or the period for which this is arranged перемирие: The rebels have ended a 17-month-old truce, and could strike at any time. | The fighting of recent days has given way to an uneasy truce between the two sides. | The fragile truce between the two sides is not expected to last long.

ceasefire | armistice | truce COLLOCATIONS

to call for a ceasefire / armistice / truce призывать к прекращению огня, требовать прекращения огня: They called for a ceasefire in the region and for access for humanitarian aid deliveries.

to negotiate / work out a ceasefire / armistice / truce подготовить / разработать соглашение о прекращении огня

to achieve / negotiate a ceasefire / armistice / truce добиться прекращения огня, договориться о прекращении огня: The government failed in numerous attempts to achieve a ceasefire through negotiation. | The two sides have been unable to negotiate a truce.

to call / declare / establish a ceasefire / armistice / truce объявлять о прекращении огня: They should call a truce while negotiations are given a chance. | A two-week armistice has been declared between the rival factions. | In February a ceasefire was established after King Hassan met Polisario leaders for the first time.

to sign a ceasefire / armistice / truce подписать соглашение о прекращении огня: Both leaders signed the ceasefire agreement. | He also referred to a government proposal to sign a ceasefire on April 15. | Finally, the Bolsheviks signed an armistice with Germany.

to observe / honour a ceasefire / armistice / truce соблюдать соглашение о прекращении огня: The dynamite was split between Eta, then nominally observing a unilateral ceasefire, and the Bretons.

to implement a ceasefire / armistice / truce выполнять соглашение о прекращении огня: Significant progress was nevertheless achieved in May, when the factions agreed to begin implementing a temporary ceasefire.

to break / violate a ceasefire / armistice / truce нарушать соглашение о прекращении огня: So far no one has violated the three-day ceasefire.

a ceasefire / armistice / truce comes into effect / comes into force / takes effect соглашение о прекращении огня вступает в силу: The ceasefire came into effect throughout the country at midnight.

a ceasefire / armistice / truce holds соглашение о прекращении огня соблюдается: He believed the ceasefire would hold. | UN officials are expressing cautious optimism that the latest ceasefire is holding.

to claim [transitive] if a war, accident, disease etc claims someone's life, they die as a result of it (used especially in news reports) уносить жизнь: The 12-year-old civil war claimed 1.5 million lives. | Its independence campaign has claimed nearly 800 lives since 1968. | The civil war claimed the life of a U.N. interpreter yesterday.

ethnic cleansing [uncountable] the use of violence to force people from a particular racial or national group to leave an area or country этническая чистка: More have been wounded and others were victims of ethnic cleansing. | In late May, government forces began the ethnic cleansing of the area around the town. | This vile policy of ethnic cleansing must be stopped.

genocide [uncountable] the deliberate murder of a whole group of people, especially a whole nation, race or religious group геноцид: The military leaders were accused of genocide. | What is going on is not just war, it is genocide.

to carry out / commit / perpetrate (an act of) genocide совершать геноцид: They have alleged that acts of genocide and torture were carried out.

atrocity | brutality | cruelty [countable; usually plural; uncountable] an extremely cruel and violent action, especially during a war жестокость, зверство, жестокое обращение: The brutal destruction of an entire village was one of the worst atrocities of the Vietnam war. | The report documented several incidents of mass atrocities in detail. | Civil rights activists were appalled by the brutality of the police. | There have been reports of cruelty and rape from the war zone. | He is still haunted by the cruelties he witnessed during the war.

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