Краткий тематический словарь. Вооруженные конфликты и терроризм

an invasion occurs происходит / имеет место агрессия / захват / оккупация: In 517 a major invasion occurred when Slav horsemen advanced as far as Thermopylae and Epirus.

invasion / occupation force(s): The government fell nine days after an invasion force of five thousand troops was said to be advancing on the capital. | Preparations for the Normandy landings took place here because the terrain is similar to that which faced the Allied invasion forces.

under occupation controlled by a foreign army: The area is under occupation. | New Delhi need do no more than keep Kashmir under military occupation and keep the lid on guerrilla warfare.

24. conqueror [countable] someone who has taken control of a country or its people by force завоеватель; победитель: The people of an oppressed country obey their conquerors because they want to go on living.

25. invader [countable] a soldier or a group of soldiers that enters a country, town, or area by force in order to take control of it захватчик, оккупант: Invaders from the south ransacked the town. | The foreign invaders were finally defeated by allied forces. | The invaders were only finally crushed when troops overcame them at Glenshiel in June 1719.

2.4 Defence

1. to defend [transitive; intransitive] to protect someone or something from attack защищать(ся) стоять на страже

to defend something (against / from something): Thousands of young men came forward, willing to defend their country. | They needed more troops to defend the border against / from possible attack. | They defended their country against their enemies. | The castle was built in 1549 to defend the island against invaders. | The arsenal ship would have relied on other warships to defend it against missile attacks.

to defend against: We need to defend against military aggression.

2. to be on the defensive to be in a state or position of defence обороняться, защищаться

3. to resist [transitive; intransitive] to oppose or fight against someone or something сопротивляться, оказывать сопротивление; противостоять; отбивать, отбрасывать: The soldiers resisted (the enemy attacks) for two days. | The city resisted the enemy onslaught for two weeks. | When security guards came to stop him, he did not resist.

4. to withstand [transitive] (1) to be strong enough not to be harmed or destroyed by something устоять, выдержать: The city's defences were not strong enough to withstand the attack. | Armoured vehicles are designed to withstand chemical attack. | The bunker is designed to withstand a nuclear blast. | The aircraft base is protected with specially designed shelters which are built to withstand ground and air attacks.

(2) to defend oneself successfully against people who attack you выдержать, противостоять: to withstand an attack / assault / siege

5. to repel | to repulse (formal) | to drive back / off | fight off [transitive] to force someone who is attacking you to move back or stop attacking отбрасывать (противника), отражать / отбивать (атаку, нападение): The army was ready to repel an attack. | The defenders repelled the attack without losing any men. | Using water cannons and tear gas, police repelled protesters outside the US embassy. | Government troops repulsed an attack by rebel forces. | The enemy have been driven back in all parts of the battle. | The army drove off the enemy with much effort and loss of life. | The government said it drove the guerrillas off with infantry and air strikes. | The two fighters were driven off by a barrage of anti-aircraft fire.

6. to hold out [intransitive] to continue to successfully defend a place that is being attacked держаться; не сдаваться: The rebels held out for another night but then fresh forces arrived. | They won't be able to hold out much longer under this sort of bombardment. | In those impregnable mountains, the guerrillas could hold out for years.

7. to retaliate [intransitive] to do something bad to someone because they have done something bad to you отвечать (на агрессию), наносить ответный удар; мстить, осуществлять меры возмездия

to retaliate (against sb / sth) (for sth): We have no intention of launching a pre-emptive strike, but we will retaliate if provoked. | They retaliated against the enemy for shelling civilian targets. | They have threatened to retaliate against the US for the bombing raid. | The militia responded by saying it would retaliate against any attacks. | The terrorists retaliated against the government with a bomb attack.

to retaliate with sth: Continuing deterrent credibility would, in future, depend upon Britain's known ability to retaliate with an invulnerable Second Strike weapon. | Loyalists retaliated with the gun attack on a bookmaker's office at Ormeau Road, Belfast.

to retaliate by doing sth: Sigibert retaliated by calling in his allies from across the Rhine. | When the police started to arrest people, some of the demonstrators retaliated by throwing stones. | The demonstrators threw rocks at the police, who retaliated by firing blanks into the crowd. | The British government retaliated by breaking off diplomatic relations.

8. to break through (sth) [transitive; intransitive] to manage to get past or through something that is in your way прорваться, пробиться: At dawn 300 tanks prepared to break through the enemy lines / the enemy's defences. | They finally broke through the German line. | The demonstrators broke through heavy police barriers. | The enemy's defences were strong but our soldiers broke through. | After hours of fierce fighting, rebels broke through and captured the capital. | About fifteen inmates broke through onto the roof.

9. to besiege [transitive] to surround a place, especially with an army, and try to gain control of it or force someone to come out of it блокировать, окружать; осаждать: A massive Roman army besieged Jerusalem, utterly destroying the Temple and razing the city to the ground. | The main part of the army moved to Sevastopol to besiege the town. | The town had been besieged for two months but still resisted the aggressors.

10. to blockade [transitive] to surround an area by soldiers or ships to stop people or supplies leaving or entering блокировать: The ships blockaded the port. | In June 1948 the Russians blockaded the western sectors of Berlin.

11. to withdraw | to pull out | to pull back [intransitive; transitive] if an army withdraws / pulls out or is withdrawn / pulled out, it leaves a place отходить, отступать; отводить / выводить войска

to withdraw / pull back (from / to a particular place): He stated that all foreign forces would withdraw as soon as the crisis ended. | Our troops have withdrawn from the border area / to a safer area. | The troops began to withdraw from the northern region. | They were asked to pull back from their artillery positions around the city.

to pull out (of a particular place): Economic sanctions will be lifted once two-thirds of their forces have pulled out. | Troops began pulling out of the region as soon as the order was given. | British forces will pull out of the troubled area as quickly as possible.

to withdraw sb (from / to a particular place) | to pull sb back (from / to a particular place): Both countries agreed to withdraw their troops. | They withdrew their troops from an exposed position. | The UN has withdraw its troops from the country. | At nightfall Thomas withdrew his troops to Rossville, and the two-day battle was over. | Most of the troops have been pulled out. | We decided to pull back our forces and try to advance again tomorrow. | He pulled back forces from Mongolia, and he withdrew from Afghanistan.

to pull sb out (of a particular place): Most of the troops have been pulled out. | Troops are being pulled out of these troubled areas. | After many years of fighting, the soldiers were pulled out of the battle area. | British forces will be pulled out of the troubled area as quickly as possible.

12. defence [uncountable] all the systems, people, materials etc that a country uses to protect itself from the system of weapons, equipment, and people that is used to protect a country оборона: The defence industry relies heavily on sales of weapons to foreign countries. | Huge amounts of government money are spent on defence.

to fight in defence of one's country

to do sth for defence purposes: But the fact remains that the safeguards themselves do not prevent the government using civil plutonium for defence purposes.

(to provide) defence against sb: The crown alone still had the power to compel military service, especially for defence against invasion. | Nor can they have been substantial enough to have provided defence against further attacks from the Huns or from the Alamans.

the defence of sth: Our resources in men and ammunition are inadequate for the defence of the town. | In Britain, the defence of the country has historically been left to the navy. | They are to take measures for the defence of the country.

defence policy политика в области обороны, оборонная политика: Bush's defence policy will not work, will cost too much and will destabilize the world. | Threats, not pillars, will decide whether the members devise joint foreign or defence policies.

national defence национальная оборона, оборона страны

missile defence (system) ракетная оборона, система ракетной обороны: Dole already has used legislative issues such as gun control and strategic missile defence to score political points. | There is already tension over the controversial national missile defence system. | It has dangerously upset the strategic balance by proposing a new national missile defence system. | The latest example concerns the controversial missile defence system proposed by the United States. | The missile defence issue is without question the most troublesome, time-consuming and potentially dangerous item on the current international agenda.

anti-missile defence (system) противоракетная оборона, система противоракетной обороны: In particular, the relationship is becoming increasingly bedevilled by the issue of anti-missile defence. | Next year, the United States unveils its anti-missile defence system.

air / anti-aircraft defence (system) противовоздушная оборона, система противовоздушной обороны

defence budget расходы / затраты на оборону, оборонный бюджет: There was an attempt to reduce the defence budget. | Congress still has a big role to play in shaping the missile defence budget.

(to cut [back] / reduce // increase) defence spending / spending on defence (сокращать / увеличивать) расходы / затраты на оборону: Defence Minister Moshe Arens successfully argued that defence spending could not be reduced in the light of the ongoing Gulf crisis. | There are plans to increase defence spending by 6%. | The President has promised to increase defence spending. | The government revealed the exact levels of defence spending.

defence spending / spending on defence drops / falls / declines / goes down // rises / increases / goes up расходы / затраты на оборону сокращаются / увеличиваются: Defence spending has risen by 10% in the current budget. | The war has ended but government spending on defence is still increasing.

defence cuts / reductions / cutbacks | a cut / reduction / cutback // increase in defence spending сокращение / увеличение расходов / затрат на оборону: The government was committed to further major reductions in defence spending. | More defence cuts are expected next year. | The Ministry of Defence announced today that it will close in 20 months time as part of cutbacks in defence spending.

line of defence линия обороны: Strategically, the Marne is important for the last line of defence it presents before the Seine. | This line of defence is no better than the first.

civil defence the organization of ordinary rather than military people to help defend their country from military attack гражданская оборона: The country has made few preparations for civil defence. | These difficulties were greatly exacerbated by poor civil defence planning.

defence force(s): When a civil conflict eventually broke out in 1991, the national defence force was unable to provide a credible response. | An army spokesman said that the security vetting of personnel was a normal procedure in all defence forces. | After working in the prison service, he joined the defence forces before becoming an intelligence agent.

13. defence(s) [countable - usually plural] all the armed forces, weapons, structures etc that are available to defend a place оборонительные сооружения, укрепления; оборона страны; обороноспособность, оборонительный потенциал: The city's defences were not strong enough to withstand the attack. | We didn't let down our defences unilaterally. | The city walls were built as a defence against invaders.

to develop / build one's defences / defence capability создавать оборонительный потенциал

to strengthen one's defences / defence capability укреплять обороноспособность / оборонительный потенциал: He stressed the need to strengthen the nation's defences.

to maintain one's defences / defence capability поддерживать обороноспособность / оборонительный потенциал: He emphasized the need to maintain Britain's defences at a level sufficient to deal with the unexpected.

to overcome / breach / overwhelm sb's defences преодолевать / сокрушать оборонительные сооружения / укрепления: The invading army easily overcame the town's defences. | Government forces have breached the rebels' defences.

14. resistance | opposition [uncountable; singular] fighting against someone who is attacking you сопротивление; отпор, противодействие: They made it clear that they would only exercise passive resistance in the event of a military takeover.

to put up / offer / provide / oppose resistance / opposition (to sb) оказывать сопротивление: The defenders put up strong resistance. | Government troops offered no resistance (to the rebels). | And so, when the enemy charged, we immediately yielded and provided no resistance. | They opposed a vigorous resistance to the enemy.

to encounter / meet (with) resistance / opposition встречать сопротивление: A BBC correspondent in Colombo says the troops are encountering stiff resistance. | The army said the attackers met considerable resistance. | They met little resistance from outgunned government troops. | Our forces met with strong opposition all along the front.

to break down / crush / overcome / put down resistance / opposition сломить / преодолеть сопротивление: The government took elaborate precautions to crush any resistance.

resistance erupts возникает сопротивление: Almost immediately a fierce nationalist resistance erupted directed by a fiery prophet in the hills of Galilee.

pocket / centre of resistance очаг сопротивления: to mop up isolated pockets of resistance | The infantry divisions mopped up remaining centres of resistance.

armed resistance вооруженное сопротивление

considerable / determined / fierce / stiff / strong / stout / severe / stubborn resistance / opposition решительное / упорное / яростное сопротивление: Rebel gunmen have put up strong resistance. | The rebels have put up fierce resistance with small arms and rocket-propelled grenades. | The invasion was held up by unexpectedly stout resistance.

weak resistance / opposition слабое сопротивление

valiant resistance / opposition героическое сопротивление

15. the resistance | the Resistance [singular] an organization that secretly fights against an enemy that controls their country Сопротивление, движение Сопротивления: Mitterand was in the French Resistance during the war. | They managed to escape after being arrested by the resistance.

16. retaliation [uncountable] action against someone who has done something bad to you ответный удар, контрудар; меры возмездия

retaliation against sb / sth: the threat of massive retaliation against British troops | There is always the risk of possible retaliation against peacekeeping soldiers.

in retaliation (for sth): The President ordered the bombings in retaliation for the attack. | The bomb attack was in retaliation for the recent arrest of two well-known terrorists. | The car bombings were apparently in retaliation for the arrest of the terrorists.

massive retaliation массированный ответный удар / контрудар: Dulles called the policy massive retaliation. | Dulles used massive retaliation as the chief instrument of containment. | The alternative is massive retaliation by missiles aimed at the enemy's cities.

act of retaliation акт возмездия

17. breakthrough [countable] the act of getting past or through something that is in your way прорыв: to make a breakthrough

breakthrough charge атака с целью прорыва

18. siege [uncountable; countable] a military operation during which an army or the police surround a place and try to gain control of it or force someone to come out of it осада; блокада: The siege lasted almost four months. | The book is not an exhaustive account of all the sieges of the war. | They are hopeful of bringing the siege to a peaceful conclusion. | The siege is now in its eighteenth day.

at / during a siege во время осады: He was killed at / during the siege of Leningrad.

to lay siege to sb /sth to start a siege in a place начинать осаду: King Henry laid siege to the castle in 1275. | The soldiers laid siege to the city. | He laid siege to the fortress and gradually weakened it to the point of collapse.

(to be) under siege to be surrounded by an army in a siege (находиться) в осаде: Malta was under siege in World War II. | The castle was under siege for months.

to lift / raise / end the (state of) siege (of sth) снимать осаду / блокаду: The king lifted the siege two months later. | We must do everything possible to lift the siege. | Military sources stated that lifting the state of siege would not affect the fight against internal subversion. | Meanwhile Cambridge and March were ordered to raise the siege of Quimperlи and return home at once.

to withstand a siege выдерживать осаду: The troops prepared to withstand a long siege.

a siege begins / ends: The siege began on Sunday, when the prisoners seized three wardens. | Before the siege ended, the citizens were almost starving.

to break a siege to cause a siege to end прорывать блокаду: An attempt was made to break the 38-month siege of Sarajevo.

19. blockade [countable - usually singular] the surrounding of an area by soldiers or ships to stop people or supplies leaving or entering блокада: an air / sea / naval blockade | the economic blockade of Lithuania | Getting food supplies through the blockade is almost impossible. | The economic blockade is accompanied by terror tactics. | There's been talk of a retaliatory blockade to prevent supplies getting through.

to impose / mount a blockade (on sth) | to put a place under a blockade устанавливать блокаду: They've imposed an economic blockade on the country. | An economic blockade was imposed on the country six months ago. | Parisian taxi drivers are threatening to mount a blockade to turn the screw on the government.

to maintain a blockade поддерживать блокаду: Some left after only a fortnight and, as time went by, it became increasingly hard to maintain the blockade.

to lift the blockade (of sth) снимать блокаду: Moreover it began to free captured troops on July 5 and to lift blockades. | The blockade of the harbour will be lifted at midnight.

to enforce a blockade осуществлять блокаду: It's not yet clear who will actually enforce the blockade.

to break (through) / run a blockade to evade and get through the forces that are surrounding the place прорывать блокаду

to order a blockade (of sth) приказывать установить блокаду: Lincoln, in turn, ordered a blockade of Southern ports. | After demanding the weapons be removed, President John F. Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of the island.

20. withdrawal | pull-out | pullout | pullback [uncountable; countable] the act of moving an army, weapons etc away from the area where they were fighting вывод / отвод / отход / отступление войск: an orderly / precipitate / tactical / strategic / unilateral withdrawal

withdrawal / pull-out / pullback (of sb): a pullback of troops from the occupied territories | The commander-in-chief was given 36 hours to secure a withdrawal of his troops from the combat zone. | Both countries agree on the need for a phased withdrawal of American forces from the Philippines. | The pull-out was planned to spread over a month. | The pull-out of troops will begin after the treaty is signed. | The pull-out of the army paves the way for independence.

(troop) withdrawal (from / to a particular place): a withdrawal from an area / to an area | allied troop withdrawal from the north of the country | the Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan | Troop withdrawals will take place immediately. | Soviet troop withdrawals began on 15 May and were completed on schedule on 15 February 1989.

pull-out / pullback (from a particular place): a pull-out from the occupied territories | a pullback of troops from the occupied territories

partial // complete / full // full-scale withdrawal / pull-out / pullback частичный // полный // полномасштабный вывод / отвод войск: Partial troop withdrawals from Algiers began on July 4. | He is reported to be negotiating the complete withdrawal of the 1,500 Soviet military advisers. | But a complete withdrawal could trigger a new outbreak of fighting. | He replied that the UN had passed two major resolutions calling for a complete withdrawal. | Nearly half of those polled also said they would support a referendum on peace that required a full withdrawal from the Golan. | The loss of one vehicle and the leading tank's offensive capability was not enough to cause a full-scale withdrawal.

to make / carry out / implement a withdrawal / pull-out / pullback осуществлять вывод / отвод войск: The security forces made a tactical withdrawal from the area. | The government is planning to implement a second pullback from the area.

to complete a withdrawal / pull-out / pullback завершать вывод/ отвод войск

21. defensive (adjective) [only before noun] used or intended to protect someone or something from attack оборонительный; оборонный; защитный: These are purely defensive weapons, not designed for attack. | According to the report, only defensive weapons had been supplied to Iran. | The rockets are a purely defensive measure against nuclear attack. | The prince drew up his forces in a strong defensive position. | Police officers claimed that their actions during the riots were purely defensive. | Some past and current government officials say the program was intended for defensive purposes only. | He would scrap the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and permit defensive systems to guard against accidental firings or small-scale attacks by outlaw nations. | But each also has the capability of being built into defensive weapons systems.

defensive war / warfare оборонительные военные действия

22. retaliatory (adjective) [usually before noun] (formal) done against someone because they have harmed you ответный: a retaliatory attack / raid | retaliatory measures | Within twelve hours a retaliatory raid began. | In fact, no retaliatory action was taken. | There's been talk of a retaliatory blockade to prevent supplies getting through.

3. Settlement of conflicts

3.1 Unification and disintegration

1. to unite | to unify (1) [transitive] to combine people, groups, or countries so that they will work together объединять, соединять: Our goal is to unite the opposition parties and defeat the President. | We want to forge a policy that unites, not divides, people. | They sought to unify Europe by fair means or foul. | He said he would seek to unify the Conservative Party and win the next general election.

(2) [intransitive] to become combined объединяться, соединяться

to unite / unify (to do sth): The two parties have been trying to unite since the New Year. | In 1960, the regions united to form the Somali Republic. | If the party unifies, the bill might become law.

to unite / unify (with sb / sth): If the Byzantine Empire would ever bring itself to unite with the Empire of the West. | the benefits of unifying with the West

to unite against sb: Police chiefs called on the local people to unite against the drug dealers. | Uniting against globalisation is not the same as uniting against capitalism.

to unite behind sb: Party members united behind their leader.

2. united | unified (adjective) объединенный, соединенный: Successive opinion polls have found only around 10% in favour of a united Ireland under present circumstances. | It takes a unified country to mount a consensus foreign policy.

to be / stand united against sb: The two countries were united against a common enemy.

united front единый фронт: Nations of the world must present a united front against terrorists.

3. unification [uncountable] the process of uniting groups or countries, or the fact that they have been united объединение, слияние; воссоединения; консолидация; союз: the unification of Germany / Italy | the unification of East and West Germany | A more complete unification would not be possible.

4. (territorial) integrity [uncountable] (formal) (территориальная) целостность / неприкосновенность (страны): Separatist movements are a threat to the integrity of the nation. | Territorial integrity is a fuzzy concept when there is a dispute over boundaries.

to defend / protect territorial integrity: They have vowed to protect the country's territorial integrity.

to violate territorial integrity: The foreign affairs department has denied claims that territorial integrity has been violated.

to restore territorial integrity: They called for a negotiated settlement restoring the republic's sovereignty and territorial integrity.

5. self-determination [uncountable] the right of a country to be independent, instead of being controlled by a foreign country, and to choose its own form of government самоопределение: The Progressive majority was hostile to the status quo, and advocated national self-determination and political liberalism.

right to / of self-determination право на самоопределение: It is about a principle for which people have been fighting and dying for centuries - the indisputable right to self-determination. | The principle of the right of national self-determination was then extended much more widely.

to achieve / realize self-determination самоопределиться; получить самостоятельность / независимость: Most Progressives were prepared to support the Prussian state as the instrument of achieving national self-determination.

to give / grant self-determination давать / предоставлять право на самоопределение

6. to disintegrate | to break up [intransitive] to become weaker or less united and be gradually destroyed распадаться (на составные части), разрушаться: The nation disintegrated under economic pressures. | Civil war could come if the country breaks up.

to disintegrate / break up into sth: The Ottoman Empire disintegrated into lots of small states. | Whole armies disintegrated into their component individuals and sub-groupings.

7. to break away (from sth) [intransitive] (1) to split (off) from sth to leave a group or political party and form another group, usually because of a disagreement отделиться, выйти (из организации): More than 30 Labour MPs broke away to form a new left-wing party. | They broke away from the national union and set up their own local organization. | The Pan-Africanist Congress split from the ANC in 1959. | A group of extremists split (off) from the Labour Party to form a new "Workers' Communist Party".

(2) to secede (from sth) (formal) to stop being part of a country and form an independent state отделиться, отпасть, отложиться, выйти (из состава страны): Part of the country broke away (from the state) to form a new nation. | During that time, Portugal's colonies broke away from colonial rule. | There is likely to be civil war if the region tries to secede from the country.

8. disintegration | breakup | break-up [uncountable] the division of something such as an organization or country into smaller parts распад, разрушение, дезинтеграция; разделение на составные части: the violent disintegration of Yugoslavia | the breakup of the Soviet Union | At no time did a majority of Czechoslavakia's citizens support the country's break-up.

disintegration / breakup into sth: the disintegration of the Soviet empire into separate republics

9. breakaway (adjective) (1) a breakaway group is a group of people who have separated from a larger group because of a disagreement отделившийся: a breakaway group / party / movement | Three senior politicians have formed a powerful breakaway group.

(2) secessionist (formal) a breakaway area is one that has stopped being part of a country отделившийся, отколовшийся: a military assault on the secessionist republic | Chechen nationalists plan to hold mass demonstrations in Grozny, capital of the breakaway republic.

10. breakaway (from sth) [singular] (1) a time when some people leave a group or organization after a disagreement and start a new group or organization отделение, выход (из организации): He led a breakaway from the Communist Party.

(2) secession (from sth) [uncountable; countable] (formal) a time when a particular area ceases to be part of a country отделение, отпадение, выход (из состава страны): A valley breakaway could require a vote of the people. | It was the lack of democracy and equality which impelled the oppressed to fight for secession. | They want secession from the union, not a new treaty binding them into it.

11. separatist | secessionist [countable] (formal) someone who wants their country to be independent of another country сепаратист, сторонник отделения: a separatist / secessionist movement / group | a separatist / secessionist conflict | Basque separatists | Lithuanian secessionists | The separatists won no seats at the last elections. | The army has come under attack by separatists. | The government is trying to crush a secessionist movement.

12. separatism [uncountable] the beliefs and activities of separatists сепаратизм: Basque separatism

3.2 Promotion of peace

1. peace [uncountable; singular] a situation in which there is no war or fighting between countries or groups of people мир; общественный порядок, спокойствие: peace proposals / moves / talks / negotiations | a peace conference / initiative | Peace lasted in Europe for just over 20 years after 1918 before war broke out again. | The President spoke of a shared commitment to world peace and economic development.

lasting / durable / permanent peace прочный мир: There seems to be only one feasible solution that could bring lasting peace. | We hope to have created a durable peace between the two countries.

fragile / uneasy peace хрупкий / недолговечный мир: A fragile peace ending the seven-year civil war has been in place since last July. | An uneasy peace continued until 1939.

to be / remain at peace (with sb) | to live in peace (with sb) жить в мире: The country is at peace with its neighbours for the first time in years. | In this city people of different religions have lived together in peace for centuries.

to achieve / bring about peace | to bring peace (to sb / between sb) | to create peace (between sb) установить мир, достигать / добиваться мира: The Camp David agreement brought peace between Israel and Egypt. | We hope to have created a durable peace between the two countries.

to make peace (with sb / between sb and sb) заключить мир; подписать мирный договор; мириться: The UN Secretary General urged the two sides to make peace. | The two armies made peace with each other in 1918. | The negotiators are trying to make peace between the warring factions.

to restore peace восстановить мир: initiatives to restore peace in the Middle East

to maintain / keep (the) peace сохранять / поддерживать мир: For many years the agreement maintained peace in Europe. | The President sent federal troops to Grenada to keep the peace. | A UN force has been sent to keep the peace.

to break / disturb / shatter the peace нарушать мир / спокойствие: Residents say that the new development would shatter the peace of their area.

to threaten peace | to be / pose / present a threat to peace угрожать миру: It was a dangerous situation that threatened world peace.

to promote / further / advance peace | to campaign for peace бороться за мир, быть участником движения за мир, способствовать установлению миру: He dedicated his life to promoting / furthering the cause of world peace. | He campaigned for peace and against the spread of nuclear weapons.

2. cause of peace [singular] дело мира: to promote / further / advance the cause of peace

3. peace dividend [singular] the money that is saved on weapons and is available for other purposes, when a government reduces its military strength because the risk of war has been reduced (The peace dividend is the economic benefit that was expected in the world after the end of the Cold War.) экономическая выгода от сокращения расходов на оборону / вооружения: The peace dividend has not materialized despite military spending going down in most countries.

4. peace process [singular] a series of actions that are done in order to achieve peace мирный процесс: the Middle East / Israeli-Egyptian peace process

5. peace movement движение за мир, движение сторонников мира: The peace movement is organizing a march in central London. | He was involved in the peace movement but never a pacifist.

6. peace demonstration / protest / rally демонстрация / акция протеста / митинг в защиту мира

7. peace demonstrator / protester / activist / campaigner борец за мир, сторонник мира: Some 40,000 peace demonstrators gathered in Bonn yesterday to protest against the bombing. | Peace protesters broke into the Administration building and occupied it for six days. | Most peace activists remained united by their opposition to the government.

8. peaceful demonstrator / protester / activist / campaigner участник мирной демонстрации / акции протеста / кампании

9. peacetime [uncountable] a period of time when a country is not fighting a war мирное время: The talks were aimed at establishing normal peacetime relations between the two countries.

in / during peacetime: The British could afford to reduce defence spending in peacetime without excessive risk. | A country's army may be quite small during peacetime.

10. peaceful not involving war, fighting, or violence мирный: the peaceful use of nuclear energy | There was a relatively peaceful transfer of power from the military government to the new democracy. | The peaceful transition to democracy depends mainly on the military regime.

peaceful means / manner / method / way: Some important political changes have been achieved by peaceful means. | Unification shall be achieved through peaceful means.

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