Краткий тематический словарь. Вооруженные конфликты и терроризм

for peaceful purposes: They emphasized that their equipment was for peaceful and not military purposes.

11. peace-loving | peaceful believing strongly in peace rather than war миролюбивый, мирный: These people are peace-loving, law-abiding citizens.

12. peaceful coexistence / co-existence [uncountable] a situation in which nations live in peace with one another мирное сосуществование: There could be peaceful co-existence between different political systems. | She hoped the different ethnic groups in the area could live together in peaceful co-existence. | Nixon contends that we are heading into a period of peaceful coexistence in the world.

to establish peaceful coexistence: The countries in Europe have established peaceful co-existence.

13. peacekeeping [uncountable] the maintenance of international peace and security by the deployment of military forces in a particular area, especially the supervision by international forces of a truce between hostile nations сохранение / поддержание / обеспечение мира: The UN's undersecretary-general is in charge of peacekeeping.

peacekeeping force(s) / troops / army a group of soldiers who are sent to a place in order to stop two opposing groups from fighting each other войска по поддержанию мира: A large peacekeeping force is now being assembled. | It is now hoped that the full peacekeeping force will be in place by the end of the month.

peacekeeping operation / mission операция по поддержанию мира: US troops taking part in the peacekeeping mission | Nigerian warplanes involved in peace-keeping operations in Liberia | The United Nations peacekeeping mission was a disaster waiting to happen. | Wars begin and end quickly; peacekeeping missions go on for ever.

to establish / deploy / install a peacekeeping force / army / peacekeeping troops (in a place) | to send a peacekeeping force / army / peacekeeping troops to / into a particular place вводить / размещать / направлять войска по поддержанию мира: They signed a protocol on interim measures to establish peacekeeping forces and military observers. | It would be the first major peacekeeping force deployed in the Western Hemisphere. | The United Nations has installed a peacekeeping force to maintain order until the elections in May 1993. | The United Nations has decided to send a peacekeeping force into the area.

to withdraw a peacekeeping force / army / peacekeeping troops (from a place) выводить / отводить войска по поддержанию мира: Panama called for the United States to withdraw its peacekeeping army.

14. peacekeeper [countable; usually plural] a soldier in a military force that has been sent to a place in order to prevent war, especially between groups who have been fighting there участник / солдат сил по поддержанию мира; страж мира: American marines were sent abroad as peacekeepers. | American ground troops are to join the UN peacekeepers to try to stop the war from spreading.

15. peacemaker | peacekeeper [countable] a person, organization, or country that tries to persuade groups of people or nations to stop fighting миротворец, примиритель: The Labour government acts as a peacemaker and mediator. | They want the United Nations to play a bigger role as the world's peacekeeper.

16. to mediate (1) [intransitive; transitive] to try to end a disagreement between two people, groups, or countries посредничать, быть посредником, выступать в качестве посредника

to mediate: Few were even prepared to try to mediate, none to risk anything for the king and the Despensers.

to mediate between sb: UN officials mediated between the rebel fighters and the government.

to mediate (in) sth: They mediate territorial disputes between neighbouring nations. | The Vatican successfully mediated in a territorial dispute between Argentina and Chile in 1984.

(2) [transitive] to find an agreement or solution that settles a disagreement успешно выполнить посредническую миссию, добиться чего-л. путем посредничества: UN peacekeepers mediated a new agreement / cease-fire. | The two envoys have succeeded in mediating an end to the war.

17. mediation [uncountable] посредничество, ходатайство, заступничество: They hoped that Russia's mediation would end the war. | The agreement provides for UN mediation between the two sides.

18. mediator | intermediary | go-between [countable] a person or organization that tries to end a disagreement between two people, groups, or countries by discussion посредник, примиритель: He received the Nobel Prize for his work as a mediator in the Palestine conflict. | The police negotiated with the gunman through an intermediary. | But in the city, as the go-between pointed out, things were changing.

to act / serve as (a) mediator / intermediary / go-between (between sb / for sb / in a conflict etc): An archbishop has been acting as mediator between the rebels and the authorities. | The former president has agreed to act as an intermediary between the government and the rebels. | The ambassador has offered to act as a go-between for the two countries involved in the conflict.

19. humanitarian concerned with improving bad living conditions and preventing unfair treatment of people гуманитарный; гуманный, человеколюбивый, человечный: humanitarian concerns | a humanitarian operation / mission | The Government displayed a more humanitarian approach towards victims of the recession.

humanitarian disaster / crisis: This earthquake is the worst humanitarian crisis in the country's history.

humanitarian aid / assistance / supplies / relief food, clothes, medicine and shelter гуманитарная помощь: Thousands of people are being denied access to humanitarian aid, food supplies and work. | Humanitarian relief efforts have been stopped by the attacks.

to provide / send humanitarian aid / assistance / supplies / relief: We have provided valuable economic and humanitarian aid to ease the transition to a market economy. | The United Nations is sending humanitarian aid to the areas worst affected by the conflict.

on humanitarian grounds: Two of the hostages were released on humanitarian grounds. | Air bombardment raised criticism on the humanitarian grounds that innocent civilians might suffer.

for humanitarian reasons / purposes: The prisoner has been released for humanitarian reasons.

20. pacifism [uncountable] the belief that war and violence are always wrong and that people should refuse to fight in wars пацифизм: However, this was not due to any genuine belief in pacifism.

21. pacifist [countable] someone who believes in pacifism пацифист: The pacifist movement is gaining increasing support among young people. | They turned out to be less consistent pacifists.

22. peacenik [countable] (informal) a political activist who publicly opposes war, a particular war, or the proliferation of weapons; a pacifist (used to show disapproval) сторонник пацифистского движения; противник американского вторжения во Вьетнам: His campaign attracted the support of feminists, peaceniks and ecologists.

3.3 Negotiation

1. to negotiate [intransitive; transitive] to discuss something in order to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics; to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics вести переговоры, договариваться; обсуждать условия; договориться, получить (в результате переговоров), заключить (договор / соглашение / контракт и т. п.)

to negotiate: The two sides have yet to show their willingness to negotiate.

to negotiate with sb: The government refuses to negotiate with terrorists.

to negotiate for sth: I'm negotiating for a new contract.

to negotiate sth (with sb / between sb): to negotiate an agreement / treaty / contract / deal / peace / settlement (with sb / between sb) | Colombia and Venezuela are currently negotiating a trade agreement. | UN representatives are trying to negotiate a ceasefire. | The South African president has negotiated an end to white-minority rule.

to negotiate to do sth: There were reports that three companies were negotiating to market the drug.

negotiating table стол переговоров: His first aim is to get the warring parties back to the negotiating table.

2. negotiation [countable - usually plural; uncountable] | talks [plural] official discussions between the representatives of opposing groups who are trying to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics переговоры; обсуждение условий: A ceasefire, let alone lasting peace, will take long negotiation. | The agreement was reached after a series of difficult negotiations.

3. negotiation COLLOCATIONS

by negotiation путем / посредством переговоров: Any border changes will come about only by negotiation.

to be under negotiation being discussed in a process that may lead to change находиться в процессе обсуждения: The exact details of the agreement are still under negotiation.

to be open to / subject to / up for negotiation able to be changed or agreed upon after discussion возможно внесение изменений, возможны изменения: The union said that everything is open to negotiation. | We've reached a broad agreement, but the details are subject to negotiation. | All those stipulations are up for negotiation.

4. negotiation(s) | talks COLLOCATIONS

negotiation(s) for / on / over sth | talks about / on / over sth переговоры о чем-л.: Negotiation for the pay increase is likely to take several weeks. | The completion of multilateral negotiations on the abolition of chemical weapons will be pursued. | The Union was involved in negotiations over pay and working conditions. | Talks broke down last week about / on / over the issue of overtime pay.

negotiations / talks with sb / between sb переговоры с кем-л. / между кем-л.: The negotiations with the company had reached a crucial stage. | He visited Egypt in March for talks with the president.

to begin / start / enter into / open negotiations / talks (with sb) вступать в переговоры: The government opened negotiations with the IMF for another loan. | The company is about to start talks with rugby clubs around the country. | Then the opposition leaders entered into talks with the President.

to hold / conduct / have negotiations / talks вести переговоры: Multilateral negotiations on regional economic co-operation were held in Paris. | He also held talks with President Hosni Mubarak.

to attend / participate in / take part in negotiations / talks: The president will attend the Rome talks.

negotiations / talks are under way / take place / continue ведутся переговоры, переговоры продолжаются

to suspend negotiations / talks приостанавливать; откладывать; временно прекращать: Management might suspend all negotiations about pay and conditions.

to break off negotiations / talks (внезапно) прекращать переговоры; срывать переговоры

negotiations / talks break down / collapse / stall переговоры провалились / потерпели неудачу: Negotiations broke down after only two days. | Peace talks have broken down in the Middle East. | The peace talks seem to have stalled again.

breakdown of negotiations / talks провал / срыв переговоров: This bomb attack has led to the breakdown of peace talks.

to resume / revive / reopen negotiations / talks возобновлять переговоры: The United States urged Moscow and the rebels to resume peace talks. | Their aim is to revive the peace talks.

negotiations / talks resume / reopen переговоры возобновляются: The delegations again failed to agree on when or where the negotiations should resume. | The trade talks will resume next month.

a round / session of negotiations / talks раунд переговоров: the next round of arms negotiations | the need for a fresh round of peace talks

peace negotiations / talks мирные переговоры, переговоры о мире: The agreement was reached during peace talks sponsored by the European Community.

5. settlement [countable] an official agreement that ends a disagreement урегулирование; соглашение: Hopes grew that a workable peace settlement might emerge. | They are not optimistic about a settlement of the eleven year conflict.

peaceful / peace / political settlement мирное / политическое урегулирование: The treaty guaranteed the peaceful settlement of disputes between the two countries. | The tentative discussions in Washington towards a peace settlement are now irrelevant. | Without a political settlement any truce in Bosnia remains precarious.

negotiated settlement урегулирование путем переговоров: They called for a negotiated settlement restoring the republic's sovereignty and territorial integrity.

settlement of / to a conflict / dispute / crisis: the search for a peaceful settlement of the Northern Ireland conflict | They helped negotiate peaceful settlements to several independence wars.

to reach / achieve / negotiate / secure / find a settlement урегулировать, добиваться урегулирования, обеспечивать урегулирование; достигать соглашения, приходить к соглашению: It now seems unlikely that it will be possible to reach a peaceful settlement of the conflict. | No one can underestimate the difficulties implicit in achieving a negotiated settlement. | They are negotiating a peace settlement. | Our objective must be to secure a peace settlement. | But Mr Reynolds said that renewed efforts were needed to find a political settlement in Northern Ireland.

6. solution [countable] a way of solving a problem or dealing with a difficult situation решение, разрешение: a peaceful solution to the troubles in the region | talks aimed at finding a peaceful solution to the crisis

a solution to a conflict / dispute / crisis / problem: There are no simple solutions to the problem of overpopulation.

peaceful / political solution (to sth) мирное / политическое решение / разрешение: But people do not believe there can be a peaceful solution to the crisis. | Any political solution presupposes that the fate of prisoners must be settled.

to seek a solution (to sth) искать решение / разрешение: City council members are still seeking solutions to the problem of unemployment.

to find / arrive at / bring about / obtain a solution (to sth) найти решение: UN leaders are working hard to find a peaceful solution to the conflict. | The parties involved attempted to arrive at a solution. | That is not going to help to bring about a just and peaceful solution to the problem. | He agreed to go to Rome himself to try to obtain an acceptable solution. | There have been fewer serious efforts towards obtaining effective solutions.

to come up with / devise a solution (to sth) разработать / подготовить решение: The committee has failed to come up with any solutions to the crisis.

to offer / provide a solution (to sth) to be a possible solution являться решением: Solar energy offers a low cost solution to our fuel problems.

to propose / suggest / offer a solution (to sth) предлагать решение: Some of our economists are proposing the same solutions. | The warring factions are suggesting drastically different solutions to the crisis. | More than half the builders offered other solutions to the fee problem.

to reject a solution (to sth) отвергать решение: It was not the first time that sensible political solutions had been rejected.

7. agreement (1) [countable] a decision or arrangement, often formal and written, between two or more people, groups, organizations, or countries соглашение, договор; контракт: If society is to exist as a unity there must be an agreement on shared values. | The dispute was settled by an agreement that satisfied both sides.

ceasefire agreement соглашение о прекращении огня / военных действий

armistice agreement соглашение о перемирии

compromise agreement компромиссное соглашение: It looks as though a compromise agreement has now been reached.

(2) [uncountable] the situation when people have the same opinion or have made the same decision about something (взаимное) согласие: Officials said there was broad / general / widespread / wide agreement on the need to promote growth by cutting government spending.

agreement to sth согласие на что-л.: I don't think they'll ever get the government's agreement to these proposals.

to be in agreement (with sb) (about / on sth) (formal) соглашаться, иметь одно и то же мнение: The government was in agreement with the committee about what they should do. | The two sides are in agreement on the need for arms reduction. | We were in full agreement with them on all points.

to reach (an) agreement (with sb) (about / on sth / that…) | to come to / arrive at an agreement достичь согласия, договориться: They reached full agreement on all points. | We are determined to reach agreement with the IMF before the end of the year. | After two years of talks, the Russians and the Americans finally reached an agreement. | The negotiators came to an agreement that all troops would be withdrawn.

mutual agreement взаимное согласие: Changes to borders can come about only by mutual agreement and consent. | A contract can also be terminated by mutual agreement of the parties.

tacit agreement молчаливое согласие: Your silence may be taken to mean tacit agreement.

8. treaty [countable] a written agreement between two or more countries formally approved and signed by their leaders договор, соглашение, конвенция: The Treaty of Versailles ended the First World War. | Both countries agreed to work towards a peace treaty. | He had no difficulty in persuading parliament to approve the treaty.

(nuclear) non-proliferation treaty договор о нераспространении (ядерного оружия): Over 20 countries have now signed the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty. | France today announced its plans to join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. | Both countries are signatories to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

(nuclear) test ban / test-ban treaty договор о запрещении испытаний ядерного оружия: But it has refused to sign up to the comprehensive test ban treaty. | The President gave top priority to achieving a nuclear test-ban treaty.

9. agreement | treaty COLLOCATIONS

agreement / treaty with / between sb: the agreement between the parties | a trade treaty with New Zealand

agreement / treaty on sth: an agreement on arms reduction / military cooperation | He said the treaty on conventional forces would likely be thrown overboard.

agreement / treaty to do sth: The twenty-six countries signed an agreement to cut air pollution. | Next week he will appeal to the Senate to ratify a global treaty to ban chemical weapons.

to draw up / work out // negotiate / broker an agreement / treaty разработать / подготовить / выработать // обсудить соглашение / договор: The two sides are negotiating a ceasefire agreement. | An agreement was worked out between them on all points.

to conclude / enter into / negotiate an agreement / treaty заключить соглашение / договор: We've concluded a treaty with neighbouring states to limit emissions of harmful gases. | The government has entered into an international arms-control agreement. | He negotiated a similar treaty with Tripoli in 1659.

to sign / ratify an agreement / treaty подписать / ратифицировать соглашение / договор: Leaders of some rival factions signed a peace agreement last week. | They signed a treaty to settle all border disputes by arbitration. | The parliaments of both countries were due to ratify the treaty by the end of February 1991.

to implement / honour / observe an agreement / treaty выполнять соглашение / договор: Both countries agreed to implement arms control agreements. | They will honour the agreement to the letter.

to break / breach / violate an agreement / treaty нарушать соглашение / договор: They have broken (the terms of) the agreement on human rights. | The companies accused each other of breaching the agreement.

to abrogate / denounce / terminate / scrap an agreement / treaty расторгать / денонсировать / аннулировать соглашение / договор, объявлять о прекращении действия соглашения / договора: Both governments voted to abrogate the treaty. | He hopes to scrap the anti-ballistic missile treaty, destabilizing the world's nuclear equilibrium.

to back out of / withdraw from an agreement / treaty выйти из соглашения / договора

terms / provisions of an agreement / treaty условия соглашения / договора: They claimed the company had broken the terms of the agreement. | There are no provisions in the treaty that would exclude them from taking part in it.

under (the terms of) an agreement / treaty согласно условиям соглашения / договора, по соглашению / договору: Under the Sino-British agreement, Hong Kong will come under Chinese rule in 1997. | Under the terms of the agreement a state of transition was established prior to the creation of the third republic within 18 months.

trade agreement / treaty торговое соглашение

peace agreement / treaty соглашение о мире: The issue now is to ensure that the ceasefire turns into a lasting peace agreement.| The peace treaty ends nearly four years of violence.

bilateral / multilateral agreement / treaty двустороннее / многостороннее соглашение: Further bilateral and multilateral agreements were also envisaged to ensure that each country's armed forces participated in joint anti-drug initiatives.

10. safeguard [countable] a law, rule, plan etc that protects someone or something from possible dangers or problems гарантия; защита; охрана: built-in safeguards | International safeguards prevent the increase of nuclear weapons.

safeguard for sth: A system like ours lacks adequate safeguards for civil liberties.

safeguard against sth: The bill provides for additional safeguards against the import of Genetically Modified Organisms.

to build safeguards into an agreement / treaty | to build in safeguards включить гарантии в соглашение / договор: They built all the necessary safeguards into the treaty. | They may also be able to build in some safeguards.

to provide a safeguard / safeguards (for sb / sth // against sth) обеспечить гарантии (кому-л. / чему-л. // против чего-л.): Conservative backbenchers put pressure on the government to provide safeguards for households which would lose by more than a certain amount. | The system provides a safeguard against the risk of human error.

11. to compromise [intransitive] to reach an agreement in which everyone involved accepts less than what they wanted at first пойти на компромисс / уступки, делать уступки

to compromise (with sb) (on / over sth): Party unity is threatened when members will not compromise. | The President might be willing to compromise on defence spending. | The government has compromised with its critics over monetary policies.

12. to meet somebody halfway (on sth) to do some of the things that someone wants you to do, in order to show that you want to reach an agreement or improve your relationship with them уступить кому-л., пойти на компромисс: Democrats plan to meet the president halfway on welfare cuts.

13. compromise [countable; uncountable] an agreement that is achieved after everyone involved accepts less than what they wanted at first, or the act of making this agreement компромисс; соглашение (на основе взаимных уступок): an acceptable / reasonable compromise | a compromise between government and opposition | The government has said that there will be no compromise with terrorists. | The treaty represents a political compromise between the two nations.

to call for a compromise призывать к компромиссу: The defence minister called for a compromise and promised that the army would stay out of the dispute.

to make a compromise (with sb / sth) пойти на компромисс / уступки, делать уступки: Everybody has to be prepared to make compromises. | The senator made no compromises with his convictions.

to reach / arrive at / come to / find / agree on a compromise достичь компромисса, найти компромисс: If moderates fail to reach a compromise, the extremists will dominate the agenda. | There is a necessary compromise which can only be arrived at in the context of a particular system.

to reject a compromise отвергнуть компромисс

14. concession [countable] something you give or allow to someone in order to end an argument or a disagreement уступка; соглашение, компромисс; послабление: Deadlock between the two bodies might result in compromise and concession on some issues.

concession on sth / to sb / to do sth: The government has already made significant concessions on pay and conditions. | He said there could be no concessions to the terrorists. | The real fear that this revolution might overthrow the Tsar forced him to make some political concessions to appease the masses.

to make a concession (to sb / sth | on sth) | to grant a concession (to sb / on sth / to do sth) делать уступку, идти на уступки, идти на компромисс: He stated firmly that no concessions will be made to the strikers. | As President Boris Yeltsin has lost popularity, he has made concessions to nationalist views. | The national agreements also granted important concessions to the labour movement. | Producers of commercials resisted, but granted some concessions to end the strike.

to force / win / gain / secure a concession (from sb / on sth) добиться уступки / компромисса (от кого-л.): We will try to force further concessions from the government. | They won no concessions from the government. | The Green Party aims to gain concessions on environmental safeguards for nuclear power. | His task was to keep the republic, while securing constitutional concessions.

4. Terrorism

4.1 Explosion

1. to explode (1) [intransitive] to blow up | to burst to break apart violently with a loud noise and in a way that causes damage взрываться, разрываться; взлетать на воздух: A bomb exploded at one of London's busiest railway stations this morning. | We sat in the bomb shelter listening to the enemy shells exploding. | A bomb blew up near his truck. | As I approached Lovat and the two Officers, a shell burst a short distance away. | In a trench to his rear that he had ordered to be abandoned the previous night, eight shells burst almost simultaneously.

(2) [transitive] to blow up | to blast to make something break apart violently with a loud noise and in a way that causes damage взрывать, подрывать: In 1949 the USSR exploded its first atomic bomb. | The soldiers blew up the enemy bridge. | Terrorists threatened to blow up the embassy. | The town was blasted out of existence. | A massive car bomb blasted the police headquarters.

2. to set off [transitive] to make a bomb break apart violently with a loud noise and in a way that causes damage; to cause an explosion взрывать, приводить в действие (взрывное устройство)

to set off a bomb / explosive device: Terrorists set off a bomb in the city centre. | A small explosive device was set off outside the UN headquarters today.

to set off an explosion / blast

3. to go off [intransitive] (1) to explode взрываться: The bomb went off at midday. | A few minutes later the bomb went off, destroying the vehicle.

(2) to be fired выстреливать (об оружии): The gun went off and the bullet went flying over his head. | His gun went off accidentally as he was climbing over a fence.

4. to detonate [transitive; intransitive] to explode or to make something explode взрывать(ся), детонировать

to detonate sth: He then turned away and detonated the explosive device strapped to his body. | Army experts detonated the bomb safely in a nearby field. | The 200 kg bomb was detonated by terrorists using a remote-control device.

sth detonates: The first four bombs detonated around noon. | The device detonated unexpectedly.

5. to disarm | to defuse | to deactivate [transitive] to take the explosives out of a bomb, missile etc обезвредить (взрывное устройство / бомбу / мину): Experts successfully managed to disarm the bomb. | Police evacuated nearby buildings and cordoned off the area while they defused the bomb. | A few hours later bomb disposal / demolition experts defused the devices. | A bomb was deactivated at the last moment, after the fuse had been lit.

6. to dispose of sth to get rid of something, especially something that is difficult to get rid of обезвредить (взрывное устройство / бомбу / мину): to dispose of an unexploded bomb

7. explosion (1) [countable] burst a loud sound and the energy produced by something such as a bomb bursting into small pieces взрыв; разрыв: Several people were injured in a bomb explosion. | Even modest-sized nuclear explosions can have effects detectable over intercontinental distances. | The noise of the explosion could be heard all over the city. | Surface bursts of large nuclear weapons are an essential part of strategic nuclear war.

to cause / set off / produce an explosion вызвать взрыв, привести к взрыву: The impact caused a massive explosion which ravaged the planet. | This tiny rock carries enough kinetic energy to produce an explosion equivalent to several thousand tons of high explosives.

an explosion occurs / goes off происходит взрыв: Accidental nuclear explosions cannot occur; the bombs are designed so they cannot be exploded by any chance event. | Smaller explosions go off periodically.

(2) [uncountable; countable] a process in which something such as a bomb is deliberately made to explode взрыв: The explosion of nuclear devices in the Bikini Atoll was stopped in 1958. | Bomb disposal experts blew up the bag in a controlled explosion.

to carry out / set off / cause / detonate an explosion произвести взрыв, взорвать: France has carried out an underground nuclear explosion on Mururoa Atoll in the South Pacific. | Police carried out several controlled explosions of suspect packages at the site. | Now imagine 5 billion people, the entire population of Earth, each setting off a 24-ton explosion at the same time. | A man and a woman were charged on April 15 with conspiracy to cause explosions and with possession of explosives and arms.

8. blast [countable] (1) a big explosion, especially one caused by a bomb взрыв: Thirty-six people died in the blast. | A bomb blast completely destroyed the building. | The blast killed 168 people and wounded hundreds. | The blast was heard three miles away.

to set off a blast

(2) blast wave a very strong movement of air caused by an explosion ударная волна: The force of the blast threw bodies into the air. | About 40, 000 people are killed by the blast wave.

9. detonation [uncountable; countable] the act of making something such as a bomb explode; a large or powerful explosion взрыв; детонация: accidental detonation of nuclear weapons

to carry out a detonation произвести взрыв, взорвать: Underground nuclear detonations are believed to have been carried out.

underground detonation подземный взрыв

10. explosive [uncountable; countable] a substance or a device that can cause an explosion взрывчатое / взрывоопасное вещество: Such explosives would be far more powerful than existing non-nuclear explosives. | When they searched his vehicle, they found explosives. | There were traces of explosives in the bedroom. | The bomb, containing 150 grams of explosives, was planted outside the house shortly before 1 a.m.

11. high explosive [uncountable; countable] a very powerful explosive that can damage a large area and is often used in bombs бризантное взрывчатое вещество: The effect, enhanced in buildings and enclosed spaces, can be up to 16 times more destructive than conventional high explosives. | Further along the ridge, Ace was still throwing high explosives.

12. plastic explosive [uncountable; countable] an explosive substance that can be shaped using your hands, or a small bomb made from this пластичное взрывчатое вещество; пластиковая бомба: Instructions on how to make plastic explosives are on the Internet and in anti-government underground literature. | In 1991, 40 nations gathered in Montreal to develop a plan for better controls and detection of plastic explosives. | As the investigation into these bombings continues, it has reinvigorated efforts to learn more about the black market for plastic explosives.

4.2 Terrorist activities

1. terrorism [uncountable] the use of violence to achieve political aims терроризм: The establishment of the regional government in 1980 did not end terrorism. | The spiral of terrorism becomes never-ending. | What separates terrorism from other acts of violence? | The 20th century witnessed great changes in the use and practice of terrorism.

to be involved / engaged in terrorism | to engage in terrorism | to practise terrorism | to resort to terrorism | to use terrorism заниматься террористической деятельностью: Terrorism has been practised throughout history and throughout the world. | Terrorism has been used by one or both sides in anti-colonial conflicts.

to sponsor terrorism финансировать / спонсировать терроризм: We have to make the states that sponsor terrorism pay a price.

to fight / combat / counter / confront terrorism бороться с терроризмом, противодействовать терроризму: Governments must cooperate if they are to fight international terrorism. | The government is doing everything possible to combat terrorism. | He said the country needed a strong intelligence service to counter espionage, terrorism and foreign extremists. | Democracies, in general, are no great shakes at confronting terrorism.

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