, . . , .
04.12.2019 | |
3,6 M |
. ,
, , , , .
(121) ok manjen andkiter me?dar
one man:acc kill:pst:3pl be:fut:3pl
`They have killed a man'.
(122) ayal ok pa?pin oloto me?da
woman one child:acc embrace:pst:3n be:fut:3n
`A woman is embracing a child'.
(123) d?u? meramti pakato me?da
tiger jungle:loc lurk:pst:3n be:fut:3n
`The tiger is lurking in the jungle'. [Steever 1984: 632_633]
[Watanabe 2005] , . [Ebert 1995: 187-188] , .
, . , , : () , ( ) - , ( ) .
, [ ( ): 11, 23], , , . , P- A-. ( -.) , -te i-, (-a iss-).
, , , .
, , 13 . , , .
:
-te i- [-cnv incm-], -ko iss- [-conn exist-], ( [ ( )], [ . 2008: 286_300], [Taoka 2000]);
- -p tur-a- [-cnv stand-ipfv-] ( [ . 2006: 4.1], [Bertinetto et al. 2000]);
-zhe [-incm] ( [ 1983], [Loar 2019], [Ebert 1995]);
-ite (< < ; [Crane 2011], [Crane 2013]);
-li/-ri [-prog] ( [Pramodini 2012], [Chelliah 1997]);
=ne [=cont] ( [Romeo 2008], [Jenny, Hnin Tun 2016]);
ger + cwan- `' [Kiryu 1999];
-an con- [-ptcp stay-] ( ; [Genetti 2007];
-r/-t hum- [-cnv be-] ( [, 1983], [Nedjalkov, Otaina 2012]);
-ipfv + -ngas- `' + ipfv - (< < < -; [Ebert 1997]);
-i + *ka (< ; [Kakati 1941: 749], [Ebert 1995]).
: ahi-cho [come-ptcp] `I have come / am coming' [Ebert 1995: 185]. 10 , : ro c-yo-ngas-yo [rice eat-3p:ipfv-keep-3p:ipfv] `he has eaten / is eating rice' [Ebert 1995: 198], [Ebert 1997].
. 25 31, . - 23.
31 5 : , , .
: 20 31 .
.
-, 7 . - , (124). . , ( ) .
FF. stative ( ) - <S, S>.
(124) kerim nalik-ta zaa-p tur-a-d?
K. N.-loc live-cnv stand-ipfv-3sg
` '. (zaa- <S, S>) [ . 2006: 382]
, , (. 26 ).
, . , (125) (126), , .
GG. remain ( ) - , .
(125) sibaji sumake la?s ca?-en con-a
S. silently embarrassment feel-ptcp stay-3sg.pst
`Siba silently felt embarrassed for a long period of time'.
(126) nispatta tu? ju-en co?-gu
dark foc be-ptcp stay-3.pst.ant
`It was dark continuously'. [Genetti 2007: 378-379]
GG - [Bertinetto et al. 2000: 527], , TT . , . , .
4 , .
26. -zhe
, , . , , , . , , . zhe .
27. -ko iss-
-ko iss- , `'. , -ko iss- , , -.
(127) -ko iss- , (127) - ( ) . , - , [ ( ): 22-23], [, 1983: 9].
(127) inhyong-i meli-lul kkak-ko iss-ta
doll-nom hair-acc cut-conn exist-decl
`The doll has its hair cut'. [ ] [Kim 2011: 879]
, -ko iss- , -ko iss- (non-lexical 27) [Wako et al. 2003].
28. - -p tur-a-
- , , PROGQ [Bertinetto et al. 2000: 545].
29. -te i-
, : -te i- - (128), , .
(128) kisen wa kyaku o nose-te i-ru
ship top client acc load-cnv incm-npst
` '. (.: )
(129) boku wa kisen ni kyaku o nose-ta
I top ship dat client acc load-pst
` '. [, 1983: 10]
. -, , , - ( ). -, [Haspelmath 2003: 236]: , , . , .
-te a- [-cnv exist-] [ . 2008: 305_309]. , , . [Watanabe 2008] ( wiru `', ), -te a- (, ). , [Kim 2009] ( [Tsuboi 1976]) , -te i- XVI . , , .
, , -. , [, 1983: 17] . , , - , , , .
, -a/e iss- [-inf exist-] (. . [Lee 2008]). .
, , , . (130) .
(130) u=to shojwa=ne=t?
they be.obnoxious=cont=real
`They are being obnoxious (now, they are not always that way)'. [Romeo 2008: 104]
3.1.2
, , . , 2.1.4 2.2.3, , , , .
. , , -, .
, , . [, 1983: 5.1.4.3, 11.14], , , , . , , , .
, 1983- ( , ). , , . , , . , , .
, , , , , ?
, .
2.2.1, , . , , . , - .
, , . , , , .
, .
3.2
. , (600-756 .) wiru `', i-ru, , (131). , , wiru ( ) [Watanabe 2008: 179-180]. (1001-1021 .) wiru -te wiru : sinobu `admire', omofu `think', kiku `listen', miru `look at', fiku `play an instrument' . . [Ibid.: 204-207]. , , . , , . (. wiru.)
(131) ...狏 嫒Q O s...
pusi-wi nageke-do aki tara-nu
lie.down-sit weep-though satisfy enough-not
`I was laid on my face weeping, but cannot weep enough' [Watanabe 2008: 179]
[zhe] `' ` ' (132) (V-II . . . .) [Chen 1997: 203].
(132) z O N
bing zhu jinyang san nian yi
soldier stay J. three year part
`It has been three years since the army stayed in Jinyang'. [Ibid.: 204]
III X . zhe ` () / / ' ` ()' .
(133) O
ke zhi zhuo men wai
may throw to door outside
`(You) may throw (it) out of the door'. [Ibid.]
[Ibid.: 207] XX .
(134) @ D w B E, , O
ru zhan zhen si sha, lei zhe gu, zhi shi xiang qian qu
like battle field mutually kill beat part drum only toward front go
`Like fighting in the battlefield, you simply charge forward while beating the drums'. [Ibid.]
X . , zhe [Ibid.: 205].
(135) () S,
zheng she zhuo/zhao wang xin
just hit to/part king heart
S {
wang xin tong bian ji huan gong
king heart hurt then immediately return palace
`The arrow just hit the heart of the king, who felt hurt in the heart and returned to the palace immediately'. [Ibid.: 210]
zhe , , [Ibid.]. ( (135) , .) , zhe , [Ibid.: 212], . zuo `sit', yi `lean on', ni `attach', gua `hang', fang `place' ding `nail', `ES', `S' [Ibid.: 212-213]. , zhe ( ), ( ). , - .
, zhe (, ). ( (134) . , (134) zhe, , , (, , ).
, X-XIII . [Ibid.: 207-208, 217-218].
, zhe ( . ), , , , . , .
-ko iss- . (2009) , -e is(i)- [-inf exist-], XV ., -, , - [Ibid.: 182-183]. -e -ko. XV . XIX . 100 000 , [Ibid.]. , -ko iss- - (136). , . , .
(136) syangnyey hwanto-i-mye maktahi-lAl twuli-ko isi-eto
always sword-cop-conn club-acc put.on-conn exist-conc
twulip-te-ni
fear-retro-conn
`(In the past) I was fearful even though I was wearing/carrying a sword and a club at all times (but now)' (XV .) [Ibid.: 187]
. -ko iss- . XVIII .
(137) ilcuk holo toy-ye syucyelhA-ko is-teni
early alone become-inf live.alone-conn exist-conn
`Having become a widow at an early age, she was living alone and' [Ibid.: 189]
-a/-e iss (<-e is(i)-) [Ibid.], [Lee 2008].
. [Ibid.: 191]. (I watched TV at home), , (I was at home; ). , - (I was at home watching TV I stayed at home watching TV; ).
, XVII . -ko iss- , , `' . *I stayed at home taking off my clothes / sitting down on a chair . ` , / ' [Ibid.: 193].
- (127) , , , , , . -ko iss- , - , - , .
, -ko iss- . -ko iss- - - . , , , , . , .
() .
3.2.1
- , - .
. `' (138). `' ( [Bertinetto et al. 2000: 534] ). ( , , <ES, -->.)
(138) Inu ga shin-de i-ru
dog nom die-cnv incm-npst
`The dog is dead'. [Taoka 2000: 77]
(139) The grandfather is dying.
` '. [Bertinetto et al. 2000: 534]
, <ES, --> : - - ; - , P ( ); - S. , -, : TT - TSit, .
. .
, .
( -), , .
. , - , - .
[Dahl (ed.) 2000: 4] [, 1983] .
(. 3) 36 , 15 . , 2.1.2, . ( ) .
(. 16) 26 , . 13 . , .
, 13 , . , , .
, .
. -, , - . -.
-. , Q- <Simple tense, Progressive> [Knig 1995: 157], [Bertinetto et al. 2000] . , , . -, , .
, 2.2.1 , , , . 2.2.3 -. - , -, : .
, 3.1.2 , . , . : , - .
. ? 1.1 [Ebert 1995], , . - , - . ( ) - . , . , .
, 3.2.1 . , <ES, --> S. . , , . : , . , (. 3.1.2).
. . . [ 2010]. , , .
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