Grammatical transformations in the translation of literary texts from English into Russian

Table 55. Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children, ex. 54

Abruptly, she strode to the sitting room door and threw it open to find Emma crouched on the other side, her face red and streaked with tears.	Внезапно она подошла к двери и резко ее распахнула. Я увидел сидящую на корточках Эмму. Она подняла к нам покрасневшее, залитое слезами лицо.

The translator translated this sentence using division, dividing one complex sentence into three complex ones. The causal connection between the first and second has been partially broken, since the original has the relation «she… threw it open to find…» using the passive voice, while in the translation the action after opening the door is related to the main character «я увидел сидящую на корточках Эмму…», which did not damage the overall logic and the transfer of the final meaning.

Table 56. Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children, ex. 55

He was lucky in a way. It wasn't long and drawn-out. No months in a hospital hooked up to machines	— В каком-то смысле ему повезло. Его смерть не была долгой и мучительной. Ему удалось избежать нескончаемых месяцев на больничной койке в полной зависимости от аппаратов.

In this sentence I see an appropriate form of the addition of «Ему удалось избежать» «в полной зависимости» and «на больничной койке» which helped tie all parts of the sentence together to form a single logical-understanding chain, with a significant replacements in the syntactic structure of the sentence that required the omission of the passive voice in the phrase «hooked up.»

Table 57. Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children, ex. 56

It was time for him to go. He was lonely. My grandma had been dead a lot of years already, and his mind wasn't sharp any more.	Ему пора было уходить. Он был одинок. Моя бабушка умерла много лет назад, и его сознание уже притупилось.

The impersonal sentence at the beginning of the sentence has been replaced by the dative case «кому? - ему» at the beginning of the sentence with the verb «to go» in its non-propagated meaning «уходить». In the second sentence there is an example of antonymic translation, in which the negation «wasn't sharp» has become the affirmation «уже притупилось».

Table 58. Мiss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children, ex. 57

That's why he was out in the woods in the first place.»	Именно поэтому он и покинул дом в тот вечер…

At the beginning of this sentence you can notice the omission of the word «woods», the replacement of the subject «дом» with the case of the place «в тот вечер».

Table 59. Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children, ex. 58

Peculiar traits often skip a generation, or ten. Peculiar children are not always, or even usually, born to peculiar parents, and peculiar parents do not always, or even usually, bear peculiar children.	Особенности проявляются не в каждом поколении. Странные дети могут появляться через поколение или даже через десять. Они далеко не всегда рождаются у странных родителей. А у странных родителей далеко не всегда рождаются странные дети.

In this sentence I can observe an antonymic translation in which the verb «to skip» has been replaced by the tense circumstance in the form of the negation «не в каждом поколении». In the last sentence, which was subjected to the original text division, the active voice «parents don't… bear peculiar children» was replaced by the passive voice «…у странных родителей… не рождаются странные дети».

3.2 Summary of the analysis of «Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children»

In this section I would like, based on the analysis of grammar transformations in the novel «Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children», to summarize the grammar transformations used, to present my own observations, evaluations and make a general conclusion on the analysis of this literary work.

As a result of the analysis performed by comparing a passage of the original text and its translation, I examined 45 passages.

As I mentioned at the beginning of the analysis, I purposely chose small pieces of text, often reduced to a single sentence and appearing in isolation from the overall context of the work, in order to check whether grammar transformations can be used as independent fragments (which will be tested after the analysis of the novel «I am Legend» by Richard Matheson). In each of the excerpts in italics or bold type the fragments that have undergone some kind of transformation were highlighted. Later, in the textual analysis, the names of the transformations themselves were highlighted in bold for ease of use and for finding specific transformations.

Thus, the total number of grammar transformations that I have identified as a result of the analysis of the novel «Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children» is equal to 67 examples.

In this section, the grammar replacement transformations total 54 examples. When reviewing the analyzed passages, it can be noticed that the transformation of grammar replacements was used in each passage in the number of one or more replacements. This can be explained by the previously described stark difference in the grammatical structures of the English and Russian languages, the need to correctly transfer the norms of the translated language, taking into account such specific features of the English text as word order in an English sentence, tenses, articles, verb forms, the expression of a particular word/concept/expression with a larger or smaller number of lexical units, which inevitably affects the syntactic structure of the whole sentence.

Grammar transformations of sentence division, sentence combinations and transpositions are presented in a much smaller number. Thus, the transformation of the sentence division was used by the translator 7 times, which is explained by the translator's desire to visually and meaningfully unload those passages in the text where the literal transfer of meaning would entail a load of information, or even the loss of the author's original intention.

Grammar transformations of transpositions and sentence combinations were used 4 and 2 times, respectively. Speaking of transpositions, it is worth paying attention to the fact that the translator in almost all passages seeks to preserve the identical word order and consequently causal relationship, which required him to resort to grammar replacements and a mixed type of transformation, which will be discussed below.

In some, however, direct transmission of content was impossible, forcing the translator to resort to the transformation of transpositions. In turn, the transformation of sentence combination, due to the specific structure of the Russian and English sentences, was used only in those cases where two equivalent sentences or sentences in a dependent relation were more appropriately conveyed in the form of a single one.

The pie chart below clearly demonstrates how many grammar transformations were made in the analyzed passages of the novel «Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children».

Diagram 1. Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children G.T

Equally frequent was the use of lexical-grammar or, in other words, complex transformations, which, as I said above, were inevitable on the background of the use of grammar transformations, which required the addition or omission of individual grammar units, entailing an impact not only on the syntactic structure of the text, but, of no small importance, on its lexical content.

Complex transformations were used by the translator 32 times, of which almost half consist of additions (15). I consider this transformation in terms of its complex transformation of the text both on the level of grammatical structure and on the level of lexical means, where it is often not possible to isolate the addition of a specific lexical unit bearing a certain lexical or grammatical purpose, since this has a collective effect on the structure of the entire sentence.

The second most used compound transformation is the transformation of omission, which is presented in 11 examples. The purpose of the omission transformation is opposite to the transformation of additions, but it has a strong effect on the grammar and lexical structure of the translated text in terms of function. It was used to transform whole passages in which whole logical chains and characters were omitted.

The third most used complex transformation is antonymic translation (replacement of the meaning of negation with affirmation and vice versa) presented in the number of 6 uses. It was added in the general plan of complex transformations because, as well as additions and omissions, it affects the transformation of the text on grammar and lexical levels.

The pie chart below clearly shows the number of complex transformations used by the translator in the analyzed passages of Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children.

Diagram 2. Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children C.T



According to the results of the calculations of grammar and complex transformations I can conclude that the latter make up almost half of all the translation transformations made by the translator, which clearly demonstrates their inevitable use in the translation of literary texts. Another important fact is that the necessity of using one or another transformation is directly connected with each other, coming out in the form of using both grammar and complex transformations at the same level.

For example, in the grammar transformation of replacement, the translator had to make a transformation of omitting and adding information, or in the division and combination of sentences to make appropriate grammatical changes to achieve normativity of the grammar of the translated (Russian) language.

The table below clearly shows the quantitative ratio of grammar and complex transformations in Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children.

Diagram 3. Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children Comparison

Besides, I would like to mention my assessment of the quality of the translator's transformations in this novel. In general, almost all of them were appropriate and reflected the author's intent well. However, in three examples (23, 28, and 20), I questioned the translator's choices, offering my own perspective. This just means that the approach to translation can be different, so the view and approach to translating literary texts can be different, but in the example of this novel, almost all of the transformations were good.

3.3 Analysis of grammar transformations in the novel «I am Legend»

In this section I would like to examine the grammar transformations in the novel «I Am Legend» written by the popular American writer Richard Matheson and published in 1954. [34], [35]

This novel is set in a post-apocalyptic world in which, as a result of a virus, all of humanity has been turned into bloodthirsty vampires, and a protagonist Robert Neville is the only survivor. He lives in an armored house, looking for a cure for the virus and killing vampires in the daytime, when they are asleep, and is hanging on for life out of his very last strength. As the plot unfolds, Robert faces a series of trials, and through the entire novel a number of philosophical ideas stretch out, culminating in a tragic finale that turns the whole idea of the story upside down.

The novel I Am Legend has made a significant contribution to the development and popularization of the science fiction genre of literature, and its author has inspired many writers, including Ray Bradbury and Stephen King.

This novel was chosen for several reasons:

Unlike «Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children», the novel «I am Legend» is narrated in the third person, so I can observe what approaches in terms of grammatical transformations the translator used in this perspective of the narrative, and also compare the appropriateness and quality of the transformations performed. In addition, there is a striking difference in the author's language and style in the novels.

If in the novel «Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children», as I mentioned earlier and it could be traced during the analysis, the author spoke to the reader through a teenager with the inherent linguistic and stylistic means, in the novel «I am a legend» the author acts as a narrator, thus describing not only the actual events at the time of the narrative, but also additional information not directly related to the main character. The author also deliberately omits his own point of view and attitudes toward the events taking place, allowing the reader to experience them through the thoughts and actions of the protagonist.

Both «Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children» and «I am Legend» relate to the contemporary prose. In this case, I would also like to note that «I Am Legend» continues the trend of examining novels belonging to the sci-fi genre. In this way, it gives me an opportunity to take an integrated analysis of grammar transformations in novels that lie on the same genre plane.

To see the contrast with «Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children», I took some large passages in order to trace the connection of transformations on contextual, stylistic and syntactic levels.

Table 60. I am Legend, ex. 1

On those cloudy days, Robert Neville was never sure when sunset came,	В пасмурную погоду Роберт Невилл не мог высчитать, сколько времени осталось до захода солнца,

In translating this sentence, the translator resorted to replacing the verb «to be» and the following descriptive adjective «sure» with the verb «не мог» in a subordinate relation with the addition of the indefinite verb «вычислить», with the negation «never» being replaced by the simple particle «не», which does not reflect the duration of action, but carries an equal load of meaning. The adjective «when sunset came» was retained in its basic function, but the logical emphasis was changed: the noun «времени» was added, becoming the semantic center instead of «sunset,» which had moved to the category of an explanatory dowel, which was also the added phrase «сколько времени».



Table 61. I am Legend, ex. 2

He checked each window to see if any of the boards had been loosened	Он осматривал каждое окно, проверяя, не расшатаны ли доски.

The action verbs «checked» in Past Simple and the infinitive «to see» experienced a transposition and shift in emphasis, with «to see» moving from a conditional sentence with the particle «if» to the beginning of the sentence to become one of the main members, while the past form of the verb «checked» was replaced by the participle «проверяя».

Table 62. I am Legend, ex. 3

After violent attacks, the planks were often split or partially pried off, and he had to replace them completely; a job he hated.	После ожесточенных атак часто обнаруживалось много треснувших или висящих на одном гвозде планок. Их приходилось заменять новыми - препротивное занятие.

One type of transformation often used by the translator is the replacement of passive clauses. In these sentences I can observe that the object of action «the planks» has become an explanatory dowel, moving to the end of the sentence, which also indicates a transposition of the main members of the sentence. It was replaced by the compound noun predicate «оказывалось» in the form of the passive voice. The entire sentence was also translated using a transformation of the division.

Table 63. I am Legend, ex. 4

Sometimes they would lob rocks over the high fence around the hothouse, and occasionally they would tear through the overhead net and he`d have to replace panes.	Иногда камни, которыми кидались «они», перелетали через высокую ограду теплицы, иногда в железной сетке, предохранявшей стекла, образовывались дыры; Невиллу приходилось заменять разбитые стекла.

The translator in this sentence used a transposition of the main members of the sentence, making the main sentence «they would lob» a dowel with the connective conjunction «который,» while the plural noun «rocks» took on the role of the main member of the sentence. Here, the transposition and replacements significantly affected the syntactic structure of the entire sentence.

Table 64. I am Legend, ex. 5

Both the tank and the hothouse were undamaged today	Сегодня и резервуар, и теплица были целы.

In this example I can observe an example of antonymic translation in which the negative form of the adjective «undamaged» has been transformed into the affirmative form «целы».

Table 65. I am Legend, ex. 6

As he pushed open the front door, he looked at the distorted reflection of himself in the cracked mirror he`d fastened to the door a month ago.	Толкнув дверь, мимоходом взглянул на свое кривое отражение в зеркале, покрытом трещинами. Это зеркало он укрепил здесь месяц назад.

In this example, there is a noticeable omission of a pair of third-person pronouns «he», which are replaced by a number of impersonal predicates «толкнув», «взглянул». This type of omission is permissible only in Russian, whereas in English the presence of pronouns, both personal and possessive, is obligatory.

In addition, the use of the transformation of the division was not necessary, because during the translation the translator repeated the noun «зеркало» twice, while it was possible to manage with one, linking the last part to the rest of the sentence by the conjunction. For example, «…которое он закрепил / укрепил здесь месяц назад».



Table 66. I am Legend, ex. 7

Once the room had been warmly decorated, but that was in another time. Now it was a room entirely functional,	Когда-то - в другой жизни - комната была любовно обставлена. Теперь в ней властвовала практичность.

The need to use transpositions is justified by the translator's desire to emphasize the fact of the hero's emotional perception of his present and past life, so that the compound sentence «that was in another time» with the allied word «but» was moved to the beginning of the sentence, made a qualifying addition and separated by an author dash, and also underwent several omissions, in which it began to carry the adverbial function «в другой жизни».

In the second sentence, the adverb «entirely» was omitted, and the adjective «functional» was replaced by the noun «практичность». To avoid reusing the word «room,» the translator in the second sentence replaced it with the place case «где? - в ней».

Table 67. I am Legend, ex. 8

She made no sound except for a sudden, hoarse intake of breath	Она не проронила ни звука, только хрипло глотнула воздух

In this sentence the translator completely changed the syntactic structure of the second part of the sentence, which is expressed by omitting the adjective «sudden», adding the adverb «only» and replacing the adjective «hoarse» with its adverbial form «хрипло». The phrase «intake of breath» in this case was replaced in its grammatical form «noun + noun» by the conjunction «verb + noun», where the verb «глотнула», unlike the original, is connected with the third person pronoun «она» by a grammatical and semantic connection.



Table 68. I am Legend, ex. 9

Driving slowly to Sears, he tried to forget by wondering why it was that only wooden stakes should work.	Роберт Невилл медленно ехал в сторону магазина сети «Сирс». Чтобы забыться, он принялся размышлять, почему годятся только деревянные колья.

In this example I can see the division of the sentence, in which the connected parts of the sentence have been separated into independent parts. This was facilitated by the transformation of replacement the participle «Driving slowly» into the past tense verb «ехал» in the indicative mood, which with the addition of the person «Роберт Невилл» made it possible to make this structure a separate sentence, having separated it from the part «he tried to forget» by its semantic connection.

In the second sentence I observe the transposition of the verb «forget» with the replacement in the participle «забыться» at the beginning of the sentence, the replacement of the deuteronomy «by wondering» with the past indicative «принялся размышлять» with a different meaning, omitting the verb «tried». I also see the omission of the modal verb «should» and the verb «work» following it, which justified the use of the adjective «fit» as a collective of the phrase «it was that» in a semantic conjunction with the plural noun «wooden stakes».

Table 69. I am Legend, ex. 10

His brow furrowed. It irritated him that he should have gone through this hideous process so long without stopping once to question it.	Он наморщил лоб. Его бесило, что он так долго проделывал эти отвратительные операции, даже не задумываясь над механизмом их воздействия.

The singular of «hideous process» in this sentence has been replaced by the plural of «отвратительные операции». At this time, the hyphenate «stopping» was dropped, and its grammatical function was taken over by the verb «question,» which was transformed into «задумываясь». The third person pronoun «it» was translated by the addition of the phrase «механизмом их воздействия».



Table 70. I am Legend, ex. 11

His father had died denying the vampire violently to the last.	Его отец до последнего вздоха исступленно отрицал существование вампиров.

Another example of a transposition in which the participle «to the last» was moved to the beginning of the sentence, replacing and at the same time omitting «had died,» necessitating the translation of the adjective «denying» as «отрицал» the simple past indicative form.

Table 71. I am Legend, ex. 12

Later, he thought of what a humorless world it was when he could find amusement in such a thing.	А потом понял, что в этом мире совсем не осталось места юмору, раз его стали веселить такие вещи.

The impossibility of preserving «humorless» as a noun with a negative suffix prompted the translator to replace it with the affirmative noun in the dative case «юмору», adding between it and the particle «не» the addition «осталось место», which was not in the original, which is justified by the desire for literate syntactic connection in the sentence and compliance with the norms of the Russian language. At the end of the sentence, I observe a replacement of the type of sentence in which the «could find» part of the sentence is omitted, an indicative verb is added (the noun «amusement» is replaced by the indefinite form of the verb «веселить»), and the third person in the nominative case «he» has acquired the accusative case «его», building a connection between the two parts of speech mentioned above, becoming an integral adjective rather than the main part of the sentence.

This example clearly demonstrates that replacing a word form or a sentence member inevitably creates the need to transform the rest of the sentence in order to preserve the normativity of Russian syntax and meaning.



Table 72. I am Legend, ex. 13

He always felt as though he were strangling when he was here, even though he had the gas mask on.	Здесь ему всегда, даже в противогазе, чудилось, что не хватает воздуха.

In this example, the entire sentence underwent a transposition because of the need to arrange the logical accents in accordance with the norms of the Russian language. For example, the circumstance of place «here - здесь» came to the foreground, and the semantic structure «when he was here» was marked with one word «здесь», while the part of the sentence «he had a mask on» went from the end to the middle of the sentence and, losing the personal form, from the appendage was replaced by the complement «даже в противогазе». The verb «felt» with the adverbial construction «as though» has been replaced by the adverb in the indicative tense form «чудилось». In the same way, the sentence «he was strangling,» lost its connection with «felt as though» and went to the end of the sentence, losing the personal form and was replaced from a simple sentence to an explanatory dictum «не хватает воздуха».

Table 73. I am Legend, ex. 14

Somewhere down there was Kathy.	Где-то там лежит Кэти.

In this example, the locational turn «there was» has been replaced by the evocative present tense verb «лежит».

Table 74. I am Legend, ex. 15

Then he went back outside and nailed the plank fast to the shutter. The unused nails he threw into the rubble next door.	Вышел наружу, крепко-накрепко прибил доску, лишние гвозди швырнул на кучу щебня.

This example is noteworthy for the transformation of sentence combinations and a number of homogeneous predicates, which were formed by omitting the third person pronoun «he». In addition, I can observe the antonymous translation of the phrase with the negative meaning «unused nails» by the phrase with the affirmative meaning «лишние гвозди» and the omission of the phrase «next door» at the end.

Table 75. I am Legend, ex. 16

After that, they all went away weaker, he knew, than when they had come. Unless they had attacked one of their own. They did that often. There was no union among them. Their need was their only motivation.	После этого отбоя они уходили, ослабевшие за ночь. Если только они не нападали на кого-нибудь из своих. Это случалось часто. Среди них не было единства. Их действиями управлял голод - и только голод.

Despite the volume of the selected passage, one can trace a number of obvious grammatical transformations. The first of these is the replacement of the comparative turn «weaker… than when they had come» with the definition «ослабевшие за ночь» Next I see the translation of the conditional sentence with the particle «unless» with the equivalent «if», and the transfer of meaning is made by the translator by adding the negative particle «не». The next sentence, from the personal «They did that often,» was replaced the impersonal «Это случалось часто»

Table 76. I am Legend, ex. 17

After he`d driven a half mile, he skinned off the mask and gloves and tossed them into the back. His mouth opened and he drew in deep lungfuls of fresh air	Отъехав на полмили, он содрал с себя противогаз и перчатки, кинул в кузов, жадно хватая ртом свежий воздух.

In this example I can observe a combination of sentences in which the second compound sentence «His mouth opened and he drew…» was transformed into a deuteronomic turn «жадно хватая ртом свежий воздух», where the possessive pronoun «his» and the personal pronoun «he» were omitted due to the loss of connection between them. In general, the third-person personal pronoun «he» has been omitted throughout the sentence, but the Past Perfect Simple form of «After he'd driven» has been replaced at the beginning of the sentence with the participle «отъехав на полмили».

Table 77. I am Legend, ex. 18

He wouldn`t bother searching for Ben Cortman that morning; there were too many other things to do	Сегодня утром он не будет тратить время на поиски Бена Кортмана - слишком много других дел.

The grammatical construction «would bother + v+ing» in this sentence was translated not through the modal verb «would» with the connotation of belonging to uncertainty, but through the simple future tense «не будет тратить», which is a replacement of the type of the sentence. The gerund singular form «searching» was replaced by the plural noun «поиски». The connection between the two sentences was built through a dash, where the construction «there were» was omitted.

Table 78. I am Legend, ex. 19

The fire was always burning. As the car drew closer, he pulled on his gloves and gas mask and watched through the eyepieces the sooty pall of smoke hovering above the earth.	Этот огонь не гас никогда. Приближаясь к конечному пункту, Невилл натянул перчатки и противогаз. Впереди расстилалась черная пелена дыма и копоти.

A striking example of antonymic translation at the beginning: «The fire was always burning» - «Этот огонь не гас никогда». Then the type of the first part of the sentence was replaced, so that it changed from a stand-alone with the grammatical base «the car drew closer» to a deuteronomic turn «Приближаясь к конечному пункту». This entailed the omission of the semantic center «car,» which was replaced by the person «Невилл»

Conversely, the next sentence, which was separated by a transformation of division, from the dependent part in the conjunction «he pulled… and watched through the eyepieces…» was replaced a generalized personal sentence «Впереди расстилалась черная пелена дыма и копоти».



Table 79. I am Legend, ex. 20

He lathed them out of thick doweling, band-sawed into nine-inch lengths. These be held against the whirling emery stone until they were as sharp as daggers.	Он делал их на токарном станке из толстых деревянных палок, предварительно распиленных на девятидюймовые заготовки; прижимал к бешено вертящемуся точильному кругу кончик каждого кола, пока тот не становился острее кинжала.

When translating this sentence, the translator used the replacement of the singular noun «doweling» with the plural «деревянных палок». The second sentence was transformed by combining sentences in which the compound sentence was changed in type to a compound sentence by joining the»;» sign. In turn, was replaced from impersonal «these to be held» to definitively personal, as the predicate «прижимал» in the form of a homogeneous predicate has a connection with the pronoun «он». The comparison adjective «as sharp as daggers» has been replaced by the simple comparative degree «острее кинжала».

Table 80. I am Legend, ex. 21

He`d burned them down to prevent them from jumping on his roof from the adjacent ones.	Он сам сжег эти дома, чтобы «они» не могли перепрыгнуть на его крышу с соседских.

The affirmative infinitive form of «prevent from +ing» was translated by replacing it as a compound sentence with the conjunction «чтобы», replacing the gerund «jumping» with the negative form «не могли перепрыгнуть»

Table 81. I am Legend, ex. 22

He pulled into the silent station and braked. He got a barrel of gasoline and siphoned it into his tank until the pale amber fluid came gushing out of the tank opening and ran down onto the cement.	Он заехал на тихую заправку и закачивал бензин себе в бак до тех пор, пока светло-янтарная жидкость не полилась через край на цемент.

In this sentence, there is a transformation of the combination of the sentence, where «barked» and «barrel of gasoline» have been omitted by the translator because of an obvious reluctance to specify details that are irrelevant in the context of the sentence, and the connection between the sentences has been formed by adding the subordinate tense «until - пока». In this dependent part, the repeated noun «tank» was also omitted, and the entire sentence as a whole was reduced in content.

Table 82. I am Legend, ex. 23

It was tiresome, monotonous work, and it filled the air with hot-smelling wood dust that settled in his pores and got into his lungs and made him cough.	Работа была утомительной и монотонной, мелкие, пахнущие гарью опилки разлетались, облепляли кожу, застревая в ее порах, проникали в легкие, вызывая приступы кашля.

The logical emphasis in this sentence was placed on the word «work» and placed at the beginning of the sentence, the phrase «is filled the air with» was omitted, the descriptive adjective «hot-smelling» following it was replaced by the participle «пахнущие гарью опилки».

The translator added «облепляли кожу» after which the simple past tense «settled» was replaced by the deuteronomic turn «застревая». The translation of the object infinitive «made him cough» has been replaced by another indifferent indicative turn «вызывая приступы кашля».

Table 83. I am Legend, ex. 24

It was all very depressing and it made him resolve to find a better method of disposal	Это занятие нагоняло на него дикую тоску. Вообще-то, он давно поклялся себе, что придумает какой-нибудь другой способ уничтожать их.

The use of division transformation in this sentence forced the translator to transform and make the structure «made him resolve» independent by adding the introductory construction «вообще-то» the dative case «itself,» and replacing the infinitive of the verb «to find» with the indicative tense of the future verb «придумает», replacing the noun «disposal» with the infinitive of the verb «уничтожать», and adding the qualifying pronoun «их» In general, the use of various kinds of transformations formed one simple sentence and one compound sentence instead of one compound sentence, which, being independent, have no semantic and dependent connection with each other.

Table 84. I am Legend, ex. 25

Robert Neville was in his hothouse collecting a basketful of garlic. In the beginning it had made him sick to smell garlic in such quantity his stomach had been in a state of constant turmoil.	Роберт Невилл собирал чеснок в теплице. Сперва его мутило оттого, что приходится нюхать чеснок в таких количествах, что в животе постоянно бурлило.

In the first sentence, the main members of the sentence underwent a transposition transformation, where the participle «collecting» was replaced by the indicative predicate «собирал» and was placed after «Robert Neville,» while the circumstance of place «в теплице» was moved to the end of the sentence. The direct complement «a basketful of» was omitted.

In the second sentence, the compound tense «Past Perfect Simple» in the form «it had made him sick» was translated by omitting the impersonal clause «it… had made», with the action «приходится» added instead, and the conjunction «because of» added before it. Also, the singular of «quantity» was replaced by the plural of «количествах» which required the concordance of «such» with «таких».

In the last sentence the connection between the parts of the sentence was established by the conjunction «что», with the type of sentence from the independent form becoming the circumstance of place, the active voice form «his stomach had been in…» was replaced by the passive voice «в животе…», and the phrase «a state of constant turmoil» from the conjunction «noun + adjective + noun,» became an adverb+noun conjunction in the form «постоянно бурлило» In this way, a series of transformations made the sentence easier to perceive in content and in the form of expression.



Table 85. I am Legend, ex. 26

By this time the water was boiling and he dropped in the frozen string beans and covered them, thinking that it was probably the electric stove that was milking the generator.	Вода закипела, и он высыпал в кастрюльку мороженые бобы. Подумав, накрыл ее крышкой, рассудив, что генератор барахлит именно из-за прожорливой плиты.

In case of this example the omission of the introductory construction «by this time» is seen. Then the sentence «the water was boiling» in the Present Continuous tense was replaced by the Present Simple Passive form as the sentence «вода закипела», retaining the passive function. After that there is a transformation of division, where the second sentence begins with the same deuteronomous clause «thinking - думая», but in the translation it became related not to the part «electric stove that was boiling…», but to the phrase «накрыл её крышкой» by the logical accent.

Next, the translator added the deuteronomous clause «рассудив» which has the same semantic function as «thinking,» which I think is the wrong choice, since this repetition makes the sentence heavier. In the last sentence, the subordinating conjunction with the conjunction «that» was rearranged by means of a transposition transformation in which the subject «generator» was placed at the beginning of the sentence; after which the phrase «was milking» in the tense «Past Continuous» was replaced by the present tense predicate «барахлит» and the second part of the sentence was appended as a adjective cause «из-за прожорливой плиты».

Table 86. I am Legend, ex. 27

He had to go through this process twice a week. Until he found something better, it was his first line of defense.	Эту операцию приходилось проделывать дважды в неделю. Чесночные «бусы» - его первая линия обороны и пребудут ею до тех пор, пока он не подыщет средство получше.

When considering the transformation of the transposition in this example, I should pay attention to the definition of «чесночные бусы» which is not present in the original sentence. However, the translator applied an extra-linguistic clarification, taking this definition from an earlier sentence: «When he was finished stringing the garlic cloves - Доделав чесночные «бусы». The translator moved the tense adjective «Until he found something better» to the end of the sentence to bring «чесночные бусы» into first place, making a practical literal translation of both this part and «his first line of defense,» which, when moved to the beginning, changed from past to present tense. The translator added the homogeneous predicate «пребудут ею» as a conjunction instead of a comma.

Table 87. I am Legend, ex. 28

One of the bodies was sprawled on the sidewalk; the other one was half concealed in the shrubbery.	Один труп валялся на дорожке; другой оттащили в кустарник.

In the beginning of the sentence I can observe the replacement of the plural «one of the bodies» by the singular «один труп» with the omission of the fact of their number, while the passive voice «was sprawled» has been replaced by the indicative verb «валялся». In the second sentence, the relation to the beginning of the first sentence is built through the translation of «the other one» with the pronoun «другой», but then the translator, in my opinion, makes a minor mistake by not conveying the meaning of the phrase «was half concealed», omitting it and translating it with the homogeneous predicate with the passive voice function «оттащили».

Table 88. I am Legend, ex. 29

From four o`clock on, his gaze kept shifting to the clock on the wall	Когда пробило четыре, он начал то и дело коситься на стенные часы

In the entire sentence, I can notice a change of emphasis between the beginning and the duration of the action, which is reflected in a significant replacement of syntactic structures. Thus, the beginning of the sentence with the preposition «From four o'clock on», expressing the duration of the action, has been replaced by the translator with the adjective time «когда пробило четыре», reflecting the beginning of the action. However, the translator further replaces the fact of duration in «keep + ing» in the form «kept shifting» with a past indicative predicate expressing the beginning of the action «начал то и дело коситься». The phrase «clock on the wall» has been translated as the full definitive «настенные часы».

Table 89. I am Legend, ex. 30

the heavy smell of decay setting his teeth on edge, making him breathe through his mouth.	Сильный запах разложения действовал на нервы, приходилось дышать через рот.

At the beginning of the sentence one can observe one of the rare uses of the idiomatic expression «set one's teeth on edge,» which has been translated by the translator through the transformation of complex compensation as «действовал на нервы». Further, the infinitive «make someone do something» in the deuterine form «making him breathe» has been replaced by an impersonal construction in the indicative mood «приходилось дышать», with the omission of the possessive pronoun «his» at the end.

Table 90. I am Legend, ex. 31

The vampire may foster quickened heartbeats and levitated hair	Говорите, при встрече с вампиром сердце бешено колотится, волосы встают дыбом

The translator adds the imperative in the form of the indicative verb «Говорите,…» at the beginning of the sentence. By obliging the sentence to conform to it, the grammatical structure of the rest of the sentence was affected. So, to simplify, the translator added the complement «при встрече», the descriptive adjective «quickened» was replaced by the verb «колотится» with the adverb «бешено» added to retain its meaning. The same manipulation was done with the phrase «levitated hair,» where the translator replaced the adjective «levitated» for the third-person verb «встают дыбом».

Table 91. I am Legend, ex. 32

Is he worse than the manufacturer who set up belated foundations with the money he made by handing bombs and guns to suicidal nationalists?	Кто хуже - вампир или фабрикант, который, состарившись, жертвует на благотворительность деньги-то, что нажил, поставляя чокнутым националистам винтовки и бомбы?

In this example, the conjunction «verb + noun» retains its syntactic structure, but in the translation the translator simplified its semantic meaning by first omitting the phrase «set up belated foundations» in its primary meaning, in which it was replaced by the equivalent phrase «жертвует на благотворительность». Next, I note the translator's addition of a dash that separates the two parts of the sentence in the form «…деньги-то, то он нажил…».

Table 92. I am Legend, ex. 33

That`s what was wrong with drinking too much. You became immune to drunken delights. There was no solace in liquor. Before you got happy, you collapsed.	Плохо слишком много пить - становишься невосприимчив к приятным сторонам алкоголя. Спиртное больше не успокаивает. Отрубаешься раньше, чем захорошеет.

At the beginning of the sentence I can notice the transformation of the combination of sentences, parts of which were connected through the author's dash, while in the second sentence the person «you» was omitted, and the entire part became an adjective to the first.

Also noticeable is the replacement of the syntactic structure of the phrase «drunken delights,» where the first word in the translation from an adjective became the noun «алкоголя» in the genitive case. The impersonal sentence «there was no…» in the second sentence was replaced to personal, where the subject was the word «спиртное», logically added as a substantive continuation of the previous sentences, while the word «liquor» was omitted. In the last sentence I can see the omission of the second-person pronoun «you», where the adjective «got happy» is expressed by replacement in the form of the homogeneous predicate «захорошеет» in the present tense, the verb «collapsed», being in the past tense, is expressed by replacement in the form of the present tense verb of the first conjugation «отрубаешься».

3.4 Summary of the analysis of «I am Legend»

As a result of my analysis of the grammar transformations in Richard Matheson's I Am Legend, I examined 33 passages. It may be noted that this number is relatively less than that of «Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children», but the key point here is that the passages I took from «I am Legend» are much larger in volume, they have a direct connection to the context of the work and the means of translation are reflected in the overall plan of the narrative. Consequently, the amount of information and transformations used by the translator in these passages is compensated by the smaller number of passages analyzed compared to the previous literary work.

As in «Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children», in «I am Legend», grammar replacements transformations are present in every passage of the work, and their total number comes down to 60 uses.

Although the two literary works were translated by different translators, what they have in common is the desire to bring the English text to the norms of the Russian language, to reflect the correct forms of tenses, prepositions, articles, passive and active voices and other important aspects of the structure of the English sentence in a literary text, which require the active use of the grammar replacements transformations.

Grammar transformations such as transpositions, sentence division and sentence combinations together account for only 18 uses of the total number of grammar transformations.

Thus, the transformation of transpositions and sentence division were used 7 and 6 times, respectively. As with the previous literary work, in «I am Legend» the translator aimed, in one case, to change the order of the grammatical units so that they reflected the normativity of the Russian language

In the other case, to break up large sections of text into independent or mutually dependent thoughts that would have greater significance and meaningful impact on the reader with greater force.

Thus, it is important to involve several grammar transformations in the translation of a single passage of text. For example, the transformation of transpositions inevitably required the translator to use a transformation of grammatical replacements, and so on.

The transformation of sentence combination, as in the previous literary work, is the least used grammatical transformation, boiling down to the number of 5 uses. This circumstance is also explained by the greater number of means of expression in Russian than in English, with the rare exception in which the expression of one thought may include more than two original sentences.

Below is a pie chart of the frequency of use of grammar transformations in passages of the novel «I am Legend».

Diagram 4. I am Legend G.T

Speaking about the complex transformations used by the translator in the analyzed passages of the novel «I am Legend», I should pay attention to the fact that in the quantitative ratio they account for almost 74% of the total number of translation transformations in this literary work, and their number comes down to 55 uses.

The most used complex transformations were additions and omissions, presented in 25 and 28 uses, respectively. The reasons for using them so often were the same as those that motivated another translator in Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children: either to omit unnecessary grammatical structures or to add those which are appropriate to a given section of text.

Also important is the fact that these complex transformations were accompanied by grammar transformations in the form of replacements, transpositions and sentence combinations. In other words, I am talking about transformations at the grammatical and lexical levels, so that the boundaries between them can often be blurred.

As in the case of the previous literary work, the antonymic translation is the least used type of complex transformation, which is presented in 3 uses.

The pie chart below shows the relationship between grammar and complex transformations the translator used in the work on «I am Legend»

Diagram 5. I am Legend C.T



As I mentioned earlier, in the example of «I am Legend» the number of complex transformations is almost one-second of all the translation transformations in the passages of the literary work.

This peculiarity can be explained by the fact that, firstly, the author's language suggests the possibility of an approximate literal reproduction of the translation, where the grammatical structure of sentences is supported by a natural choice of lexical units accompanying it; secondly, the translator's language was predisposed to attempt to transmit with a nearly identical set of language means, using those transformations which are expressed either in the addition or omission of certain grammatical structures and lexical units.

The example of I am Legend shows that under certain circumstances, given the author's original language and the translator's choice of appropriate approach to the work, recourse to complex transformations can be a regular occurrence; that is, it is not possible to do without grammar transformations alone.

Diagram N6. I am Legend G.T

To summarize, as in the case of Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children, I would like to dwell on my assessment regarding the produced transformations. In working on the translation of this novel, the translator made many high quality, dignified and coherent grammatical and complex transformations, and I found two examples where I thought that the transformations used by the translator were wrong. They are presented as 2 examples (ex. 26, 28).



Conclusion

The process of translation is a complex, multi-stage human thought activity that takes place in the mind. Whether the translator is a simple layman, a scholar, or a fiction translator, he or she draws on their own vocabulary, experience, and personal working characteristics, such as their choice of style, form of thought, and so on.

But the process of translation-that is, the transition from the units of the original text to the units of the translated language-has not been scientifically defined for thousands of years.

Without models of translation, scientifically sound regularities and principles, ancient civilizations had to find ways of making connections between themselves for a long time, to translate texts, notes, and other written works with factual and logical errors, as evidenced by the multivariant translations of sacred texts. Only in the second half of the twentieth century, against the background of terrible historical events, in order to bring translation and learning to perfection, the scientific community began to bring translation activity into a separate scientific discipline, to determine the fundamental principles of this socially important form of human activity.

At the same time, both then and to this day, translation activity was and remains a field with a variety of approaches and views on the part of various linguistic scientists. Thus, even my contribution, as a student, can be a good help for the further improvement of this science.

Thanks to the efforts of scientists linguists, in particular, Vilen Naumovich Komissarov, several models of translation have been formulated, one of which is the key in the context of my thesis - transformational model of translation.

For this reason, in the first section of my theoretical part, I have decided not to go straight to the essence of grammatical transformations, but to dig deeper and explore the processes that underlie this category of linguistics. I considered in general terms the essence of the discipline of translation, definitions that find no compromise among the scientists of linguistics to this day.

After this, I brought to the fore one of the main topics of my thesis, which is the literary translation, its special features, its difficulties, as well as the explanation and disclosure of its essence in terms of its special status as the most difficult type of translation.

Within the framework of this topic I have proved how independent the feature translation is in the context of the translator's work on it, how many nuances and details the translator must have in mind and how important his/her personal role as a person with his/her own emotional and aesthetic component is.

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