Методичні рекомендації з англійської мови за професійним спрямуванням

We are asking

2

You are asking

You are asking

3

He (she, it) is asking

They are asking

Питальна форма

1

Am I asking?

Are we asking?

2

Are you asking?

Are you asking?

3

Is he (she, it) asking?

Are they asking?

Заперечна форма

1

I am not asking

We are not asking

2

You are not asking

You are not asking

3

He (she, it) is not asking

They are not asking

The Past Continuous Tense

The Past Continuous Tense (минулий тривалий час) зазвичай вживається для вираження конкретної дії, що тривала в точно зазначений момент чи період у минулому.

Форма минулого тривалого часу утворюється за допомогою здопоміжного дієслова to be у простому минулому часі та ing-форми змістового дієслова.

Утворення речень у минулому тривалому часі

(The Past Continuous Tense)

Стверджувальна форма
Особа	Число
	Однина	Множина
1	I was asking	We were asking
2	You were asking	You were asking
3	He (she, it) was asking	They were asking
Питальна форма
1	Was I asking?	Were we asking?
2	Were you asking?	Were you asking?
3	Was he (she, it) asking?	Were they asking?
Заперечна форма
1	I was not asking	We were not asking
2	You were not asking	You were not asking
3	He (she, it) was not asking	They were not asking

Grammar Exercises

1. Express surprise and contradict the following sentences as shown in the model.

He was reading a letter at 2 o'clock yesterday. - Was he reading a letter at 2 o'clock yesterday? He was not reading a letter at 2 o'clock yesterday

1. I was sleeping all day long. 2. They were waiting for a bus when I saw them. 3. The children are watching TV. 4. They were playing football at 9 a.m. this morning. 5. They are playing in the garden. 6. I was reading a book for 2 hours. 7. We are having dinner now. 8. He is reading a newspaper. 9. She is taking a bath. 10. I was reading a book at 5 o'clock yesterday.

2. Translate the following sentences into your mother tongue.

1. She was not paying attention, when the teacher called her. 2. She is reading in the garden at the moment. 3. She was cooking dinner when I came home. 4. He is speaking to her friend. 5. He wasn't working, and I wasn't working either. 6. How are you feeling? 7. The boys are singing Christmas carols. 8. He is feeding a dog. 9. She was lying in the bed when she heard a sudden noise. 10. The sun was shinning and the birds were singing. 11. She is working hard these days. 12. He was walking when he slipped on a banana skin. 13. What were you doing when you saw the accident?

3. Put the verbs in brackets in the “Past Simple” or “Past Continuous”.

1. Last night I (have) a wonderful dream. 2. I (watch) TV when my mother (come) 3. They (clean) the windows when it (start) to rain). 4. I (speak) to my friend when my father (call) me. 5. I (do) my homework during three hours. 6. I (not/give) him my telephone number. 7. She (read) when the phone (ring). 8. She (spend) a lot of money? 9. I (play) with children while my wife (make) dinner. 10. I (not/see) her. 11. I (do/not) a magazine.

4. Use the proper tense form of the verb in brackets.

1. The people next door (have) a party. 2. Ann (have) a new computer. 3. She (smell) the flowers in the garden. 4. He (be) a wonderful person. 5. He (work) at a hotel. 6. He (serve) dinner every day. 7. These days, it seems everything (change). 8. Look! The dog (eat) my breakfast. 9. People (wait for) a bus. 10. The children (not/like) coffee. 11. I (listen to) the radio every day. 12. At the moment I (write) a letter for my pen friend.

5. Read the dialogue and identify the tenses.

Caroline: I'm looking forward (ждати з нетерпінням) to seeing this movie.

Matt: Me, too.

Caroline: I'm glad the cinema is still playing it (его все еще показывают в кинотеатре) since we were too busy to see it (надто зайняті, щоб дивитися) last week.

Matt: Did you read any reviews of the movie?

Caroline: No, I didn't. But I don't care. I want to see Brad Pitt. He's my favourite actor.

Matt: And I want to see Julia Roberts. She's my favourite actress.

6. Translate the following sentences into English using the proper tense form.

1. Він робив домашнє завдання, коли я увійшов до кімнати. 2. Поквапся. Автобус йде. 3. Я читав з 4 до 6 години. 4. Я вчусь у школі. 5. Що ти любиш слухати? 6. Два тижні тому я був у Лондоні, але зараз я у Києві. 7. Зараз учні читають дуже цікаву книжку. 8. Ми грали в комп'ютерні ігри вчора дуже довго. 9. Я не знаю чому ти такий засмучений. 10. Коли ти їв в останній раз? 11. Я не бачив його вчора у школі, можливо він захворів. 12. Він зломав зуба, коли їв горіхи. 13. Що ти збираєшся робити? 14. Я закінчив школу у 1970 році. 15. Я не хотів тебе турбувати, але мені необхідна твоя допомога. 16. Ти дуже стомлений, йди спати. 17. Будь впевненим у собі.

7. Write about your favourite book in 15-20 sentences in a written form.

8. Tell your friends about your favourite book.

Vocabulary exercises

1. Consult a dictionary and practice the pronunciation of the following words.

Environment, exaggerate, cause, wrong, interfere, harm, huge, schedule, quarrel, order, distance, behaviour, mistake, remember, share, value.

2. Give English equivalents for the words and word combinations.

Завдавати шкоди, розрив між поколіннями, уникати проблем, головна причина, гарна (погана) поведінка, на відстані, велика відстань, сильно перебільшувати, політична незалежність, День незалежності, точка зору, забруднювати середовище, порушити, потривожити чийсь спокій, жити у мірі, звертати увагу, духовні цінності, помилкова думка, погано поводитися, дати на щось згоду, гнучкий графік.

3. Match the words on the left with the words on the right.

1. life style	a. різноманітні думки
2. personal matter	b. помилка
3. busy	c. слухати критику
4. different thoughts	d. зайнятий
5. to have time	e. сімейні проблеми
6. harmony	f. закінчувати школу
7. to finish school	g. особиста справа
8. mistake	h. мати час
9. family problems	i. гармонія
10. to listen to criticism	j. стиль життя

4. Give synonyms for the following words.

Behaviour, child, point, reason, independence, complete, change, exaggerate, harm, mistake.

5. Translate the following sentences into English using the active vocabulary.

1. Батьки повинні приділяти більш уваги своїм дітям. 2. Ти повинен розуміти чому вона це зробила. 3. Я не давав згоди на користування моїм комп'ютером. 4. День незалежності - один з поширених національних свят 5. Це твоє право змінити свою точку зору. 6. Це нічого не змінить. 7. Він залишив будинок після чергової сварки. 8. Розрив між поколіннями дуже перебільшен. 9. Пам'ятай ці правила, вони тобі згодяться. 10. Я не наказував цього робити, це була його ініціатива.

6. Translate the following sentences into your mother tongue.

1. Silence gives consent. 2. If you drink and drive, you're looking for trouble. 3. Don't interfere in this case, that is my affair. 4. The weather is rainy. You have to change your shoes. 5. Our flight was delayed due to a strike by air-traffic controllers (авіадиспетчер). 6. All families, sooner or later, face the problem of misunderstanding - the problem of generation gap. 7. You shouldn't pollute the environment. 8. Behaviour refers to the actions of a system or organism, usually in relation to its environment. 9. 24 August, 1991 Ukraine proclaimed its independence. 10. You should realize how it's important for you.

7. Paraphrase the following sentences using the active vocabulary.

1. In humans, conduct is believed to be controlled primarily by the nervous system. 2. A very big wave turned cruise holiday into horror (жах). 3. I cannot retain these differences. 4. The doctor instructed as much fresh air as possible. 5. The feeling of freedom is a rather unique experience of life that can be used to guide our life. 6. It was a blunder to appoint him manager.

8. Give a summary of the text `Generation Gap' in 10-15 sentences.

9. Work in pairs. Discuss the generation gap problems with your partner.

10. Formulate your personal attitude to the generation gap problem in a written form.

Unit 4

Text: Juvenile Delinquency

Grammar: The Future Simple Tense. The First Conditional

Text comprehension

1. Read and translate the text. While reading, try and find answers to the following questions.

1. What does the term `juvenile delinquency' mean?

2. What is the legal definition of juvenile delinquency?

3. What does the term `conduct disorder' mean?

4. What is the main problem of juvenile delinquency?

Juvenile Delinquency

Juvenile delinquency, in social science, refers primarily to social acts of juveniles that are defined and evaluated as antisocial by legal or social norms. The precise legal definition of a “juvenile delinquent” or “young offender” is someone between 12 and 17 years of age who through the due process of law has been found to have violated criminal legislation and is therefore subject to punishments determined by a youth court. Children under the age of 12 who commit what would otherwise be criminal offences can only be dealt with under child protection legislation.

Understanding the causes of juvenile delinquency is an integral part of preventing a young person from involvement in inappropriate, harmful and illegal conduct. Four primary risk factors can identify young people inclined to delinquent activities: individual, family, mental health and substance abuse. Often, a juvenile is exposed to risk factors in more than one of these classifications.

A minor who has a lower intelligence and who does not receive a proper education is more prone to become involved in delinquent conduct. Other risk factors include impulsive behavior, uncontrolled aggression and an inability to delay gratification.

The family risk factors include: a lack of parental supervision, the way parents discipline a child, parental conflict, criminal parents, parental abuse or neglect, and the parent-child relationship. If a child has low parental supervision they are much more likely to offend. When parents commonly do not know where their children are, what their activities are, or who their friends are, children are more likely to truant from school and have delinquent friends, each of which are linked to offending.

Several mental health factors are also seen as contributing to juvenile delinquency. A common one is conduct disorder. Conduct disorder is defined as “a lack of empathy and disregard for social norms.”

Substance abuse is found in a majority of cases of juvenile delinquency. Two trends are identified in regard to substance abuse and minors. Additionally, juveniles are far more likely to engage in destructive, harmful and illegal activities when they use drugs and alcohol.

The problem of juvenile delinquency is becoming more complicated and universal, and crime prevention programmes are either unequipped to deal with the present realities or do not exist. Many developing countries have done little or nothing to deal with these problems, and international programmes are obviously insufficient. Developed countries are engaged in activities aimed at juvenile crime prevention, but the overall effect of these programmes is rather weak because the mechanisms in place are often inadequate to address the existing situation.

On the whole, current efforts to fight juvenile delinquency are characterized by the lack of systematic action and the absence of task-oriented and effective social work with both offenders and victims, whether real or potential.

active vocabulary

abuse - зловживання (чимсь - of); зловживати	illegal - незаконний, нелегальний
activity - діяльність, активність	impulsive behavior - імпульсивна поведінка inability - нездатність, неспроможність integral - цілий, суспільний
commit - вчиняти (злочин ) complicated - складний, заплутаний
conduct - поведінка, поводитися	involvement - втягнення,
	вплутування
conduct disorder - розлади поведінки	juvenile delinquency - підліткова злочинність
crime - злочин	lack - нестача, відсутність law - закон
criminal offence -
кримінальний злочин	majority - більшість
current - поточний deal with - мати справу з	minor - неповнолітній, підліток
define - визначати, встановлювати	neglect - нехтувати, зневажати, не звертати уваги
delay - затримка; затримувати	obviously - очевидно
delinquent - правопорушник, злочинець	offend - кривдити, вчинити злочин; порушувати закон
destructive - руйнівний, шкідливий	parental supervision - батьківський нагляд
determine - визначати, встановлювати	prevention - запобігання, застереження
disregard - не звертати уваги, нехтувати чимсь; байдужість drugs - наркотики	primary risk - основний ризик
	prone - схильний
empathy - емпатія, співчуття	punishment - кара, покарання
engaged - зайнятий	receive - одержувати,
evaluate - оцінювати	отримувати
exist - існувати gratification - задоволення,	refer - стосуватися; посилатися (на когось, на щось - to)
насолода	science - наука
harmful - шкідливий, згубний	victim - жертва
health - здоров'я	youth court - суд у справах
identify - ототожнювати(ся),	неповнолітніх
розпізнавати, пізнавати	young offender - молодий
	злочинець

2. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Read them aloud.

1. How old are youths who can be accused of crime?

2. What are the causes of juvenile delinquency?

3. What can you say about the family risk factors?

4. What should people do to prevent juvenile delinquency? Express your own opinion.

Grammar

The future Simple Tense

The Future Simple Tense (простий майбутній час) вживається для позначення: будь-якого факту в майбутньому; будь-якого рішення або наміру в майбутньому, прийнятого в момент мовлення.

Утворення речень у простому майбутньому часі

(The Future Simple Tense).

Стверджувальна форма
Особа	Число
	Однина	Множина
1	I shall ask	We shall ask
2	You will ask	You will ask
3	He (she, it) will ask	They will ask
Питальна форма
1	Shall I ask?	Shall we ask?
2	Will you ask?	Will you ask?
3	Will he (she, it) ask?	Will they ask?
Заперечна форма
1	I shall not ask	We shall not ask
2	You will not ask	You will not ask
3	He (she, it) will not ask	They will not ask

Скорочення: will, shall='ll (They'll work); shall not=shan't; will not=won't.

Інші способи вираження майбутнього часу:

Present Continuous може висловлювати дії, пов'язані з найближчим майбутнім, яке позначається обставинами часу:

tonight - сьогодні ввечері;

next week - на наступному тижні;

in a day or two - через день-другий;

What are you doing tonight? - Що ти робиш сьогодні ввечері?

Зворот to be going to + інфінітив. Поєднання to be going + інфінітив завжди передає майбутнє дію часто з відтінком наміру.

He is going to take part in the competition. - Він збирається взяти участь у змаганні.

The First Conditional

The First Conditional (умовні речення першого типу) описують події майбутнього часу. Ситуації, описані в таких реченнях, реальні та цілком можливі.

Умовна частина, зазвичай виражається за допомогою прислівника якщо / if.

Перший тип умовних речень називається реальним, тому що виконання умов у цих реченнях цілком здійснено. Незважаючи на переклад, умовна частина речення виражається тільки за допомогою справжнього часу (зазвичай Present Simple). А в основній частині використовується майбутній час.

E.g. If you finish your homework, we shall go to the cinema.

В українському перекладі присудки обох частин речення будуть у формі майбутньому часу: Якщо ти закінчиш домашню роботу, ми підемо в кіно.

Крім if, вживаються також: when, as soon as (як тільки).

When she reads the letter, she will become nervous. - Коли вона читатиме листа, вона буде нервувати.

As soon as you are ready, I'll drive you home. - Як тільки ви будете готові, я відвезу вас додому.

Підрядне речення, яке зазвичай починається зі слова if, може стояти як на початку умовного речення (перед головним реченням), так і в кінці. Якщо воно стоїть на початку, то після нього ставиться кома. Якщо ж воно стоїть у кінці, то перед ним кома не ставиться.

If you leave now, you'll catch the train. Якщо ви поїдете зараз, ви встигнете на поїзд.

You'll catch the train if you leave now. Ви встигнете на поїзд, якщо ви поїдете зараз.

Grammar Exercises

1. Express surprise and contradict the following sentences as shown in the model.

She'll receive letters from Nickolas. - Will she receive letters from Nickolas? She will not (won't) receive letters from Nickolas.

1. He will return to Moscow in a few days.2. I'll post letters for you.3. She will go to the concert tomorrow. 4. He will be tired after his work. 5. They will read this book. 6. Ann will go to the beach next month. 7. Kate is going to be home next week. 8. We shall tell him what we know. 9. I shall buy the new computer next week. 10. I am going to send him а telegram.

2. Translate the following sentences into your mother tongue.

1. If it rains tomorrow, we shan't go for a picnic. 2. She will forget about it if we don't remind her. 3. We'll play tennis, if the rain stops. 4. I'll be free tonight. 5. When my mother gets money, she will buy me a new bike. 6. I think it will rain tomorrow. 7. She will be twenty in April. 8. What are you going to do tomorrow? 9. What will he do with it? 10. If I receive a letter from him, I'll let you know. 11. I hope you'll be fine tomorrow.

3. Use the proper tense form of the verb in brackets. Add a comma where necessary.

1. If you (have) toothache go to the dentist. 2. If Ben (do) lots of exercise he'll be fit and healthy. 3. Please call me if you (need) any help. 4. Nick (be) angry if we don't go to her party? 5. Cathy will be able to go on holiday if she (save) enough money. 6. If you (work) hard you may be promoted. 7. You (give) me a call if you have time tomorrow? 8. If you don't do your homework I (not/let) you watch TV. 9. If he (arrive) on time we'll have dinner before we go out. 10. If I (see) him I (speak) to him. 11. If you (be) busy I (leave) you alone. 12. If my brother (return) early we (play) together. 13. If she (know) English, she (try) to find a new job.

4. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Якщо він прийде зараз, що ми йому скажемо? 2. Якщо я буду слухняним, ти купуватимеш мені морозиво. 3. Завтра я піду на день народження подруги. 4. Якщо ти складеш цій іспит на п'ять я дам тобі гроші на телефон. 5. Якщо погода буде гарна, я піду на море. 6. Якщо Катерина знайде її адресу, вона надішле їй листа. 7. Борис збирається у похід зі своїми друзями наступного місяця. 8. Якщо будеш слухати уважно, то все зрозумієш. 9. Ганна зателефонує тобі завтра. 10. Якщо я матиму час, я допоможу тобі з домашнім завданням. 11. Ольга піде у кіно наступної неділі. 12. Завтра наш клас йде на екскурсію до музею. 13. Я буду брати участь у змаганнях з волейболу. 14. Вона дізнається результат свого тесту наступного понеділка. 15. Я зателефоную тобі, як тільки приїду додому.

5. Write a short story about the role of friendship in human life in 15-20 sentences.

6. Tell your friends about the role of friendship in your life.

Vocabulary exercises

1. Consult a dictionary and practice the pronunciation of the following words.

Illegal, neglect, gratification, disregard, integral, science, harmful, empathy, engaged, exist, majority, prevention, punishment, refer, identify, involvement, determine.

2. Give English equivalents for the words and word combinations.

Розлади поведінки, вчинити злочин, вчинити самогубство, гарна поведінка, міцне здоров'є, поточні справи, поточна неділя, суцільне нехтування, відповідно до закону, одержувати листа, повне нехтування, основний ризик, оцінювати інформацію, оцінювати поведінку, пасивна активність, мати справу, нестача часу, нестача грошей, відсутність підтримки, відсутність досвіду, заплутана проблема, жертва обставин.

3. Match the words on the left with the words on the right.

1. under the age	a. імпульсивна поведінка
2. mental health	b. юридичне визначення
3. developing countries	c. молоді люди
4. existing situation	d. психічне здоров'є
5. international programme	e. розлади поведінки
6. young persons	f. у віці
7. social norms	g. розвинені країни
8. impulsive behavior	h. існуюча ситуація
9. conduct disorder	i. соціальні норми
10. legal definition	j. міжнародна програма

англомовний професійний студент

4. Give synonyms for the following words.

Conduct, complicated, lack, determine, crime, engaged, offend, integral.

5. Translate the following sentences into English using the active vocabulary.

1. Це діло дуже заплутане. 2. Якщо ти його скривдиш, ти матимеш справу зі мною. 3. Поліція арештувала правопорушника за крадійку мобільного телефону. 4. Ти не повинен нехтувати своїми обов'язками. 5. Наркотики - це біда сучасного світу. 6. Імпульсивна поведінка - це його слабша сторона, тому він повинен володіти собою (control one's temper). 7. Це була жертва з його боку. 8. Батьківський нагляд є дуже важливим у вихованні дітей. 9. Куріння шкідливе для здоров'я. 10. Не нехтуй своїм здоров'ям.

6. Translate the following sentences into your mother tongue.

1. Prevention is better than cure. 2. The causes of social problems exist on many levels. 3. A crime is an offence against a public law. 4. What are the primary risk factors of insurance (страхування)? 5. Some drugs can make you feel panicky and afraid. 6. Criminal offence is an act punishable by law. 7. Gratification is the pleasurable (приємний) emotional reaction of happiness in response to a fulfillment (здійснення) of a desire. 8. How can people deal with stress? 9. Physical activity is any activity that causes your body to work harder than normal. 10. Agatha Christy received her early schooling at home.

7. Paraphrase the following sentences using the active vocabulary.

1. Juvenile cases are heard by a juvenile court judge. 2. Don't slight me. 3. Smoking is very bad for your health. 4. He was arrested as a dope dealer. 5. I got this book as a gift. 6. Don't commit an offence.

8. Give a summary of the text `Juvenile Delinquency' in 10-15 sentences.

9. Work in pairs. Discuss with your partner the state of juvenile crime in Ukraine.

Unit 5

Text: Foreign languages in our life

Grammar: The Passive Voice

Text comprehension

1. Read and translate the text. While reading, try and find answers to the following questions.

1. What is language? What is the origin of this word?

2. How many spoken languages are there in the world?

3. What are the reasons for learning a foreign language?

Foreign languages in our life

Language is human speech, either spoken or written. Language is the most common system of communication. It allows people to talk to each other and to write their thoughts and ideas. The word language comes from the Latin word lingua, meaning tongue.

Wherever there is human society, there is language. Most forms of human activity depend on the cooperation of two or more persons. A common language enables human being to work together in an infinite variety of ways. Without language for communication, there would be little or no science, religion, commerce, art, literature, government and philosophy.

Scholars have determined that there are about 3000 languages spoken in the world today. This number does not include dialects (local forms of a language).

Young children feel a need to communicate their particular needs and they begin listening to older persons and imitating them. They learn to connect individual objects, ideals and actions with words. In school, the language-learning process becomes conscious and deliberate.

There are many important reasons for learning a foreign language. Among them are the following:

- learning a foreign language increases your range of communication. For example, if you speak only English, you can communicate with over 400 million other persons;

- by learning another language, you get knowledge of the customs and ways of life of their nations;

- a foreign language can help and add to your knowledge of your own language. For example, by studying Latin, you can improve your understanding of the thousands of English words that have their roots in Latin;

- learning a foreign language helps you to add to your general stock of information. If you learn German you will be able to read books written in German on almost any subject you may wish to study.

Learning any language involves four different skills: speaking; understanding; reading; writing. If you understand a foreigner, and can make yourself understood in speech and writing, you have mastered it.

No language is easy or difficult in itself. The ease or difficulty of any language depends on the age of the person learning it. Before the age of 10, all language is equally easy when learned by the natural speaking method (listening and imitating). After 10, our language habits are set in our own tongue. From then on, another language is easy in so far as it resembles our own language. It is difficult in so far as it differs from our own. Therefore, it is desirable to learn foreign languages as early as possible.

The ancient Greeks and Romans studied the nature and the origin of language. The scientific study of language did not start until the late 1700's. At first, scholars such as Friedrich Schlegel, Jacob Grimme and Franz Bopp, studied languages by the comparative method. Their findings led to a classification of languages into families. Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss scholar, in the 1900's studied languages by the general method. He established laws that apply to all languages. Today the science of language is called linguistic or philosophy.

The English language is used by more than 450 million people in almost every part of the world. English is the international language of science and technology. English is also used throughout the world in business and diplomacy.

active vocabulary

action - дія, вчинок	government - уряд
add - додавати	habit - звичка, звичай
allow - дозволяти, допускати	imitate - імітувати, копіювати
ancient - стародавній apply - застосовувати, вживати, стосуватися art - мистецтво	important - важливий, значний improve - удосконалювати(ся), поліпшувати(ся)
call - називати, звати	include - містити в собі,
classification - класифікація,	охоплювати, включати
розподіл	increase - зростати,
commerce - торгівля, комерція	збільшувати(ся) infinite - нескінченний,
comparative method -	безмежний; безліч
порівняльний метод	knowledge - знання
communicate - спілкуватися,	lead to - вести до чогось
повідомляти (когось -to)	learn - вчити(ся)
communication - зв'язок, комунікація	meaning - значущий; значення
connect - з'єднувати(ся),	nature - природа, характер
поєднувати(ся)	object - предмет, річ
conscious - свідомий	origin - походження
cooperation - співробітництво, спільні дії, взаємодія	particular - особливий, індивідуальний
custom - звичка, звичай	religion - релігія
deliberate - обережний,	resemble - скидатися, бути
обачний	схожим
desirable - бажаний	root - корінь
dialect - діалект, говір	scholar - вчений, знавець
enable - давати змогу (щось	(мови)
робити), робити можливим	scientific - науковий
equally - однаковою мірою,	speech - мова, мовлення
рівно, однаково	stock - запас
foreigner - іноземець,	subject - тема, предмет
чужоземець	therefore - тому, отже
general method - загальний метод	variety of ways - різноманітні шляхи (способи)

2. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Read them aloud.

1. Why do people learn foreign language?

2. What are the advantages of learning a foreign language?

3. Who established laws that apply to all languages?

4. What can you say about Ferdinand de Saussure?

Grammar

The Passive voice

The Passive Voice (пасивний стан) показує, що особа або предмет, позначені підметом, є об'єктами дії, вираженої присудком: She was woken from her sleep by his singing. - Вона була розбуджена його співом.

The Passive Voice утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be у відповідному часі, обличчі, числі та дієприкметника минулого часу смислового дієслова Participle II (to be + V3).

Виконавець дії, виражений іменником на означення істот або займенником вводиться у речення прийменником by.

Passive Voice	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	am/is/are given	was/were given	shall/will be given
Continuous	am/is/are being given	was/were being given	-

Examples

Tenses	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present Simple	Mary helps John. Мері допомагає Джону.	John is helped by Mary. Джону допомагає Мері.
Past Simple	Mary helped John. Мері допомогла Джону.	John was helped by Mary. Джону допомогла Мері.
Future Simple	Mary will help John. Мері допоможе Джону.	John will be helped by Mary. Джону допоможе Мері.
Present Continuous	Mary is helping John. Мері допомагає Джону.	John is being helped by Mary. Джону (зараз) допомагає Мері.
Past Continuous	Mary was helping John. Мері допомагала Джону.	John was being helped by Mary. Джону допомагала Мері.

У заперечній формі частка ставиться після допоміжного дієслова: John isn't helped by Mary. - Джону Мері не допомагає.

У питальній формі допоміжне дієслово зазвичай ставиться перед підметом: Is John helped by Mary? - Джону Мері допомагає?

Grammar Exercises

1. Rewrite the sentences into Present Passive as shown in the model.

She cleans an office every day. - The office is cleaned every day.

1. Kate reads the book. 2. The teacher explains the rules. 3. My father builds a house. 4. I write the letters. 5. Nick types the articles. 6. Ann waters the flowers. 7. I watch films about wild animals.

2. Rewrite the sentences into Past Passive as shown in the model.

O. Wilde wrote the book. - The book was written by O. Wilde.

1. Kate read the book. 2. The teacher explained the rules. 3. My father built a house. 4. I wrote the letters 5. Nick typed the articles. 6. Ann watered the flowers. 7. I watched films about wild animals.

3. Rewrite the sentences into Future Passive as shown in the model.

John will deliver the letters. - The letters will be delivered by John.

1. Kate will read the book. 2. The teacher will explain the rules. 3. My father will build a house. 4. I'll write the letters. 5. Nick will type the articles. 6. Ann will water the flowers. 7. I will watch films about wild animals.

4. Translate the sentences into English using Passive Voice.

1. Ця тема обговорювалася на конференції, коли ми увійшли в зал. 2. Його запросили на концерт. 3. Цей музей відкрили у 1972. 4. Ця стаття перекладена мною. 5. Йому щодня розповідають цікаві історії. 6. Злодія арештували за крадійку гаманця (wallet). 7. Цей вірш написано Пушкіним. 8. Цей лист був написаний моєю сестрою. 9. Його вкусила собака. 10. Машина буде починена через кілька годин.

5. Translate the following sentences into your mother tongue.

1. This film was being shown on TV when my friend rang me up. 2. Smoking is not allowed. 3. This article was written by a famous psychologist. 4. Her mother drives her to school every day. 5. Nick asked for some help. 6. This town was built a century ago. 7. My neighbor's car was stolen last night. 8. Rome wasn't built in a day. 9. The flowers must be watered. 10. The room must be left tidy. 11. This work must be done.

6. Transform from Active into Passive.

1. A famous designer will redecorate this house. 2. Fleming discovered penicillin. 3. I'm doing my homework. 4. Columbus discovered America. 5. Ann was reading the book the whole evening. 6. Sam will make a report. 7. A dog is chasing our neighbours. 8. A pickpocket robbed Johnny. 9. The waiter will bring us the bill. 10. Doctor will give you some advice. 11. I'll return this book to the library. 12. Some people saw the robber.

7. Make 10 sentences of your own using the Passive Voice.

Vocabulary exercises

1. Consult a dictionary and practice the pronunciation of the following words.

Ancient, conscious, government, nature, foreigner, resemble, therefore, communication, religion, deliberate, tongue, equally, habit, important, infinite, knowledge.

2. Give English equivalents for the words and word combinations.

Запас слів, стародавній світ, вживати правило, народне мистецтво, сучасне мистецтво, свідомий вибір, погана звичка, корисна звичка, важлива частина, чітке значення, постійний ріст, вбирати знання, набувати знання, людська природа, християнська релігія, наукове дослідження, корінь зла, мовний акт, пряма мова, вдосконалювати мовні навички, застосовувати новий метод.

3. Match the words on the left with the words on the right.

1. particular needs	a. іноземна мова
2. diplomacy	b. вік людини
3. scholar	c. розуміти іноземця
4. to work together	d. бажана перемога
5. foreign language	e. мова людей
6. desirable victory	f. дипломатія
7. age of the person	g. особливі потреби
8. conscious	h. працювати разом
9. human speech	i. вчений
10. to understand a foreigner	j. свідомий

4. Give synonyms for the following words:

communicate, desirable, important, include, meaning, increase, foreigner, cooperation.

5. Translate the following sentences into English using the active vocabulary:

1. Танець - це мистецтво. 2. Мова - це форма людського спілкування. 3. Слово - срібло, мовчання - золото. 4. Ми звернулися до мера міста (mayor) за допомогою. 5. Найбільш вражаюче в природі - її нескінченна різноманітність. 6. Це її свідомий вчинок. 7. Принаймні (at least), діти знаходяться в безпеці (to be safe) - це головне. 8. Більшість населення британського походження. 9. Це бажана дитина. 10. Це не тема для обговорення.

6. Translate the following sentences into your mother tongue.

1. A dialect is distinguished (відрізняється) by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. 2. Johnny has a good knowledge of English. 3. Government of Ukraine is often associated with the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. 4. Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, is one of the most ancient cities of Europe. 5. Art is long, life is short. 6. It is never too late to learn. 7. An object in grammar is part of a sentence, and often part of the predicate (присудок). 8. In order to improve your language skills, your conversation with language partners should be as diverse (різноманітний) as possible. 9. You have a bad habit. 10. How to get rid of this annoying habit? ?

7. Give a summary of the text `Foreign Languages in Our Life' in 10-15 sentences.

8. Work in pairs. Discuss the importance of learning languages.

Phrasal verbs

to go - йти, ходити, їхати

to go away - уходити, від'їжджати

to go back - повертатися

to go by - проходити мимо, проходити (о часі)

to go down - спускатися, падати, затонути

to go in for - займатися, брати участь

to go on - продовжувати, відбуватися

to go out - виходити, гаснути

to go up- підніматися, підвищуватися у ціні

1. Complete the sentences below with a suitable phrasal verb.

1. The car is ___ very fast. 2. Let's ___ to the subject of our discussion. 3. He ___ working. 4. Computers ___. 5. Do you ___ sports? 6. He ___ without saying goodbye. 7. She ___ of the room. 8. Look! The sun ___. 9. Years ___ before they met again. 10. Don't let candle ___.

2. Describe the picture using at least three phrasal verbs.



Unit 6

Text: The Importance of Communication in the Modern World

Grammar: Modal Verbs

Text comprehension

1. Read and translate the text. While reading, try and find answers to the following questions.

1. What is communication?

2. What is the importance of communication in the modern world?

3. What does education involve?

4. What are the main ways and kinds of communication?

The Importance of Communication

in the Modern World

A human being starts communicating as soon as he starts producing his first noise in the act of drawing his parents' attention. Every emotion that we portray on our faces, the movement of our hands, the way we look at someone and our speech instantly communicates our ideas to others. To transfer ideas from one person to another, communication plays a vital role. Every human being has some ideas that are unique to his own mind. Many of these ideas can be implemented in real life and can turn into major creations too. But to make the transition from just a thought to an implementation, it requires effectual communication. Hence, the idea should be communicated as a plan, drawing or description so that it can be created further.

It is very important that we interact with our surroundings and people living therein. Whenever we talk to someone, we knowingly or unknowingly, react to his/her questions, actions or comments. While corresponding to someone, we are actually communicating. Healthy communication is essential for a healthy society.

To educate someone, we need to communicate the ideas in the syllabus or the study material to the student. Education involves a collection of all kinds of communication: audio, video, books and lectures. However, herein the deal is not just to communicate, but to communicate effectively. Inefficient communication can lead to transfer of ambiguous knowledge.

Entertainment, today, is mostly based on the channels of mass communication, like films and television. Moreover, theatre and other arts also communicate certain ideas to its audience. Internet is another common platform for entertainment, which is a method of communication.

Unless we communicate with the world, we will never understand the way things function and how things are piled up and related to one another. People are just a fragment amongst these things. Did you know that other elements of the world also communicate to us, but in their own ways? We need to interact with the envi...