Patterns of interaction between NGOs working with disabled people and state authorities in the context of austerity policy: case study of Russia and Finland

Another informal practice of interaction is presented by participation in preparation, control and implementation state decisions. The representation of GAOORDI's interest is delegated to the president and her deputy person. One of the last activities with the GAOORDI's participation in control and evaluation was the independent evaluation of the quality of the social services in Saint-Petersburg. Such activity is legislatively pointed as a form of public control by the 23.1 article of the Federal law №442 Федеральный закон от 28.12.2013 N 442-ФЗ (ред. от 21.07.2014) «Об основах социального обслуживания граждан в Российской Федерации», Ст. 23.1 http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_156558/7ec559fe257d4229625d0915ca4a95d9b9ac3181/

• . The association “Partnership relations” was the main actor was implementing this evaluation process, but the decisions for conducting such activities and preparation work were supported by GAOORDI through the Public council of Saint-Petersburg for a long time. Ms. Urmancheeva was involved and responsible for the control and preparation of this evaluation on early stages of such activity.
• During the emergence, in 2013 GAOORDI supervised the evaluation of social services among psycho-neurological institutes and orphan houses. Due to my observations of conduction the independent evaluation of social services in 2016, GAOORDI provided a place for organizational meetings with the working group of this program. Regarding preparation Ms. Urmancheeva as GAOORDI's representative was involved in the development of recommendations for conduction such events and control of such activities of the Public council. Evaluation of the social services forces a creation of recommendations for the state authorities to correct or improve the quality of social services. From the one side this is an instrument for enforcing the particular committees responsible for a certain sphere. Committee on social policy is legislatively responsible for the organization of that process, but it does not take any vivid decisions - from that it is the responsibility of the Public council presented by non-governmental organization with GAOORDI's participation. Commenting such activity, the founder of “Partnership decisions” said that specialists of the Committee on social policy used to interact with non-governmental organization and Public council, but such activity delegated them due to public tendering process. “They are acting like an executive instrument. The unsatisfied results of evaluation used to not share among the society and presented by the unknown state source oriented on the clerk's work”, she said. Thus, I can argue about the existence of certain rudiments of control the state's decisions regarding the provision of social services. However, such impact is really low and depended on the common opinion of the majority of organization among the Public council.
• Concluding, I want to summarize that GAOORDI tries to work together with the state legislative and executive authorities and influence on the state bodies through the legal possibilities of such public consultative structure as the Public Council of Saint-Petersburg. At the same time, the example of GAOORDI participation does not indicate the mutual interaction with state bodies. Due to the unclear way of entering to such institutions reasoned only by GAOORDI's expert experience, the provision of welfare is not commonly successful and implemented partially for the focus groups. The legislation "About the Basics of Public Control in the Russian Federation" (212/2014) Федеральный закон от 21 июля 2014 г. N 212-ФЗ "Об основах общественного контроля в Российской Федерации" http://base.garant.ru/70700452/, related to the discussion, preparation and control of decisions of state bodies, so such discussion happens only in the narrow expert communities that protecting own interests and is not discussed by the whole society of citizens that again turned us to the specificity of the state paternalism with questions regarding control and decision's making.
• Practiced interaction: struggle for the state privileges
• It might be noticed that the state authorities are selective in the services they want to cooperate with NGOs. Part of the service has rare implementation or not funded at all, despite legislative basis. Due to that, the organization has to struggle for conduction part of own activities. For example, there are obstacles in providing the services associated with juridical assistance or legal advice by NGOs. According to the specialist of the legal advisory department of GAOORDI, the organizations provides of a number of human rights services that are not funded by the state authorities, they give a favor towards the private famous legal entities, which are not representatives of the non-profit sector. GAOORDI has the same kind program basically oriented on spreading the awareness about the state benefits for disabled among the parents and leaders of the association's members. Due to increase legal awareness among the parents and a growth of their knowledge the legal rights of young disabled people. Nowadays the main destination of the program's work is a support for families and parents faced with the violation of rights, running the organization affairs, verification of documents, lobbying GAOORDI's interests, protection in a court. The financing of this unit is used to be difficult due to the lack of winning the state subsidies. However the unit is actively implemented mentioned activities, by finding ways to finance it through small-scale commercial activities oriented on the organization's purposes and residual funds from the sponsorship money.
• The next practices of informal interaction based on the activities of GAOORDI's “Day care group”. This activity has divided from social rehabilitation activities in 2005 and grown till day care and provision of support for youth, children of parents-members of GAOORDI. Nowadays department work is deeply oriented on the support and maintenance of activities for young adults with intellectual disabilities, who are children of association-members, older than 18 years. In frames of this program GAOORDI's staff is implementing events and provides cultural and educational services, social rehabilitation services for 25 young people (18-42 years old) with intellectual disabilities, implements labor employment and provides psychological and pedagogical support to clients and their parents. The program helps parents with disabled children to reduce time for the care and give an opportunity to find work. Due to the practical orientation on the clients' needs these destinations were not actively supported by the state authorities. Historically, the “Day care group” was funded once during the Russian ex-president's visit, when Dmitriy Medvedev presented a bus as a charitable gift. But this process was unique. For doing projects there was system of financing through established several permanent sponsorships with commercial companies that are more productive than the state support, for example agreement for boxes manufacturing to earn money for the “Day-care group”, permanent finance support from private building company, strong partner relations with state-financed organizations: the local historical museum “Nevskaya Zastava”, local library, youth center “Albatros”, cultural center “Troitskiy” and etc.
• Finally, I want to mention that GAOORDI has not succeeded in the struggle for the state privileges regarding the loaning issues. There were a few practices to establish relationships with the national bank There are several informal practices for funding GAOORDI's activities through the loaning money from social entrepreneurship included in association structure. I want to notice that the usual loan instruments from the banks or business companies are not working due to the state legislative restrictions. The social company has not obliged to invest its money in the association's budget, but still helps and presents the instrument for establishing economic safety for GAOORDI's survival.
• Thus, I can point that despite of many regularly established interactions, such practices as day-care support to the grown children with disability and juridical assistance for the people with disabilities and their families have not attracted the state's attention or even ignored, so, the practices regarding these issues are not established on the regular basis for cooperation with the state. GAOORDI has to struggle with the state representatives regarding privileges for these issues. The relatively small success during the legislation regarding the provision of social services showed the c specificity in shaping the agenda established by paternal desires of the Russian state.
• 3.6 Effect of the austerity context in the era of neoliberalism
• During this part, the relations between the state authorities and non-governmental organizations working in the disability sphere have been studied for revealing the existence of austerity policy context in the Russian federation. The official media have not indicated the presence of this process, but due to my interest and comments of experts I did an analysis of recent economic situation in the state-NGOs' relations. Reports regarding federal financing of socially-oriented non-profit organizations, budgets of Saint-Petersburg for 2014-2016 years and the amount of funding socially-oriented non-profit organizations from 2014-2016 were analyzed further.

The general data regarding financing of NGOs presented by the state federal program called “Social protection of population 2013-2020”. Such program dedicated 4 destinations of support, so I was interested in destination called “The increase of the effectiveness in supporting of socially-oriented non-profit organizations. According to Russian Federation Government resolution "On the approval of the state program of the Russian Federation “the Social support of citizens "(296/2014)”, the amount for such subprogram is 6320707,9 thousand rubles Постановление Правительства РФ от 15.04.2014 N 296 "Об утверждении государственной программы Российской Федерации "Социальная поддержка граждан 2013-2020” Режим доступа к документу:

• http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=215011&fld=134&dst=116,0&rnd=0.4161854821182225#0. Below I put the division such amount for each year.

• Table 5. The amount of the budget appropriations for the subprogram of “Social protection of citizens 2013-2020”

Year	Amount (thousand rubles)
2013	749999,6
2014	1698344,7
2015	1749585,8
2016	437703,4
2017	896196
2018	398720,4
2019	390158

• Analyzing the amounts of subprogram I would point that there is a certain increase of support during 2014-2015 years, but then the amount is spreading differently: it increased in 2017 and reduced to the end in 2020.
• The situation with a city budget can be characterized differently. Revealing data from the Committee on finances argues that there is a continuing deficit of the budget Web-source of Saint-Petersburg Committee on finances regarding city's budget. Data retrieved from: http://www.fincom.spb.ru/cf/activity/budjet/info/2016.htm.
• Table 6. Deficit of Saint-Petersburg budget 2014-2017

Year	Amount (thousand rubles)
2014	62731096,1
2015	51509337,5
2016	58608986
2017	69820327,4

• The situation with deficit has not widely discussed among the society. Such officials as chair of the Committee on finances argued that the costs are related to increase of salaries of the state budget organizations in education and medical spheres. The most vivid example of deficit is the increase of the public transport costs since 1^st of January 2017. Despite of the deficit, the official media sources informed that actual budget was shaped due to increasing of funding in the social sphere and investments into the transport infrastructure. Such information is presented by the official website of the Committee on finances, that there is a stable increase of amounts in Saint-Petersburg budget regarding social policy destination See above: http://www.fincom.spb.ru/cf/activity/budjet/info/2016.htm and financial support given for social program “Social support for the citizens of Saint-Petersburg”.
• Table 7. The amount of City budget for social policy destination

Year	Amount (thousand rubles)
2014	54999031,7
2015	59796713,2
2016	63603836,5
2017	68680509,9

• Table 8. The amount of support for program “Social protection for Saint-Petersburg's citizens”

Year	Amount of support
2015	54 045 301,2
2016	58853710,5
2017	64086687,9

In addition, there is a logic that the reduction of the state social spending is usually caused by the low level of economic conditions. According to the statistical data presented by Saint-Petersburg administration of the Federal State Statistics Service, at the end of February 2017 the unemployment rate in Saint-Petersburg was 1.7 % in relation to the working population of St. Petersburg. I collected the data regarding the unemployment rate for last three years Statistical data regarding employment in Saint-Petersburg. Data retrieved from: http://gov.spb.ru/gov/otrasl/kom_zan/statistic/

• .

• Table 9. Rates of unemployment in Saint-Petersburg

Year	Unemployment rate (% of economically-active population)
2014	1.4%
2015	1.8%
2016	1.6%

• Thus, I can argue that presented data revealed the deficit of the budget, but the economic conditions of the Saint-Petersburg still has not defined the possibility to testify the existence of an austerity policy in the social sphere of Saint-Petersburg. However, my interest was stemmed by the possibility to testify the austerity context through the existence of new-public management policy in relations between non-governmental organizations working with disabled and the state authorities. For that, I went deeper into the counts, especially related to provision of subsidies for socially-oriented NGOs. Referring to the president of GAOORDI, there is a vivid reduction of financial support for socially-oriented non-profit organizations. “Until recently, there were 740 million rubles allocated to support the socially-oriented NGOs, but at last year there were only 186 million rubles. You can see the big difference”, - said Margarita Urmancheeva. Such help through the program “Social support of the citizens in Saint-Petersburg” is presented in counts of social program in the city budget.
• According to the experts from the center of non-commercial initiatives, despite the general increases of financing the social policy destination and a certain program “Social support for the citizens of Saint-Petersburg 2015-20” - the regional state subsidy for socially-oriented non-profit organizations was exactly reduced. I have verified this due to the digital version of the state resolution defined such financial support Постановление Санкт-Петербурга от 23.06.2014 года N 497 О государственной программе Санкт-Петербурга "Социальная поддержка граждан в Санкт-Петербурге" на 2015-2020 годы”. Режим доступа к документу: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/822403633.

• Table 10. Increasing the effectiveness of state support for socially-oriented NGOs

Year	Amount (thousand rubles)
2015	6661016,2
2016	499559,6
2017	54603,9
2018	55773,0
2019	114351,0
2020	120796,7

• So, from my proposal that the lower finance of 2017 and 2018 related to implementing the provision of social services by non-governmental actors associated with alternative service delivery characteristic of the NPM policy. Such phenomenon has raised by the development of legislation aiming to social provision issues (№442/2013) aimed to prepare the Russian non-governmental sector in the market terms and principles of equality with the state organizations.
• Producing such legislative acts, the government motivates the non-governmental actors to increase own responsibilities in the sphere of the provision of social services for the clients order to get the state funding. I can comment that the state decided to share responsibility with the new actors in the development of the third sector on the market principles. These principles imply the support of useful non-governmental non-profit organizations with the further economy and involvement of the clients' money into their financing. “Such process as the reduction of the state cost for social services happened not due to the reduction of financial resources. There is a comprehensive change in the provision of the state services scheme with the introduction of new concepts and statuses. So, nowadays the possibility to get social service is depended from the client's request at first and his or her right to get a certain service for free or for certain payment for the state”, - said the expert of center of development of non-commercial initiatives. Commenting such changes, she predicts the reduction of clients and the decrease of social protection for citizens, in overall. Some socially-trapped groups such as drug addicts or victims of violence, may not request help by themselves. The situation is the same with partially paid and fully paid services where the population refuses to pay for the services that were formerly free of charge.
• From my point of view, such changes negatively impact on the social protection of citizens. The Federal law №442 set the concept of services fully or partially funded by the state. It also adds the set of provided by the state, commercial services dependent on the level of customers' income. It's possible to note that the government establishes the strict market boundaries of responsibility for the clients or receivers of social services. The costs of services (from 10 till 40 %) become the necessary-paid for the clients. It was assumed that these facilities will create new funding for socially-oriented organizations-providers of services, but in reality it creates additional pressure for such non-governmental non-profit organizations working with socially-vulnerable groups of people. The clients of GAOORDI and similar type of organizations are used to depend from personal financial sources. The persons with disabilities used to have trouble if they faced with additional expenses in their life, especially it is relevant for such clients as children or youth with disabilities that usually depended from the social pensions or parent's income.
• The mentioned phenomena of reduction and redistribution of the state financing, widening the responsibilities of socially-oriented NGOs and establishment alternative ways to provide the state services presented the existence new public management policy rather than austerity context into the relations between the state and non-governmental organizations working with the disabled people. The data analysis testified partial NGOs' adaptation to the new possibilities of the social service provision and getting support for it. Such process contributes to a decrease of social services for the population in and reduces a certain number of expenditures for the state. In that situation, NGOs lost more than gained from the state legislative changes regarding the provision of services and redistribution of financial support according.
• Concluding my analysis of the dynamics of interaction between NGOs and state, I can claim the ideas related to the practices of interaction in time of austerity policy in Russia are more associated with the paternalistic relations or dictation of the state's interests framed by the new-public management policy.
• Regarding the general picture of interaction, it can be said the practices of interaction with the state occur with certain directions on the paternalistic model with the desire to subordinate the decisions of management the non-governmental activities under the state authorities. There are legislative attempts “to tame” and make public associations more manageable. There is a surge of funding from the state to running NGOs with a strategy for getting financial support from the Russian private funds. The country's budget has socially significant areas of activity that are highlighted without appropriate participation of the third sector, the funding of the human rights protection activities has been delegated to the limited number of private commercial organizations. Interaction with socially-oriented organizations and interaction with other non-governmental organizations radically differ in favor of socially-oriented organizations.
• The organizations working with disabled persons are not considered as partners - they're running own activities due to the state governing of social sphere. It can be argued through the following results of observation: 1) the development of legislation regarding the non-governmental issues, for example the new laws on the provision of social services, are resolved unilaterally by the state without appropriate participation of the non-governmental actors; 2) the financial support present one of the main the state instruments for regulating the state-NGOs relations. This form is fully-regulated by the state authorities and created mostly for socially-oriented NGOs providing a certain specter of social service; 3) legislatively established forms interaction are named as “forms of support for NGOs” and oriented towards the usage of non-governmental organizations as the instruments for implementing social services with a low level of influence on the decisions concerning the social policy of the city.
• Concluding about the interaction, I would add that such process is more associated with the usage of socially-oriented non-profit organizations as instruments for the provision of social obligations. Such actions characterized by the paternalistic pattern of interaction.
• In addition, I want to mention the existence orientation on the market relations, the legislative priorities to shift financial disadvantageous and time-demanding social services towards social providers, to provide financial support through the competition process and further financing through the reimbursement of financial expenses and limitation in the usage of loan's instruments got me an evidence of arguing about the existence new public management policy rather than austerity context into the relations between the state and non-governmental organizations working with the disabled people.

• Chapter 4. Patterns of interaction between state and NGOs in Russia and Finland
• The aim of the chapter is to clarify the investigated patterns of interaction between the state and NGOs in Russia and Finland cases. During my research I have constructed two modes of relations with certain features. Each case characterized by certain practices of interaction in the state-NGOs relations. Firstly, I will construct a table implicated the certain differences in formulation the social capital in both cases. Then I will select the investigated patterns of interaction characterized by each case and correlate the chosen patterns with the dimensions related to the phenomena of the practices of solidarities. Finally. I will testify what are the certain patterns of interaction the Russian and Finnish cases of in the context the new-public management.
• Due to the theoretical investigation of sociological theories, the interpretation of social capital plays a significant role in the development non-governmental organizations and their relations with the state. Despite of organizations' grassroots characteristics and social aims, the evidence of accumulation the social capital might be traced through the practices of solidarities between the various actors from the state, business and third sector.
• Table 11. Social capital of non-governmental organizations of Russia and Finland

Cases / indicators	Finnish case	Russian case
NGOs' mission	Provision and development profit-oriented social services;	Professionalization and empowerment of social activities
Level of trust and solidarity
Within organization	High	High
Public recognition	High	Low
Density of social networks
Focus groups	+	+
Clients	+	-
State	+	+
Business	+	+
Civil society	+	-

• The analysis of social capital among the KVPS and GAOORDI have revealed a solidarity among the employees and members of the organizations. There were revealed the certain degree of trust and solidarity and wide density of social networks among both cases.
• The evidence of accumulation of the social capital gave an opportunity to use the practices of solidarities as a dimension for further verification patterns of interaction.
• I took as a basis that the dimensions for characterizing patterns include such phenomena as diversification or accumulation of the practices of solidarities as well the position of interests (one sided or mutual interests). The one-sided interests and accumulation practices of solidarities are characteristics of the paternalistic pattern. The mutual interests and accumulation practices of solidarities are associated with the egalitarian pattern. The typology is presented in picture 12.
• I will use the typology to analyze the patterns of each case further.
• Table 12. Typology of patterns

Practices of solidarities	Interests
	One-sided	Mutual
Diversification	Corporativist	Liberal
Accumulation	Paternalistic	Egalitarian

• 4.1 Egalitarian pattern of interaction in Finnish case: features and practices
• The interactions between KVPS and the state authorities are taken for granted for the investigation the common characteristic of the Finnish state-NGOs relations. There are following practices characterized the Finnish case: 1) Common interest of sustainability and deinstitutionalization of serving for disabled people - includes the common opinion of decreasing the state institutions and increasing the non-governmental structures for care people with disabilities. 2) The enlargement strategy of serving clients - characterized the regular interaction between the state and NGOs in the provision of social services for the clients and common interests to increase the quantity of services as from NGO as well from the Finnish state. 3) Profit strategy to manage organization's income - explains the state-NGOs' idea to develop the system of profit earning where the NGOs can earn the state money for provision equal housing opportunities presented as a common welfare. 4) Practices of shared interest of charitable activities - presents the desire of mutual focus to the participation in the informal practices associated with the charitable projects and events. 5) Practices of politically-independent promotion of common welfare -associated with the political independence and the desire to be involved in the regulation of common welfare. There is a fact, that 3 from 5 patterns of interactions are established in strategic form as regularly repeated activities between the Finnish state and NGOs working with disability issues.
• According to mentioned patterns I constructed a table practically presenting the interactions' specificity of the Finnish case (Table 13).
• Table 13. The Finnish patterns of interactions

	Interests
Diversified practices of solidarity	One-sided	Mutual
	Corporativist:	Liberal: Profit strategy to manage NGOs' income.
Cumulative practices of solidarity	Paternalistic: -	Egalitarian: · Interests of sustainability and deinstitutionalization; · The enlargement strategy of serving clients; · Practices of shared interest of charitable activities; · Practices of politically-independent promotion of common welfare.

As a result, 4 from 5 the mentioned practices of interaction are characterized by accumulation of practices of solidarities and has mutual interests of the state and KVPS. Thus, they correlate with the egalitarian pattern of interaction.

4.2 Paternalistic pattern of interaction in Russian case: features and practices

The interactions between GAOORDI and the state authorities are taken for granted for the investigation the common characteristic of the Russian state-NGOs relations. There are following practices characterized the Russian case: 1) Client's strategy to maintain organizational income - determines clientelism's strategy for adaptation of NGOs' efforts to establish a regular state support towards the socially-oriented NGOs working with disability issues. 2) Strategy of targeted support for growing NGO's professionalism - associated with the state interest to to establish systematic support for the usage GAOORDI as a resource center or the intermediary providing the social services. 3) Practices of promotion the limited welfare for disabled children and youth - characterized the certain process of availability of limited rights of preparation, control, and implementations the state activities for NGOs' representatives. 4) Practices of struggle for the state privileges - means the NGOs are used to struggle for promotion own interests and possibilities to get the state support for conducting the projects and events. There is a fact that patterns were spread equally (2 practiced interaction and 2 the strategic forms) that gives an argument about their differentiation on informal practices and regular activities during the implementation each of them. According to mentioned patterns I constructed a table practically presenting the interactions' specificity of the Russian case (Table 14).



Table 14. The Russian patterns of interactions

	Interests
Diversified practices of solidarity	One-sided	Mutual
	Corporativist: Strategy of targeted support for growing NGOs' professionalism.	Liberal: -
Cumulative practices of solidarity	Paternalistic: · Client's strategy to maintain organizational income; · Practices of the promotion of limited welfare for disabled children and youth; · Practiced Struggle for the state privileges.	Egalitarian: -

As a result, 3 from 4 mentioned practices of interaction are characterized by accumulation of practices of solidarities and has interests only from the NGO-side. Thus, they correlate with the paternalistic specificity of interaction.

Concluding, I would point that the conducted analysis of investigated practices, gave me an evidence to argue that the Finnish relations between the state authorities and non-governmental organizations working with intellectually disabled persons correlate with the egalitarian pattern of interactions. Together with egalitarian pattern there, there was a practice of profit strategy to manage organization's income that is more associated with the liberal pattern.

Referring to the Russian case of relations the state-NGOs' relations, the analysis confirmed that the majority of practices correlates with the dominance of paternalistic relations in practices of interaction in the Russian case. Despite of the dominance of paternalistic practices, there is one interaction that partly associated with corporativist characteristics, I mean the strategy of targeted support for growing NGOs' professionalism.

The mentioned patterns of both cases are structurally differentiated, that give a complexity to compare them to each other. Further, the analysis of the basic indicators of activity in both cases was described.

Table 15. List of basic indicators of NGOs activity

Cases / Indicators	Finnish case	Russian case
NGO's mission and values	Provision and development person-oriented services	Professionalization and empowerment of social activities
Attitudes towards special citizens	Acceptance, client-orientation: support and solidarity	Acceptance, family relations: support and solidarity
Ways of mobilizing sources	State+external(business+clients) +internal (employees)	State+internal(family)+ external(business)
Financial sources	70% - state, 28% - social entrepreneurship, 2% - charity	70% - state, 25% - business, 5% - fundraising, crowdfunding, charity
Neoliberalism or new-public management policy's effects	· Increase of unemployment rate; · Reduction of purchasing NGO's social services; · Reduction of privileges of different group of people; · Deprivation of the state's responsibilities for intellectually disabled people; · Market competition in the social sphere.	· Deficit of city budget; · Reduction of the financial support of socially-oriented NGOs; · Share the state social responsibilities with the new actors · Development of market principles in the provision of social services. · Shortage long-term programs and orientation to the short term support for NGOs.
Response to the neoliberalism and new-public management policy	Adaptation with efforts to deinstitutionalization the state activities	Survival through the instruments of welfare's provision

The analysis of indicators showed that both social-democratic states have particular differences and similarities. Both cases present the social mission and values. The attitudes to the people with disabilities are characterized by acceptance and inclusion them into the society. The ways of mobilizing sources for the client-oriented NGOs are similar: the main source of them is still represented by the state.

I want to notice that the Russian and Finnish cases of relations between the state and non-governmental sector have different directions and orientations in the development. Responding to the neoliberal tendencies in the social sphere, the Finnish case of relations presented the adaptation to the new economic realities with the efforts of deinstitutionalization of the state power in social care of disabled people. The mutual and equal practices of interaction between the mentioned actors were revealed. In addition, the certain observation of interactions was complemented the liberal specificity characterized by the diversified practices of solidarity for gaining NGOs' income, but at the same time there was shared interests of state and NGOs to provide the common welfare for the people with disabilities by providing the inclusive capacities to live equally with other citizens.

Regarding the Russian case of relations, the situation is characterized by governmental regulation of socially-oriented NGOs, imposing them an orientation to service provision under the new market principles for gaining most cheaper and effective services and decreasing the state's financial involvement in the provision of social activities. In addition to investigated paternalistic features, there was revealed the specificity of corporatism associated with diversified interest and practices of solidarity between the state and NGOs in questions related to the state targeted funding the NGO's activities that are useful and necessary for the social protection and care of disabled persons. This process of funding with regard to the state interest impacts on the non-governmental organizations and forces them the survive using the clientelism's logic and shaping own activities due to the state interest.

In my understanding, such a difference is caused by the specifics of social capital and its different possibilities of mutual accumulation of social practices in the Russian and Finnish cases of relations.



Conclusion

The recent study was aimed to answer the question: “What are the patterns of interaction between the states and NGOs working with disabled people, when Russia and Finland states are placed in the context of austerity policy in the era of neoliberalism nowadays?" During the research the question was tried to be solved through the comparative case studies of two non-governmental organizations working with disabled people - Service Foundation for People with an Intellectual Disability, Kehitysvammaisten Palvelusддtiц and Saint-Petersburg Association of non-governmental organizations of parents with disabled children (GAOORDI). Both cases have established due to grassroots initiatives. Both of them present the certain functions in the provision of social benefits and shape the common picture of the welfare state in Finland and Russia.

The composition of theoretical ideas heading by the social capital theory was chosen as an appropriate theoretical framework for my research. In addition to that theory, there were analyzed phenomena of de-commodification produced by Esping-Andersen, loosing of state sovereignty by Sassen and the ideas of the new-public management theory complementing the used theoretical framework. Referring to social capital theory, the non-governmental organizations working with disabled people might be regarded as the social entities with the real possibilities of gaining social capital through the certain practices of solidarities with target groups. The key interpretations of social capital theory of Lytkina and Ranta, Pestoff, Wikstrцm were taken for a basis. Lytkina's challenges and problems describing the recent situation of the Russian state-NGOs' relations might be referred to the picture of paternalistic relations between the state, civil society and its institutions. The ideas of Ranta, Pestoff and Wikstrцm based on an equal distribution of state's resources among all citizens, including the citizens with special needs and might be referred to the picture of egalitarian relations. The main key factors of theoretical framework were analyzed in the first chapter. Also, it was important to mention the phenomenon of de-commodification argued the notion of the spreading welfare benefits and social solidarity for socially-vulnerable groups of citizens. Also the phenomenon of losing state's sovereignty shaped the actual reality of interaction by three components: territoriality of the global economy, the ascendance of governing cross-border transactions, virtualization of economic activity. These all-mentioned categories have been revealed due to the theoretical analysis as organizational features of the cases.

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