The greater part of the surface of England and Ireland is flat. The surface of Scotland and Wales is mountainous. The highest mountain in the United Kingdom is Ben Nevis in Scotland. The chief rivers can be used by ships. They have slow currents and broad mouths. So the rivers are suitable for commerce. The coastline has excellent harbours. The sea enters deeply into the land and has a great influence on the climate. The winter is not very cold, and the summer is not very hot.

About 60 million people now live in the British Isles. Nearly all of them speak English, but some speak Celtic languages. Great Britain is one of most highly industrialized countries in the world. It lives by industry and trade. There are some great seaports in Britain, such as London, Newcastle, Liverpool, Glasgow and others.

The capital of Great Britain is London. It is the seat of the government of the whole country. London is ancient, many centuries old. It is also the centre of British cultural life and famous for its places of interest.

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. The Queen or the King is at the head of the state. The country is ruled by the government in the name of the Queen (Monarch).

The British Parliament consists of two Houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The Prime Minister is at the head of the government.

6. Ответьте на вопросы:

How many islands do the British Isles consist of?

What seas is Great Britain separated from Ireland by?

Are the rivers suitable for commerce?

What influences the climate of Great Britain?

How many people live in the British Isles?

What kind of country is Great Britain?

Great Britain is the parliamentary monarchy, isn't it?

Is London the capital of Great Britain?

Who(m) is the country ruled by?

What chambers does the British Parliament consist of?

Who is at the head of the Government?

7. Найдите в тексте соответствия следующим русским эквивалентам:

Почти, Ла-Манш, пригодный, входит, главный, отделяется, торговля, плоский, палата, достопримечатель-ность.

8. Составьте все известные вам типы вопросов к предложениям.

1. About 60 million people now live in the British Isles.

2. The country is ruled by the Government in the name of the Queen.

9. Составьте предложения из данных слов:

1. Kingdom, form, United, Great Britain, Northern, and, the, Ireland.

2. Many, London, is, centuries, ancient, old.

3. Scotland, highest, is, the United Kingdom, in, mountain, in, the, Ben Nevis.

10. Подберите русские соответствия к следующим английским поговоркам:

An English man's home is his castle.

A little learning is a dangerous thing.

Clothes do not make a man.

Don't teach fishes to swim.

Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

A man is as old as he feels, and a woman is as old as she looks.

Продолжите этот список по возможности.

11. Расскажите о Великобритании.

THE USA

1. Прочитайте и запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

to be situated ["sItju'eItId] - находиться, располагаться

to be washed ["wPSt] - омываться

to include [In'klu:d] - включать в себя

prairie ['preqrI] - прерия

Armed Forces [Rmd fLsIz] - вооруженные силы

to differ from ['dIfq frPm] - отличаться от

mass-media ["mxs'mJdIq] - средства массовой инфор-мации

to extend [Ik'stend] - тянуться, распространяться

drought [drQut]- засуха

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

The USA

The United States of America is situated in the central part of the North American continent. It is washed by the Pacific Ocean and by the Atlantic Ocean.

As to population, it is the fourth largest country in the world. Nearly 240 million people live there.

There are great climatic variations between different regions of the country. The eastern continental region is well watered with rainfalls. It includes all the Atlantic seaboard and southeastern states and extends to the west to cover Indiana. The climate of the prairie lands lying to the west is drought.

The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of fifty states; every state has its own governor, its own police, and its own laws. The present Constitution was proclaimed in 1787 in Philadelphia. The president is the head of the whole country and the government, and is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The president term is 4 years.

The United States' flag is called the “Stars and Stripes”. It has thirteen stripes and fifty white stars on a blue field.

The USA is one of the most highly developed capitalist states. The country is rich in a variety of mineral resources. The USA has a highly developed railway system. American agriculture produces more food products than any other capitalist country.

The educational system of the USA differs from the system in some countries. The elementary school is followed by four or six years of the secondary school or high school as it is called. Many Americans go to institutions of higher education when they leave school. If they want to go to college or university, they often take college admission tests. The capital of the United States of America is Washington.

New York is the largest city and port in the United States. It is an industrial and cultural center of the country. It is a financial and business center of the capitalist world.

It is also the center of the political life, the center of the mass media and the world's biggest bank center. New York is the economic capital of the USA with a population of nearly eight million.

3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, опираясь на содержание прочитанного вами текста:

Where is the USA situated?

What is the population of the USA?

What is called American prairie?

What does the USA owe its high level of economic development to?

What are the main mineral resources of the country?

How can you characterize the USA industry?

When do American children begin to go to school?

What is the first school called?

For how many years do children learn in the elementary school?

10) Where can they study after finishing secondary school?

11) What is the capital of the USA?

12) What kind of city is New York?

13) What is typical of New York?

4. Прочитайте текст еще раз и перескажите его по-английски.

5. Отметьте в тексте предложения и словосочетания, являющиеся эквивалентами русских.

1. Соединенные Штаты Америки расположены в центральной части североамериканского континента.

Это четвертая крупнейшая страна в мире по количеству населения.

3. a) омывается Тихим океаном;

b) лучшая система дорог в мире;

США являются одной из самых высокоразвитых капиталистических стран.

5. США богаты различными полезными ископаемыми.

6. Система образования США отличается от системы образования в других странах.

7. Здесь находится сердце бизнеса и культуры США.

a) промышленный и культурный центр;

b) финансовый и деловой центр;

c) крупнейший банковский центр;

Население … приближается к 8 млн.

6. Восстановите по памяти (на русском языке), в каком контексте упоминаются следующие английские словосочетания:

there are great climatic variations;

the eastern continental region;

it includes all the Atlantic seaboard;

lying to the west is drought;

the present Constitution was proclaimed;

flag is called the “Stars and Stripes”;

a highly-developed railway system;

differs from;

the center of the mass media.

7. Прослушайте дикторскую запись указанных ниже предложений. Постарайтесь понять, какие слова и словосочетания в них отсутствуют. Повторите полные предложения.

The United States of America … in the central part …

As to population …

… and south-eastern states and extends to the west to cover.

The United States of America is a federal republic …

The country is rich in …

8. Прочитайте тексты и ответьте на вопросы.

a) February 14-Valentine's Day

It is not a legal or a national holiday. Banks and offices do not close, but it is a happy little festival. It is a day of love and friendship. It is widely celebrated among persons of all ages by the exchange of “valentines”. Valentines are special greeting-cards. They are often colored red and have pictures of heart and verses of love poetry. Flowers and candy are favorite presents which sweethearts, friends and family give each other. It is a favorite day for parties, especially for young people.

No one really knows the actual origin of Valentine's Day. Some historians believe that the holiday came from ancient Rome. On February 15 an ancient Roman festival called Lupercalia was held to honor Faunus the god of animal life, the patron of husbandry. And the Christian time in the festival became Valentine's Day. Other experts connect Valentine's Day with two saints of the early Christian church. According to one story, St. Valentine was a priest, who married young couples against the orders of the Roman Emperor Claudius II, who believed that single young men made better soldiers. The other St. Valentine was a good friend to children. So St. Valentine is considered to be the patron of sweethearts and children.

What do you know about St. Valentine's Day?

Explain the meaning of this holiday.

Who is the main character of the holiday?

b) The 2-nd Sunday of May - Mother's Day

It is not a national holiday. It is a day when Americans honor their mothers. They send their mothers a card or a gift, present flowers, prepare dinner for them. It is the custom to wear a red or pink flower if one's mother is living. It is the custom to wear a white flower if one's mother is dead.

What holiday is associated with flowers?

What means “Americans honor their mothers”.

c) The 3d Sunday of June - Father's Day

It is not a national holiday. On that day Americans honor their fathers. Many people send their fathers a card or gift and prepare a pleasant surprise.

How do Americans honor their fathers?

When do Americans celebrate “Father's Day”?

9. Расскажите о Соединенных Штатах Америки.

Часть II

CIVIL ENGINEERING

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

to apply	[q'plaI]	применять
embankment	[Im'bxNkment]	дамба, насыпь
pipeline	['paIp'laIn]	трубопровод
effort	['efqt]	усилие
mankind	[mxn'kaInd]	человечество
B.C. -before Christ	[kraIst]	до нашей эры
sewer	[sjuq]	канализация
conduit	['kOndIt / 'kOndjuit]	трубопровод, труба; водовод
beam	[bJm]	балка
iron	['aIqn]	железо
concrete	['kOnkrJt]	бетон
reinforced	["rJIn'fLst]	железобетон
framework	['freIm'wq:k]	каркас
curtain	['kq:tn]	навесной, несущий
appearance	[q'pIqrqns]	внешний вид
design	[dI'zaIn]	проект
unit	['ju:nIt]	элемент, узел, блок
variety	[vq'raIqtI]	разнообразие
execution	[eksI'kju:Sn]	выполнение
steam power shovel	['stJm'pauq'SAvl]	механическая лопата
convenient	[kqn'vJnjqnt]	удобный
to take into consideration	[kqnsIdq'reISn]	принимать во внимание
siting	[saItIN]	размещение, расположение
residential areas	[rezI'denSql 'FqrIqz]	жилые районы
laying out	['leIIN aut]	расположение

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст:

Civil Engineering

I am a second-year student of the Bratsk State University. In many countries the building industry employs a considerable proportion of the available labour force. Building industry including residential, public and industrial construction holds one of the main places in the national economy. Housing is prominent among the factors affecting the level of living.

The term “civil engineering” is usually applied to such as excavation and embankment, the construction of railways, canals, aqueducts, pipelines, the reclamation of lands, building construction. The history of building is as old as civilization itself.

Architecture has an origin in the primitive efforts of mankind to provide protection against bad weather and enemies in rock caves, huts and tents. Civil engineering developed with the rise of Rome in the 6-th century B.C.. Romans built sewers, conduits, aqueducts, roads and bridges.

Town building was based on camp tradition. Some towns arose out of army camps: London, Manchester, for example. Most of the buildings of old times was based upon the column and beam method of construction. The oldest building materials are: timber, brick, stone. The constructive principles did not develop till our times. Now all construction work is industrialized due to the use of modern achievements in science and technology. Steel, aluminum, iron, plastics, concrete and reinforced concrete are introduced into building.

Modern architecture is characterized by simplicity of line and designed neatness of appearance. All this requires high quality and is met by house-building plants. Most of work is done at the plant which produces prefabricated units and elements. All operations on the construction site are minimized. Due to panel housing architects now use greater variety of facing and finishing materials such as: glass, plate, ceramics, plastics, etc.

Industrialized building means prefabrication, the organization of work, programming, designing, execution. It made construction work cheaper and quicker. A great deal of machinery is used on the construction site now: lorries, different cranes, helicopters, thousands of excavators, scrappers, bulldozers, steam power shovels, pneumatic drills, hoists, etc.

A town of future should be convenient, beautiful and well-planned. Town planning takes into consideration the siting of industrial undertakings, residential areas, the laying out of highways, the organization of municipal transport. It also deals with the creation of centers and green belts, the development of public services and communications. And so the civil engineer must be able to draw together many types of engineering knowledge and many different engineering techniques.

3. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова, обращая внимание на их произношение.

technique	[tek'nJk]
pneumatic	[njH'mxtIk]
ceramics	[sI'rxmIks]
panel	['pxnql]
scheme	[skJm]
plastics	['plxstIks]
aluminum	[xlju'mInjqm]
technology	['tek'nOlOGI]
material	[mq'tIqrIql]
column	['kOlqm]
origin	['OrIGIn]
aqueduct	['xkwIdqkt]
excavation	[ekskq'veISqn]

4. Прочитайте следующие слова, обратите внимание на произношение слов.

а) с суффиксом - «ize» [aIz]: civilized, industrialized, characterized, minimized, organized, automatized;

b) с суффиксом - “ture” [Cq]: architecture, structural, future, century, picture, structure, culture, manufacture.

5. Прочитайте вопросы и ответьте на них.

What are you?

What place does the building industry hold in the national economy?

What is the term “civil engineering” applied to?

What is the origin of “architecture”?

What are the oldest building materials?

Where are prefabricated units and elements produced?

What does the term “industrialized building” mean?

Why did construction work become cheaper and quicker?

What machinery is used on the construction site now?

What should a town of the future be?

What types of knowledge must the civil engineer have?

6. Составьте предложения и переведите их.

Origin, tents, caves, architecture, to, rock, gave, and, hunts, an.

Was, method, our, times,the, construction, till, of, used, column, beam, and.

One, scheme, framework, the, skeleton, structural, today, of, is.

Is, construction, all, now, work, industrialized?

Done, most, at, plants, the, is, housebuilding, work, of.

7. “Memory test.” Восстановите по памяти (на русском языке), в каком контексте упоминаются следующие английские словосочетания:

… holds one of the main places … .

… to provide protection against bad weather … .

… at the plant which produces prefabricated units and elements … .

… means prefabrication, the organization of work, programming … .

… to draw together many types of engineering knowledge … .

8. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря следующий текст:

Civil engineering is claimed to be “the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man”. The part played by civil engineers in pioneering work and in developing wide areas of the world has been and continues to be enormous.

Civil engineers must make use of many different branches of knowledge, including mathematics, theory of structures, hydraulics, soil mechanics, surveying, hydrology, geology and economics.

Civil engineering was not distinguished from other branches of engineering until 200 years ago. Most early engineers were engaged in the construction of fortifications and were responsible for building the roads and bridges required for the movement of troops and supplies.

9. Перескажите тему «Моя профессия - гражданское строительство» по плану:

Kinds of jobs the term “civil engineering” is applied to.

The history of building.

The constructive principles in old times and today.

Modern architecture characteristics.

Housebuilding plants.

Machinery used on a construction site now.

Town of the future.

Town planning.

The civil engineer.

10. Сделайте сообщение о роли вашей специальности в XXI веке.

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

lime	['laIm]	известь
gypsum	['GIpsqm]	гипс
masonry	['meIsnrI]	каменная кладка
high alumina cement	[haI'q'ljHmInq sq'ment]	цемент с высоким содержанием глинозема
crushed stone	['krASt 'stoun]	щебень
mortar	['mLtq]	строительный раствор
aggregate	['xgrIgIt]	заполнитель
compressive load	[kqm'presIv 'lqud]	нагрузка на сжатие
concrete	['kONkrJt]	бетон
reinforced concrete	['rJInfLst 'kONkrI:t]	железобетон
availability	[q"veIlq'bIlItI]	пригодность; наличие
durability	["djuqrq'bIlItI]	прочность
ability	[q'bIlItI]	способность
porosity	[pL'rOsItI]	пористость
binder	['baIndq]	вяжущее вещество
alkali-slag	['xlkqlaI 'slxg]	шлакощелочной
silica	['sIlIkq]	кремнезем

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст со словарем.

Building Technology

I am a second - year student of the Bratsk State University. Building holds one of the main places in the economy of any country.

A great variety of materials are used by builders now. They should meet several requirements, such as availability, cost, physical properties of materials and others. The most commonly used materials are: steel, concrete, stone, wood and brick. They differ in hardness, durability and fire - resistance. Wood, stone and bricks are the oldest building materials. They have mechanical strength, compactness, porosity, sound and heat insulation.

Concrete made with natural hydraulic binders was used in antiquity by the Romans. Then the art of making concrete has been forgotten and the revival came much later. Lime, gypsum and cement are the 3 materials most widely used for the purpose of binding together masonry units, such as stone, brick and as constituents of wall plaster. Cement is the most important component of concrete. To undergo high compressive loads is a specific characteristic of it. Concrete increases its strength with age, it is fireproof. Concrete can be divided into 2 classes: mass or plain concrete and reinforced concrete.

Reinforced concrete is used in all civilized countries as one of the most important building materials. One of the essential properties of this concrete is its compressive strength.

Builders produce 2 types of new building materials: alkali-slag concrete and silica concrete. Silica concrete is widely used in aviation and in under water constructions. Another important class of cement is high alumina cement. It is very resistant to chemical attack.

Nowadays, much attention is paid to the light-weight concretes composed of light aggregates. They are called “cellular” concretes made by using materials which foam or form gas during the mixing of the concrete. The reduction in weight increases its ability to keep heat.

To become good specialists students study the existing materials and building methods. The person entering this profession must have a scientific attitude, imagination, initiative and good judgement obtained by experience and serious work.

3. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова, обращая внимание на их произношение и перевод:

to adapt	[q'dxpt]
material	[mq'tIqrIql]
physical	['fIzIkl]
cement	[sI'ment]
chemical	['kemIkql]
slag	['slxg]
method	['meTqd]
technology	[tek'nOlqGI]
test	['test]

4. Образуйте глаголы от существительных:

selection, designer, considerable, mixture, resistant, production, measuring.

5. Сгруппируйте следующие предложения по темам:

A. The choice of materials for any work of construction.

B. The properties of high alumina cement.

C. The composition of concrete.

1. Another important class of cement is high alumina cement. 2. Such a material may be considered as an artificial conglomerate of crushed stone or gravel with a mortar. 3. The civil engineer must consider many factors when selecting the materials for construction. 4. This kind of cement is very resistant to chemical attack. 5. The principal object in proportioning concrete is the production of a durable material of adequate strength and watertightness (водонепроницаемость). 6. The factors that condition the selection of materials for construction include availability, cost and physical properties. 7. This material has an extremely high rate of strength increase. 8. Timber, steel and concrete vary over considerable ranges in the properties desired by the engineer and the latter should take them into consideration in selecting the materials. 9. The most accurate method of measuring proportions for concrete is to weigh the required quantities of each material.

6. Дайте русским словосочетаниям английские эквиваленты.

1. (Самым важным качеством) of concrete is its property to be formed into large and strong monolithic units.

2. Concrete is made by mixing cement, sand, gravel, and water (в нужных количествах).

3. The characteristics of concrete depend on (от качества используемых материалов).

4. (Бетон применялся египтянами, римлянами) in the construction of aqueducts and bridges.

5. (Так как цемент не был известен в то время) concrete was made of clay and later of gypsum and lime.

7. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря следующий текст:

significant - значительный

comparatively - сравнительно

recently - недавно

owing to - благодаря

in respect to - что касается

Text

One of the most significant facts about both industry and building has been research on synthetics and plastics. Plastics have appeared comparatively recently but, owing to their valuable and diverse properties, have found a wide application in many industrial fields (machine- building, aviation, textile industry, etc.).

In respect to physical and mechanical properties at a normal temperature of 20°C all plastics are divided into rigid, semi-rigid, soft and plastic. In respect to the number of constituents plastics may be classified as simple and complex.

Plastics consisting of one polymer are referred to as simple. Thus organic glass (plexiglass) consists of one synthetic resin. But in the building field we usually deal with complex plastics, e.g. plastics consisting of a polymer and other components.

8. Подберите английские эквиваленты к следующим русским словосочетаниям:

1. успешно используются		1. reinforced concrete elements
2. свойства материалов		2. fine aggregate
3. в зависимости от применения		3. properties of the materials
4. широкое применение		4. high rate of strength
5. строительный материал		5. depending on application
6. железобетонные элементы		6. are utilized
7. мелкий заполнитель		7. wide application
8. раствор		8. mortar
9. высокая прочность		9. building material
10. прочность на сжатие		10. compressive strength

9. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Why is concrete the most important building material?

2. What are the main components used for making concrete?

3. What new classes of cement are there?

4. What are the oldest building materials?

5. What are their properties?

6. What are the “cellular” concretes?

7. What do you study at the University?+

10. Расскажите о вашей специальности.

ECONOMY - MY FIELD OF STUDY

1. Отчитайте следующие слова и словосочетания, выучите их наизусть:

a) to allocate	['xlqkeIt]	распределять, ассигновать
to buy	[bQI]	Покупать
to comprise	[kqm'prQIz]	включать в себя, состоять из..
to choose	['Cu:z]	Выбирать
to deal (with)	['dJl]	иметь дело (с)
to decide (on, about)	[dIsQId]	решать (что-либо)
to defend	[dI'fqnd]	защищать
to distinguish	[dIs'tIngwIS]	различать, характеризовать
to export	[Iks'pLt]	экспортировать
to forecast	['fO:kRst]	прогнозировать, предсказывать, отличать
to import	[Im'pLt]	импортировать
to pay	[peI]	платить
to play a part	['pleI q'pRt]	играть роль
to predict	[prI'dIkt]	предсказывать
to produce	[prq'djHs]	производить, выпускать
to provide	[prq'vaId]	обеспечивать, снабжать
to satisfy	['sxtIsfaI]	Удовлетворять
to serve	['sq:v]	служить, обслуживать
to shape	[SeIp]	Формировать
b) authorities	[L'TOrItIz]	власть, - и
government	['gAvnment]	Правительство
administration of justices	[qdmInIs'treIS(q)n qf'GAstIsIz]	юридические (судебные органы)
firefighting services	['faIq'faItIN 'sq:vIsIz]	служба (противопожарная)
national defence	['nxSnql dI'fqns]	государственная безопасность
business environment	['bIznqs In'vaIrqnment]	деловая среда
customs duties	['kAstqmz 'dju:tIz]	таможенная пошлина
Congestion	[kqn'GesC(q)n]	Перегруженность
Economists	[I'kOnqmists]	Экономисты
labour economist	['leIbq "I'kOnqmist]	экономист по труду
energy economist	['enqGI "I'kOnqmist]	экономист в области энергетики
international economist	[Intq'nxSnql "I'kOnqmist]	экономист международник
monetary economist	['mAnItqrI "I'kOnqmist]	финансовый экономист
matter (s)	['mxtq(z)]	вопрос(ы)
monetary	['mAnitqrI 'flOuz]	денежные потоки
social security benefits	['souS(q)l sik'juqrItI 'benefits]	социальное обеспечение
c) in this connection	[In 'DIs kq'nekS(q)n]	в этой связи
as well as	[xz'welqz]	Также
as viewed by	["xz'vju:Id baI]	с точки зрения
of great significance	[qv'greIt sIg'nIfIkqns]	большого значения

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

My field of study is economics. It comprises millions of people and thousands of firms as well as the government and local authorities. They all make decisions about prices and wages, what to buy, sell, produce, export, import and many other matters. All these organizations and the decisions they take play a prominent part in shaping the business environment not only in the country, over the globe but in any place one lives in. The complete economy involves many millions of economic aspects. The economists deal with forecasting future economic trends, economic information, monetary flows, employment, tax and social security benefits, investments, savings and customs duty.

The segment of economic life in which they are interested distinguishes the economists. There are labour economists, energy economists, monetary economists, and international economists. They have to decide the problems of the labour market as viewed by firms, workers, and society as a whole. The specialists also deal with city problems: land use, transport, congestion, housing, etc.

The economy is surely to be complicated and difficult to predict and to control, but it is of great significance. And my aim is to become a good qualified specialist able to solve a certain range of problems associated both with our proper life and global economic environment.

3. Прочитайте следующие однокоренные слова, определите какой частью речи они являются, переведите их на русский язык.

Administrate - administrator - administration

Allocate - allocated - allocation - allocative

Defend - defended - defensive - defence

Economy - economic(al) - economist - economics

Limit - limited - unlimited - limitation

Specialize - specialized - specialist

4. Прочитайте следующие словосочетания, переведите их на русский язык:

To make decisions on (about) prices; what to produce; to be difficult to predict; to play a prominent part; to shape the business environment; to allocate scarce resources; to satisfy unlimited wants.

5. Прочитайте текст еще раз, найдите английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

формировать среду (окружение), место проживания, прогнозирование экономических тенденций, денежные потоки, льготы по социальному обеспечению, таможенная пошлина, сбережения, рынок труда, занятость, землеполь-зование, определенный ряд проблем.

6. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

What is the field of your study?

What do economists make decisions about?

What organizations play an imporbont part in shaping the business environment?

What do the economists deal with?

What economy's branches do they work in?

What problems is the specialist able to solve?

7. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык, пользуясь лексикой текста:

Все эти организации решают вопросы, связанные с ценами, налогами, льготами, инвестициями и т.д.

Их решения играют значительную роль в создании деловой среды (обстановки).

В целом экономика включает в себя множество экономических аспектов.

Экономисты различаются в зависимости от того, в какой области экономики они работают.

5. Экономисты должны решать проблемы рынка занятости как с точки зрения фирмы, рабочих, так и общества в целом.

6. Безусловно, экономика - сложный и трудный предмет в плане прогнозирования и контроля.

8. Прочитайте текст “Economy - my field of study” и перескажите его.

9. Прочитайте следующий текст, передайте содержание по-английски.

Common Market

In 2002 the European Common market (EC) had 45 years of history behind it. The organization established by six countries (France, Spain, Holland, West Germany, Belgium and Italy) has grown to 15 member states. Few countries would like to join the Common Market.

It is the fact of modern life that some trade, economic, social, technological projects would not be possible without international cooperation.

In the EC countries there are no trade barriers. The capitals and goods flow freely.

10. Найдите информацию о странах членах общего экономического рынка, заполните таблицу:

EC member state	Capital	Language	Currency
1. Belgium	Brussels	French, Flemish	franc
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

В каком году было подписано Шенгенское соглашение?

Какие страны поддержали его?

11. Расскажите о вашей специальности.

PROFESSION OF AN ECONOMIST

Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

future	['fjHCq]	будущее
thorough	['TArq]	полный
theory	['TIqrI]	теория
various	['vFqrIqs]	различный
long-run	['lON'rAn]	долгосрочный
diversified	[daI'vWsIfaId]	разнообразный
desire	[dI'zaIq]	желание
to graduate from	['grxdjueIt]	заканчивать (вуз)
surface	['sWfIs]	поверхность
to belong to	[bI'lON]	принадлежать,относиться
to involve	[In'vOlv]	включать в себя
to look for	['lukfL]	искать
to employ	[Im'plOI]	нанимать, использовать
to manage	['mxnIG]	руководить, справляться
invoice	['InvOIs]	накладная, фактура, счет
the Stock Exchange	[stOk Iks'CeInG]	биржа
contribution	[kOntribjHSqn]	вклад

Прочитайте и переведите текст на русский язык.

I'm a second-year student of the Bratsk State University. I belong to the Engineering Economics Faculty. In the near future I shall graduate from the University and become a professional economist. I'm sure that the profession of an economist is one of the most important nowadays in view of the situation in our country.

What makes a good economist? Whatever he does, an economist should have thorough training in economic theory, mathematics, and our University offers such training. At the University we are taught various general and special subjects, such as Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, Management, Accounting, Marketing, Advertising, Money and Banking, Economic Theory, Econometrics, Statistics, Computer Science, Philosophy, Business Ethics, Foreign Languages and so on.

An economist needs some knowledge of the world outside his own country because both business and government are deeply involved in the world economy. Some knowledge of political and economic history will help him to expect changes and always look for basic long-run forces under the surface of things.

The profession of an economist is quite diversified. The graduates of our faculty work at educational institutions, various research centres and laboratories, in industry, business, banks, etc. You may continue your studies taking the Post-graduate Courses if you have a desire and abilities to become a scientist or a professor.

Being employed in industry and business, our graduates work as managers. Some of them work as accountants.

An accountant is one of the most prestigious and widely required professions of an economist in any society. You shouldn't confuse the term an “accountant” with that of a “book-keeper”. While a book-keeper is mostly involved in calculations, like balance sheets, income statements, invoices, an accountant is responsible for designing the financial policy of a company.

Some of our graduates work at banks and at the Stock Exchange as brokers, others work for the government or are employed by various agencies and by military services.

Knowing the economic laws of the development of society, economists can solve many problems facing our country and I hope I'll manage to make my contribution to this process too.

Научитесь правильно произносить следующие слова:

macroeconomics		['mxkrO(u)Jkq'nOmIks]
marketing		['mRkItIN]
economy		[I'kLnqmI]
statistics		[stq'tIstIks]
ethics		['eTIks]

Прочитайте текст еще раз и найдите эквиваленты а) слов и словосочетаний; б) предложений.

а) второкурсник;

сегодня, теперь;

тщательная подготовка;

общие и специальные предметы;

и бизнес, и правительство.

б) 1. Я уверен, что профессия экономиста - одна из самых важных, учитывая экономическую ситуацию в нашей стране.

2. Профессия экономиста имеет широкое применение.

3. Если у Вас есть желание и способности стать ученым, вы можете продолжить обучение в аспирантуре.

Восстановите по памяти (на русском языке), в каком контексте упоминаются следующие английские слова и словосочетания:

the world outside his own country

always look for

research centres

accountant and book-keeper

the Stock Exchange

Прослушайте дикторскую запись указанных ниже предложений. Постарайтесь понять, какие слова и словосочетания в них отсутствуют. Повторите полные предложения.

I am ___________ of Bratsk State ___________ University.

In the near future ____________ and become ____________ .

At the University we are taught various ___________ and _________ subjects, such as ___________ , ____________ …

Some of us work as __________ .

While a book-keeper is mostly involved in ____________ , like _______ , ___________ , __________ , an accountant is responsible for _________ of the company.

Научитесь читать следующие вопросительные предложения, имитируя интонацию диктора. Ответьте на вопросы.

Why is the profession of an economist one of the most important nowadays in our country?

What makes a good economist?

In what way do accountants differ from book-keepers?

How can you continue your studies after graduating from the University?

What does the profession of an economist contribute to?

Разделите текст на логические части и озаглавьте их.

Прослушайте тексты и ответьте на вопросы.

а)

1. What are the general types of business?

2. What business is better and why?

As we know there are two general types of business: small business on the one hand and big business on the other. Many people think that small business is more interesting than big business. At the same time they think it is more popular than the big one. Experience shows that small business is better for the people who own it and big business is better for the employees who work in it. In small business labour costs are less than in big business. So poor people can make more profit.

But in big business richer people can spend money on all types of costs and stimulate worker with higher wages.

б)

What problems do you have to solve setting up a business?

What are the types of work?

To set up a new business you have to solve a number of problems. For example, supply, the price for supply, premises and so on. All this depends on the type of your work because you may work as a sole trader, a partnership or a limited company. To work as a sole trader means that you are personally responsible for the business. Partnership means a group of people (between two and twenty) working as one firm. A limited company is a company formed by two or more shareholders who put money into business and get share of the profit.

Расскажите о своей специальности на английском языке.

ECONOMIST IN THE SPHERE OF FINANCE AND CREDIT

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

thorough training	['TArq 'treInIN]	должная подготовка
cooperate with	[kou'OpqreIt]	сотрудничать с
to prevent	[prI'vent]	мешать, предотвращать
valuables	['vxljuqblz]	ценности
possession	[pq'zeSn]	владение (имуществом), собственность
allocate	['xlqkeit]	распределять, ассигновать, назначать
current account	['kArent q'kQunt]	текущий счет
deposit account	[dI'pOzIt q'kQunt]	депозитный счет
interest	['Intrqst]	процент, доля в деле
intermediary	["Intq:'mI:djqrI]	посредник, посредничество
loan	[lOun]	Заем
employ	[Im'plOI]	нанимать на работу, применять

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

I'm a second-year student of the Economics and Management Faculty of the Bratsk State University. In the near future I'll graduate from the University and become a professional economist in the sphere of finance and credit. I'm sure that the profession of an economist is one of the most important nowadays in view of the situation in our country.

What makes a good economist? Whatever he does, an economist should have a thorough training in economic theory, mathematics and statistics and our University offers such training. At the University we are taught various general and special subjects, such as Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, Management, Accounting, Marketing, Advertising, Money and Banking, Economic Theory, Econometrics, Statistics, Computer Science, Philosophy, Business Ethics, Foreign Languages, etc. Specialist in the sphere of finance and credit must also know everything connected with the bank's activities.

Banks are closely concerned with the flow of money into and out of the economy. They often cooperate with governments in efforts to stabilize economies and to prevent inflation. They are specialists in the business of providing capital, and in allocating funds on credit. Banks were originated as places to which people took their valuables for safekeeping, but today the great banks of the world have many functions in addition to acting as guardians of valuable private possessions.

Banks normally receive money from their customers in two distinct forms: on current account, and on deposit account. With a current account, a customer can issue personal cheques. No interest is usually paid by the bank on this type of account. With a deposit account, however, the customer undertakes to leave his money in the bank for a minimum specified period of time. Interest is paid on this money. The bank in turn lends the deposited money to customers who need capital. This activity earns interest for the bank, and this interest is almost always at a higher rate than any interest, which the bank pays to its depositors. In this way the bank makes its main profits.

We can say that the primary function of a bank today is to act as an intermediary between depositors who wish to snake interest on their savings, and borrowers who wish to obtain capital. The bank is a reservoir of loanable money, with streams of money flowing in and out. For this reason, economists and financiers often talk of money being `liquid', or of the `liquidity' of money. Many small sums which might not otherwise be used as capital are rendered useful simply because the bank acts as a reservoir.

The system of banking rests upon a basis of trust. Innumerable acts of trust build up the system of which bankers, depositors and borrowers are part. They all agree to behave in certain predictable ways in relation to each other, in relation to the rapid fluctuations of credit and debit. Consequently, business can be done and cheques can be written without any legal tender visibly changing hands.

Having received theoretical and practical knowledge in economics the graduates of our faculty work at educational institutions, various research centers and laboratories, in industry, business and banks. They may continue their studies taking the Post-graduate Courses or Doctorate if they have a desire and abilities to become scientists or professors. Scientists in the field of Economics create new theories and models, test their hypotheses and carry out economic researches.

Being employed in industry and business, our graduates work as managers, executive managers, sales managers, financial managers, etc. Some of them work at the banks and at the Stock Exchange as brokers, others work for the government or are employed by various agencies.

Knowing the economic laws of the development of the society, economists can solve many problems facing our country and I hope I'll manage to make my contribution to this process too.

3. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What faculty do you belong to?

2. What is your future specialty?

3. What makes a good economist?

4. What subjects are taught at the University?

5. What are the functions of the banks?

6. How can you continue your studies after graduating from the Economics and Management Faculty?

7. Where can the graduates of your faculty work?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих выражений:

В ближайшем будущем; одна из самых важных сейчас; сотрудничать с правительством; определенный срок; по этой причине; по отношению друг к другу; следовательно; желание и способности; создавать новые модели; проводить исследования; экономические законы.

5. Прочитайте и переведите тексты на русский язык.

а) Credit and crediting. Credit - transactions between two parties in which one (the creditor or lender) supplies money, goods, services, or securities in return for a promised future payment by the other (the debtor or borrower). [Creditor is someone who money is owed to. Debtor is someone who owes money.] C...