Английский язык

The profession of a psychologist deals with a person, his feelings, his inner world and studies a human nature and behavior. Most people still don't realize the importance of psychology in every sphere of human life. For me, one of the central problems is the person's character which is known to be influenced both by hereditary and environmental factors. I must study a lot of special and additional literature and do my best to become a highly-qualified specialist in my field.

My future profession is quite diversified and the graduates of our faculty can work not only at secondary schools, at the higher educational establishments but also at different offices as psychological advisors. They may continue their studies taking the post-graduate courses if they have a desire to become scientists.

I don't know yet if I shall make a good teacher or be a succes in some other field of social life. But I'm sure that my knowledge received at the University will help me in my future work.

3. Найдите в тексте предложения со следующими интернациональными словами, прочитайте их и переведите; придумайте с ними свои предложения:

pedagogics, psychology, character, activity, sympathy, specialization, creative, nature, psychological, intellect;

4. Прочитайте текст еще раз. Найдите в тексте:

а) эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

будущая профессия, быстроразвивающаяся наука, овладеть специальностью, глубокое знание предмета, пытливый ум, творческая активность, научная работа, характер человека, во всех сферах человеческой жизни, высшее учебное заведение, добиться успеха в будущей работе.

b) эквиваленты следующих предложений:

В качестве своей будущей профессии я избрал психологию.

Я также думаю, что психология - это быстро развивающаяся наука и что у меня всегда будет работа.

После двух лет обучения начинается специализация.

В конце четвертого курса студентов направляют на несколько месяцев в школу для того, чтобы получить практический опыт преподавателя.

Большинство людей все еще не осознают важность психологии во всех сферах человеческой деятельности.

Они могут продолжить учебу в аспирантуре, если хотят стать учеными.

Неизвестно, стану ли я хорошим учителем или же добьюсь успеха в другой области общественной жизни.

5. “Memory Test”. Восстановите по памяти на русском языке, в каком контексте встречаются следующие английские словосочетания:

a well-educated person with broad outlook;

to develop one's intellect;

to reflect the wide range of one's interest;

to be influenced both by hereditary and environmental factors;

to become a highly-qualified specialist.

6. Прослушайте дикторскую запись приведенных ниже предложений. Постарайтесь понять, какие слова в них отсутствуют. Повторите полные предложения.

In the near future I'll graduate from the University and become …

Also, I think that … is a fast developing science and I'll always have …

A teacher should have … of sympathy, kindness ad an inquiring mind.

At the University we … various subjects.

Many students of our department … in scientific work.

I must study a lot of … and do my best to become a highly-qualified specialist in my field.

7. Научитесь читать следующие вопросительные предложения, имитируя интонацию диктора. Ответьте на вопросы.

Where do you study?

What's your future profession?

Why have you chosen psychology as your future profession?

What makes a good teacher?

What qualities should a teacher have?

What subjects are you taught at the University?

When does your specialization begin?

Does your faculty provide all necessary conditions for developing the students' creative activity?

What does the profession of a psychologist deal with?

Where can the graduates of your faculty work?

8. Разделите текст на логические части и озаглавьте их.

9. Прочитайте следующие тексты и ответьте на вопросы:

What is the main idea of the text?

Do you agree with the author's point of view?

What's your own opinion?

Gradually more and more patients came to see Freud, and with each patient he tried to learn something new about his work. He also tried to analyze himself. He realized that some of the ideas that affect people are unconscious - we don't know about them though they are in our own minds. Freud said that people may do things without knowing the real reason why they are doing it.

gradually - постепенно;

affect - влиять;

unconscious - бессознательный;

The education of children starts as soon as they are born; girls wear pink and boys wear blue; boys play with guns and girls play with dolls. Boys are allowed to make more noise and cause more trouble, while girls are supposed to be more interested in talking to and understanding people. This kind of education prepares boys for power in the world but for little else.

Some doctors give names to these two personality types: Type A and type B people. Type As work very hard, worry a lot, and are often bad-tempered. Type Bs are the opposite. They don't worry. Work's not so important to them and they don't get angry easily. They like to relax a lot and have fun. The doctors say it is better for your health and your heart if you are a Type B person. So what are you? Type A or type B?

Fear is a terrible thing. I suppose, if I asked you what you were afraid of, you would answer lions or tigers or mice, or ghosts, heights, or some other wild animal. Perhaps you would reply that you were afraid when you walked in the forest alone on a dark windy night; when you were alone in the house and the wind moved the bushes in the dark outside. Fear can take many forms, but really, most of the time, we are only slightly frightened, not terrified.

10. Расскажите:

а) о вашей специальности;

в) о роли вашей специальности в обществе.

HISTORIAN

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

historian	[hIs'tLrIqn]	историк
to be fond of	[bI 'fOnd Ov]	увлекаться чем-либо
shortly before	['SLtlI bI'fL]	незадолго до
make up one's mind	[meIk 'Ap 'wAns 'maInd]	принимать решение
Modern History	['mOdqn 'hIstqrI]	новая история
Contemporary (History)	[kqn'tempqrqrI]	новейшая (история)
foresee	[fL'sI:]	предвидеть
precede	[prI:sI:d]	предшествовать
to wage (war)	[weIG]	вести (войну)
manage	['mxnIG]	справляться
unleash	[An'lJS]	развязывать

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Historian

I'm in my third year of the Humanitarian and Pedagogical Faculty at the Bratsk State University. Our faculty was founded in 1997. At present students study here. I must say that I'm very interested in the subjects which I have chosen of all humanities as my future specialty. History was my favorite subject at school. I was fond of reading historical novels describing life, culture and political events in different countries of the world. It was shortly before leaving school that I made up my mind to enter this faculty and take up History seriously as my future profession.

History (from Greek `historia') is a process of developing nature and society. History as a science studies the past of mankind in all its variety and concreteness. “Historia est magistra vitae”, said an ancient philosopher.

There are many historical subjects in our programme: Ancient History, the Middle Ages, Russian and Regional History, Modern and Contemporary History, etc.

History interests me as a science because it helps people understand and explain the processes going on in various aspects of human life. It also helps people foresee the course of events in future. But it is impossible to study any particular period of history if one doesn't know a lot about what preceded it and what came after it.

Historians study and describe the historic events taking place in different epochs and in different countries. Their descriptions and analyses should be strictly objective and scientific.

If we look at the historic past we can see that the entire history of human society is that of wars and struggle for power, as well as people's revolts for better life and freedom. Wars in different times and in different countries, except just ones, were waged with the purpose of conquering other lands and peoples, with making profits on the resources of oppressed nations.

Since World War II a lot has been done by peace-loving nations to save the world from a new global catastrophe. But nobody managed to prevent local wars unleashed in different parts of the planet and taking away thousands of people's lives. Peace and peaceful co-existence remain the key problem of our epoch.

The profession of a historian is quite diversified. The graduates of our Faculty can work as teachers and research workers at secondary and higher schools, different museums and archives. Many of them have become scientists or have chosen public activity as their career.

Whether I shall make a good teacher or become successful in some other field of social life remains to be seen. But I'm sure that my knowledge received at the University will help me succeed in my future work.

3. Ответьте на вопросы.

1) What faculty and year are you in?

2) What period of World History do you study this year?

3) Why do wars and revolts occupy a considerable place in human society?

4) What does history as a science study?

5) Why are you interested in history and what period attracts you most?

6) Have you already chosen the theme of your diploma work?

7) What historic period will it deal with?

8) Where would you like to work after graduating from the University?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих выражений:

романы, описывающие жизнь, культуру и политические события; поступать на этот факультет; будущая профессия; процесс развития; исторические события, происходящие в различные периоды времени и в различных странах; миролюбивые народы; предотвращать внутренние войны; выпускники нашего факультета; главная задача нашего времени.

5. Прочитайте и переведите диалоги, выучите их наизусть.

а)

History Science

Professor: What is History?

Student: It's a science dealing with the development of human society.

Professor: When did historical thought appear?

Student: I think it goes back as far as the 4th-3rd millennium B.C.

Professor: You are quite right. Could you give me the names of the most famous ancient historians?

Student: Certainly. They are: Herodotus, who was the "father of History", Xenophon and Polybius. They all соme from Ancient Greece. As to the historians of Ancient Rome Titus, Tacitus and Plutarch are most well-known.

Professor: Тhat's right. What can be said about the first historical writings? What were they like?

Student: As far as I know they were stone inscriptions, reviews and chronicles showing various events in Egypt, Babylon, Assyria and Persia.

Professor: Exactly so. Do you know any Russian historians of the 18th or 19th century?

Student: If I am not mistaken, Russian historiography was represented by Karamzin, Granovsky, Solovyev, Kluchevsky and others.

Professor: So much for today. See you tomorrow.

Herodotus [he'rod?tas] -- Геpодот

Xenophon ['zenqfqn] -- Кceнoфoнт

Polibius [pO'1ibiqs] -- Пoлибий

Greece [gri:s] -- Греция

Rome [roum] - Рим

Titus ['taitqs] -- Тит

Tacitus ['txsitqs] -- Тацит

Plutarch ['plHta:k] -- Плутарх

Egypt ['i:GIpt] -- Египет

Babylon ['bxbIlqn] - Bавилон

Assyria [q'siqriq] -- Аccиpия

Persia ["pq:Sq] -- Перcия

human society ['hju:man sq'saiqtI] -- человеческое общество

to appear [q'pIq] -- появляться

millennium [mI'lenIqm] -- тысячeлетие

stone inscriptions -- надписи на камнях

reviews [rI'vju:z] -- обзоры

chronicles [k'rOniklz] -- летописи

to deal with -- рассматривать, иметь дело

to go as far back as --восходить

What were they like? --что они из себя представляли?

So much for today. -- Ha сегодня достаточно.

If I am not mistaken -- ecли я нe ошибаюcь

B.C. (Before Christ) -- до н.э.

A.D. (Anno Domini) -- н.э.

Exactly so -- совершенно верно

to represent -- представлять

б)

At the University

Applicant: What department do you study at?

The 3rd year student: I'm a 3rd year student of the History Department. I've already passed my last exams and soon I'll have my museum practice.

A. I am going to take entrance exams this summer. I've chosen History - as my future profession. I hope to pass the еxam successfully but many applicants failed last year.

S. It depends on your knowledge. If you study well and if yоu're fond of History, you'll be enrolled in the University.

A. Is it difficult to study at the History Department?

S. If you work hard at all lectures, tutorials and seminars, if you read a lot of specialized literature and analyze it, then I hope you'll be a good historian.

A. What subjects did you study when you were a first-year student?

S. We studied Archaeology, Ancient History, Latin, Russian History (the period of feudalism), English and some other subjects. At the end of each term we took tests and exams. Each year we present an essay to our scientific adviser and make contributions in class and sometimes at the students' conferences on historical themes/topics.

A. It sounds attractive.

S. I'm sure you'll enjoy your studies at the University. I wish you good luck at your entrance exams.

A. Thanks a lot.

applicant - абитуриент

department - факультет, отделение, кафедра

to take (pass) an exam - держать (сдать) экзамен

to fail in (at) - провалиться нa экзамене

to be going to - собираться (намереваться) что-либо сделать

entrance exam - вступительный экзамен

success - успех

successfully - успешно

to depend on (upon) -- зависеть от

to be fond of = to like

to be enrolled in -- быть зачисленным в

hard - усердно

Archaeology - археология

to present an essay -- представить курсовую работу

test - зачет

scientific -- научный

adviser -- руководитель

it sounds attractive -- звучит привлекательно

to enjoy -- получать удовольствие

luck -- удача

6. Прочитайте и переведите текст на русский язык.

The Primitive Community

The history of mankind begins with the primitive community. The appearance of new tools and new methods of labour led to the replacement of the human herd by the clan. Several clans, that is communities, or related individuals formed a tribe. Both the tribe and the clan were governed by elders who were chosen for their life experience and knowledge. The human herd and the clan were two consecutive stages in the development of primitive society.

The related members of the clan jointly owned their hunting grounds and the lands which they tilled. They lived and worked together, and consumed in common the products of their labour. Since they lived together in groups, they could provide themselves with food and keep fires burning.

The primitive human herd possesses the simplest tools: a hand-axe, a digging stock and a wooden club. Thousands of years passed before stone tools were replaced by those made of metal (bronze, iron). When people invented the harpoon, they took up fishing. The invention of bows and arrows helped to start cattle-breeding, and axes made it possible to go over to farming.

In primitive society there was no private property, therefore there were no classes and no exploitation -- that is, appropriation by the rich of the fruits of other men's labour. Since there were no classes, there was no state system, that is no armed forces, no prisons, no courts, no overseers, and no government bodies.

7. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

первобытная община, первобытное общество, человеческое стадо, род, племя, образовать племя, старейшины, орудия труда (металлические, бронзовые, железные, каменные), дубинка, лук, топор, стрела, мотыга, управлять, заниматься (охотой, рыбной ловлей, сельским хозяйством, разведением скота), выбирать, владеть, обеспечивать, изобретать, заменять, еда, огонь, совместно, сообща.

8. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. What does the history of mankind begin with?

2. What led to the replacement of the human herd by the clan?

3. Who governed the clan?

4. What tools had the people?

5. What was their main occupation?

6. What was the structure of primitive society?

9. Прослушайте текст, озаглавьте его и ответьте на вопрос: What holiday do the people of North Carolina celebrate during the third week in September and why?

Indians were the first people to live in our country. That is why they are called Native Americans. Because they were here before the white settlers, it is important to remember and thank the Indians. Indians gave modern Americans many gifts and taught the settlers many new ways of doing things. Each year in North Carolina we celebrate Indian Heritage Week during the third week in September.

Heritage -- наследие; gift - дap

10. Прослушайте текст, озаглавьте его и ответьте на вопросы:

1. Did the Indians live in caves?

2. What materials did they use for their dwellings?

3. Could one find any pieces of furniture there?

Indians in North Carolina did not live in teepees. Most of the Indians in North Carolina lived in small buildings made of wood and reeds. The frame of the house was made from wooden poles that were tied together. The walls and roof were made from reed mats or sheets of tree bark. Long tables or benches were usually the only furniture in their structures.

teepee = wigwam -- дом, помещение

reed = rush - тростник, камыш

pole -- кол, жердь, столб

mat -- настил

11. Расскажите о вашей будущей профессии.

THE PROFESSION OF A LAWYER

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

the Law Faculty	['lL'fxkqltI]	юридический факультет
a lawyer	['lOIq]	юрист, правовед
highly-qualified	['haIlI'kwOlIfaId]	высококвалифицированный
specialist	['speSqlIst]	специалист
field	[fJld]	область, сфера
additional	[q'dISqnl]	дополнительный
justice	['GAstIs]	правосудие, справедливость
to exercise	['Fksq"saIz]	осуществлять, применять
on the principles of	на принципах…
equality	[I'kwOlqtI]	равенство, равноправие
before the law and the court	[bI'fL Dq 'lL xnd Dq 'kLt]	перед законом и судом
social	['squSql]	общественный, социальный
property standing	['prOpqtI'stxndIN]	имущественное положение
official standing	[q'fISql' stxndIN]	общественное положение
Regardless	[rI'gRdlqs]	независимо; невзирая на…
to presume	[prI'zjHm]	допускать, считать доказанным
innocent	['Inqsqnt]	невиновный, невинный
guarantee	["gxrqn'tJ]	гарантия, обязательство
guilty	['gIltI]	виновный
diversified	[daI'vWsIfaId]	разнообразный
graduate	['grxdjuIt]	выпускник
investigator	[In'vestIgeItq]	следователь
defence councel	[dI'fens'kaunsql]	адвокат, защитник
legal consultant	['lJgql kqn'sAltqnt]	юрисконсульт
the law-governed state	['lL'gAvqnd steIt]	правовое государство
to exist	[Ig'zIst]	существовать
duty	['djutI]	долг, обязанность
crime	[kraIm]	преступление
hooliganism	['hHlIgqnIzm]	хулиганство
stealing	['stJlIN]	воровство, кража
murder	['mWdq]	убийство
traffic violation	['trxfIk"vQIq'leISn]	нарушение правил дорожного движения
to do one's best	делать все возможное
to punish	['pAnIS]	наказывать
to prevent	[prI'vent]	предотвращать
to fight (against)	['fQIt]	бороться с чем-либо
society	[sq'sQIqtI]	общество
legal interests	['lJgql'Intqrqsts]	законные интересы
to provide	[prq'vaId]	обеспечивать
condition	[kqn'dISn]	условие
creative	[krI'eItIv]	творческий
activity	[xk'tIvItI]	деятельность
to be engaged (in smth.)	[In'geIGd]	заниматься (чем-либо)
to reflect	[rI'flFkt]	отражать
the Post-graduate courses	аспирантура
Sociology	["squSI'OlqGI]	социология
Roman Law	['rqumqn'lL]	римское право
Labour Law	['leIbq'lL]	трудовое право
Civil Law	['sIvql'lL]	гражданское право
Family Law	['fxmIlI'lL]	семейное право
Constitutional Law	["kOnstI'tjHSqnl'lL]	конституционное право
Administrative Law	[qd'mInIstrqtIv'lL]	административное право
the Theory of State and Law	['TiqrI "qv 'steIt xnd 'lL]	теория государства и права

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст со словарем.

MY FUTURE PROFESSION

I'm a second-year student of the Bratsk State University. I study at the Law Faculty. In three years I'll graduate from the University and become a professional lawyer. To be a highly-qualified specialist in his field one must know much. So at the University we are taught various general and special subjects: Philosophy, Sociology, Foreign Languages, Roman Law, Labour Law, Civil Law, Family Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, the Theory of State and Law and many others. Besides I should study a lot of additional literature. After two years of studying general subjects specialization begins.

I should also say that our faculty provides all necessary conditions for developing the students' creative activity. Many students of our department are engaged in scientific work. The themes of the students' research reflect the wide range of their interests. The graduates of our faculty may continue their studies taking the post-graduate courses if they have a desire to become scientists.

As you know, in our country justice is exercised on the principles of equality of citizens before the law and the court, regardless of social position, property and official standing, nationality and race. All people before the court are presumed innocent, until the court, having observed all procedural guarantees, finds them guilty.

The profession of a lawyer is quite diversified. Lawyers have to solve many problems that still exist in our society. The graduates of our faculty can work as investigators, judges, defence councels, legal consultants. The duty of lawyers is not only to punish people for various crimes: hooliganism, stealing, murder, traffic violation etc. They must do their best to prevent crimes, to fight against evil in our society. The lawyers protect the rights and legal interests of citizens, institutions and organizations. I think that now the profession of a lawyer is one of the most important in the law-governed state.

3. Найдите в тексте русские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

additional literature, the law-governed state, to fight against evil, scientific work, traffic violations, still exist, Civil Law, a highly-qualified specialist, stealing, to solve, legal interests, social position, to prevent crimes, society, property, all procedural guarantees, all necessary conditions, a professional lawyer, a desire to become a scientist.

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

независимо от, обязанность юристов, специализация, занимаются научной работой, правосудие, адвокат, законные интересы граждан, римское право, профессиональный юрист, наказывать, виновный, невиновный, следователь, широкий круг, защищать права, преступление, юридический факультет, делать все возможное, теория государства и права.

5. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What faculty do you study at?

2. What's your future profession?

3. What subjects are you taught at the University?

4. When does specialization begin?

5. In what ways do the students develop their creative activity?

6. On what principles is justice exercised in our country?

7. What can the graduates of your faculty work as?

8. What is the duty of lawyers?

9. What does the term “the presumption of innocence” mean?

10. Why is your future profession considered to be one of the most important in the law-governed state?

6. Пользуясь словарем, определите значения следующих фразовых глаголов и используйте их по смыслу в тексте вместо слов, данных в скобках:

Make off - get away with - break into - hand over - give up - hold up - make for

Yesterday, the robbers 1….. (forced an entry into) the National Midland Bank in the High Street soon after closing time. They 2….. (threatened with guns) the stuff, and forced the manager to 3….. (give them) Ј50.000 in cash. The robbers ran out of the bank and 4….. (escaped) in a stolen car, and were last seen 5….. (going in the direction of) the London Road. Police have warned the public that these men are very dangerous, and are unlikely to 6….. (surrender) without a fight. Said Chief Inspector Ralph Smith: “We're sure that we'll catch them soon. They won't 7….. (avoid punishment for) it”.

7. Переведите следующие однокоренные слова и определите, к какой части речи они относятся:

§ to accuse - accused - accuser - accusal - accusant - accusational - accusation;

§ to examine - examination - examinator - examining - examined - examinable;

§ to interrogate - interrogation - interrogator - interrogatory;

§ to investigate - investigator - investigation;

§ to prosecute - prosecutor - prosecution - prosecuting - prosecutable - prosecutive;

§ to suspect - suspect - suspected - suspicion - suspicious - suspiciously;

§ to witness - witness - witnessing.

8. Разделите текст «My Future Profession» на логические части и озаглавьте их.

9. Прочитайте тексты и ответьте на вопросы.

а) 1. Why are police officers sometimes called “bobbies”?

2. What does “pounding the beat” mean?

The British police officer - sometimes called the “bobby” after Sir Robert Peel, the founder of the police force - is a well-known figure to anyone who has visited Britain or has seen British films. Policemen - and women - are to be seen in towns and cities keeping law and order, either walking in the streets (“pounding the beat”) or driving in cars (known as “panda cars” because their distinctive markings). Few people realize, however, that the police in Britain are organized very differently from many other countries.

б) 1. What is the lowest professional rank in the British police?

2. What training should police officers get?

All members of the police must have gained a certain level of academic qualifications at school and undergone a period of intensive training. Like the army, there are a number of ranks: after the Chief Constable comes the Assistant Chief Constable, Chief Superintendent, Chief Inspector, Sergeant and Constable. Women make up about 10 per cent of the police force. The police are helped by a number of Special Constables - members of the public who work for the police voluntarily for a few hours a week.

10. Перескажите текст «My Future Speciality».

MATHEMATICS AND INFORMATICS

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова:

analysis	[q'nxlqsIs]	анализ
sign	[saIn]	знак, символ
symbol	['sImbql]	символ, эмблема, знак
Arabic	['xrqbIk]	арабский
numeral	['njHmqrql]	цифра
addition	[q'dISqn]	сложение
subtraction	[sqb'trxkSqn]	вычитание
multiplication	["mAltIplI'keISqn]	умножение
division	[dI'vIZqn]	деление
equality	[I:'kwOlItI]	равенство
relatively	['relqtIvlI]	относительно
exciting	[Ik'saItIN]	волнующий
discipline	['dIsIplIn]	дисциплина
device	[dI'vaIs]	устройство, прибор

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

My Future Speciality

I am a student of the Bratsk State University. My future speciality is connected with the teaching of mathematics and informatics. No problems in physics, mechanics and many other sciences can be solved without mathematics. Every field of mathematics involves different problems. It is an important subject for the students of science. Mathematics sometimes is called “the queen of sciences.” The language of mathematics may be called the language of science. It consists of signs and symbols. Some of the best known symbols of mathematics are the Arabic numerals (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0) and the signs of addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x), division (:), equality (=), and the alphabets: Greek, Latin, Gothic. People invented special devices to make computations easier, especially in dealing with large numbers. So modern science is impossible without computers. Computer science is a relatively new and exciting field of study and research. It is a broad discipline covering logic design, the theory of computation, numeral analysis, programming and computer application. That's why I decided to choose this profession.

3. Переведите следующие однокоренные слова, определите, какой частью речи они являются:

Mathematics - mathematician - mathematical.

Teach - teacher - teaching.

Study - student - studied - studious- studio - studentship.

Scientific - science - scientist.

Invent - invented - inventing - inventor - invention.

Compute - computation - computing - computer.

Special - specialist - specialize - specialization - specially -speciality.

Apply - application - applied.

Equal - equality - equalize - equation.

4. Расположите следующие слова в алфавитном порядке и переведите их:

fingers, numbers, count, instead of, systems, easy, digits, binary, ancient, hands, written, multiplication, rarely, octal, know, then, present, use, learn.

§ Сколько букв в английском алфавите?

§ Сколько букв не хватает в этом списке?

5. Дайте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных. Составьте с ними предложения.

Easy	Early	Ancient	Difficult

6. Подберите в русском языке слова, соответствующие следующим интернациональным словам:

system, user, figure, numeral, scale, number, special, especially, division, present, numeration, fractions, multiplication.

7. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Number Systems

Number systems were among the first words used when people began to talk but it has taken thousands of years for people to learn how to use numbers or the written figures which we call “numerals.”

In early days people often counted on a scale of three or four instead of ten and sometimes other number scales were used. Later they found it more convenient to count by tens using the fingers of both hands. We still use this scale in counting: that is, we count to ten; then to ten tens, then to ten times ten tens, and so on.

When people first began to use numbers they knew only one way to work with them: that was to count. Later they found out how to add, subtract and multiply. They invented special devices to make computations easier, especially in dealing with large numbers.

Division was not often needed in ancient times in comparison with multiplication, and it is far more rarely employed than addition and subtraction at the present time.

Besides the decimal number system which we commonly use there are other systems of numeration such as the binary, octal, etc. In the number systems we use digits. The Latin word ''digiti'' means “fingers.”

In ancient times it was very difficult to use fractions because they did not know any easy way of writing them. Decimal fractions were introduced in the 16-th. century and are now much more commonly used than common fractions.

8. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

только один способ, древние времена, десятичные дроби, простые дроби, место, потребовались тысячи лет, система исчисления, по сравнению, гораздо реже, особенно при работе (с), намного чаще.

9. Составьте все возможные типы вопросов к следующим предложениям:

People invented special devices to make computations easier, especially in dealing with large numbers.

Decimal fractions were introduced in the 16-th century.

It has taken thousands of years for people to learn how to use numbers.

10. Прочитайте письмо и напишите ответ:

Dear Sergei

How are you? I have received your letter of 10-th June for which I thank you very much. I am sorry I haven't written to you sooner, but I have had many things to do. You know it was a very hard year for me. I spent my time getting ready for my exams and I was doing well in many subjects.

After passing the exams I was enrolled into the University. The whole course of study is five years. My major subject is mathematics. It is my favorite and my hobby. I am good at it and do maths whenever I have a chance. I take many courses in this subject. I like to take part in mathematical competitions organized at our department and at the University. I think that mathematics is “the queen of sciences” and plays an important part in our life. We are lucky to have a brilliant lecturer in mathematics this term. He has a talent to take a difficult subject and make it simple. You leave the lecture hall with a feeling that mathematics is the most interesting subject under the sun. Next term I'll do research in the field of computer engineering.

Good-bye for the present,

your friend Mike.

11. Расскажите о вашей будущей профессии.

INFORMATION SYSTEM

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова:

computer	[kqm'pjHtq]	счетно-решающее устройство, компьютер
device	[dI'vaIs]	устройство, прибор
prior	['praIq]	веский, более важный
initially	[I'nISqlI]	в начальной стадии
applicable	['xplIkqbl]	применимый, пригодный, подходящий
complicate	['kOmplikeit]	усложнять
complicated	['kOmplikeitid]	сложный
digest	['daiGest]	сборник, справочник
digest	[dI'Gest]	классифицировать
inventory	['InvqntrI]	опись
purchase	['pq:Cqs]	покупка, стоимость
bill	[bIl]	счет
transaction	[trxn'zxkSqn]	дело, сделка
nowadays	['nauqdeiz]	в наши дни
payroll = paysheet		платежная ведомость
ongoing (going on)		поведение, повадки
Manipulate	[mq'nIpjuleIt]	- управлять, умело обращаться

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

My future speciality

I study at the University. My future speciality is the computer technology. Among different devices of calculation computers stand out as prior.

Personal Computers or simply PCs are a common feature of our life. Initially the computer was designed as a tool to manipulate numbers and thus solve arithmetic problems. At present it is applicable for a great variety of tasks.

Nowadays computers are considered to be complicated machines for doing arithmetic and logic. The computer is an important and powerful tool for collecting, recording, analysing and distributing tremendous masses of information.

Today it would be difficult to find any task that calls for the processing of large amount of information that is not performed by a computer. In science computers digest and analyse masses of measurements. In commerce they record and process inventories, purchases, bills, payrolls, bank deposits and the like and keep track on ongoing business transactions. In industry they monitor and control manufacturing processes. In government they keep statistics and analyse economic information.

Advanced automation is impossible without computers. Computer science is a relatively new and exciting field of study and research. It is a broad discipline covering logic design, the theory of computation, numeral analyses, programming and computer application.

All the students improve their knowledge of computer in the computing center of the University. Many students take part in the research work at the department of the faculty.

Those who graduate from our departments work as engineers and teachers. I am a second-year student and I am eager to master my speciality as it is very important and necessary nowadays.

3. Повторите слова вслух, обращая внимание на произношение.

future	['fjHCq]
feature	['fI:Cq]
prior	['praIq]
calculation	["kxlkju'leISqn]
arithmetic	[xrI'TmetIk]
logic	['lOGIk]
important	[Im'pLtqnt]
analyse	['xnqlaIz]
record (n)	['rekLd]
distribute	[dIs'trIbjHt]
process	[prq'ses]
digest	[dI'Gest]
measure	['meZq]
automation	["Ltq'meISqn]
discipline	['dIsIplIn]
knowledge	['nOlIG]
design	[dI'zaIn]
excite	[Ik'saIt]

4. Прочитайте вслух за диктором. Обратите внимание на ударение и произношение существительных и образованных от них глаголов.

record	['rekO:d]
record	[rI'kLd]
process	['prousqs]
process	[prq'ses]
import	['ImpLt]
import	[Im'pLt]
digest	['daIGest]
digest	[dI'Gest]
control	[kqn'troul]
control	[kqn'troul]
export	['ekspLt]
export	[eks'pLt]

5. Послушайте следующие выражения, повторите их за диктором и переведите на русский язык:

computer technology, common feature, complicated machines, powerful tool, tremendous mass, a large amount of information, masses of measurements, business transactions, manufacturing process, economic information, advanced automation, logic design, new and exciting field, numeral analysis (numeral analyses), programming application, research work.

6. Прочитайте и переведите глаголы с предлогами (послелогами) на русский язык:

to stand out …

to call for …

performed by …

to keep track on …

to take part in …

to graduate from …

7. Отреагируйте на высказывание словами «That's right» или «That's wrong», исходя из содержания текста:

Initially the computer was designed as a tool to manipulate numbers.

Advanced automation is possible without computers.

In industry the computers digest and analyze masses of information.

In government the computers keep statistics and analyse economic information.

Few students take part in the research work of our University.

8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

What is your future speciality?

What kind of device was computer initially?

What is computer nowadays?

The computer is a powerful tool for tremendous masses of information, isn't it?

Where is the computer used?

What are computer's function in commerce? in industry?

in science? in government?

Where do university students improve their knowledge of computing?

9. Переведите и запомните следующие определения:

Robot is a programmable multi - function device; robots stand alone hybrid computer systems which perform physical and computational activities. Robots use analog sensors (датчик) for recognizing objects in the real world and digital computers for their direction. Robots can be designed similar to human form, although most industrial robots don't resemble people at all. They have one or more arms and joints designed for specific activities.

Robotics is the art and science of the creation and use of robots.

Numerical control is the machine - tool control. It is used in manufacturing to automate operations, like milling (фрезеровка) turning (токарная обработка) punching (пробивка отверстий) and drilling (сверление). NC devices are machines which operate automatically by following instructions in a NC program.

Management system is the structure and function of the leadership and control of an organization.

The management system is people interacting with people and machines. Together they set the objectives (цель) for the organization, outline the strategy and tactics and develop the plans, schedules (график) and necessary controls to run the organization. AMS is automated management system. Frame is a single block of a data; a frame is a group of data which makes up a single full picture screen in graphics.

10. Расскажите о вашей будущей профессии.

SOCIAL SERVICE AND TOURISM

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

activity	[xk'tIvqtI]	деятельность
accommodation	[q"kOmq'deISn]	размещение, помещение, стол и ночлег
career	[kq'rIq]	карьера
castle	['kRsl]	замок, дворец
choice	['tSOIs]	выбор, альтернатива
church	['tSO:tS]	церковь
complexity	[kqm'pleksqtI]	сложность
convention	[kqn'venSn]	собрание, съезд
duty	['dju:tI]	(служебная) обязанность
entertainment	["entq'teInmqnt]	развлечения, увеселения
executive	[Ig'zekjutIv]	должностное лицо, администратор
experience	[Iks'pIqrIqns]	опыт, квалификация
facilites	[fq'sIlqtIz]	возможности, средства обслуживания, удобства
feature	[fI:tSq]	особенность, характерная черта
graduate	['grxdjuqt]	выпускник (к-л учебного заведения)
holiday	['hOlIdI(z)]	отпуск
lounge	['laundZ]	комната (или холл) для отдыха в отеле
majority	[mq'dZOrItI]	большинство
range	['reIndZ]	область, сфера, ряд
recreation	["rekrI'eISn]	отдых, восстановление сил
relaxation	["rJlxk'seISn]	отдых от работы, расслабление
rest	[rest]	отдых
resort	[rI'zLt]	курорт, прибежище
trainee	["treI'nJ]	стажер, практикант
technique	[tek'nJk]	метод, способ, прием
skill	['skIl]	умение, мастерство
variety	[vq'raIqtI]	разнообразие, множество
cheap	[tSJp]	дешевый
different	['dIfrqnt]	другой, различный
empty	['emptI]	пустой, незаселенный
essential	[I'senSel]	важный, существенный
packed with people	['pxkt wID pJpl]	переполнен (людьми)
quiet	[k'waIqt]	тихий, спокойный
recent	['rJsnt]	недавний, современный
successful	[sqk'sqsfl]	успешный, преуспевающий
various	['vEqrIqs]	различный, разнообразный
camping	['kxmpIN]	кемпинг, ночевка (проживание в палатках) на открытом воздухе
hiking	['haIkIN]	путешествие пешком
hitch-hiking	['hItS-haIkIN]	путешествие на попутных машинах
horse-riding	['hOs"raIdIN]	путешествие верхом на лошади
sunbathing	['sAnbeIDIN]	прием солнечных ванн
mountaineering	["mauntI'nIqrIN]	альпинизм
motoring	['mOutqrIN]	автоспорт, путешествие автотранспортом
sailing	['seIlIN]	парусный спорт, путешествие под парусом, водное путешествие
shopping	['SOpIN]	хождение по магазинам за покупками
training	['treInIN]	воспитание, обу-чение, тренировка
travelling	['trxvlIN]	путешествие
walking	['wLkIN]	ходьба
to choose	['tSu:z]	решать, предпо-читать, выбирать
to coordinate	[kOu'LdIneIt]	координировать, согласовывать
to create	[krI'eIt]	создавать, творить
to consider	[kqn'sIdq]	рассматривать, считать, полагать
to contain	[kqn'teIn]	содержать
to deal with	['dJlwID]	иметь дело с ч-л
to discover	[dI'skQ:vq]	открывать, обнаружи...

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