Английский язык

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

2. Прочитайте интернациональные слова, обратите внимание на произношение.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Heat and Power Engineering

I am a second - year student of the Bratsk State University. My future speciality is heat engineering. I would like to tell you about my future profession.

Heat engineering (or heat technology) is a scientific subject and a branch of engineering embracing the heat generation methods, heat transformation, heat distribution, heat transmission and so on.

Heat and power engineering is the heat engineering branch embracing transforming of heat into other forms of energy, such as mechanical, electrical one with the help of thermal (heat) engines, electrical and other machines. Heat transformation takes place at thermal power stations fired by coal, oil, atomic fuel, the earth underground heat, solar energy and etc.

But environmental experts consider thermal power plants to be ecologically unpure. To avert catastrophe the world must cut back use of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, natural gas.

The most visionary alternatives to fossil fuels are the so-called renewables: solar energy, geothermal, wind and hydropower. Each is promising.

The experts find that even if nuclear energy can be made more acceptable, it will replace only a small portion of the fossil fuels. Oil and natural gas carry most of the load. So even doubling nuclear capacity would not dramatically reduce carbon-dioxide emissions.

Major changes will have to be made in the way plants are designed, built and operated. Most experts agree that new plants will have to be smaller than those of the industry standards now.

Still, the fact is that thermal power plants generate about 80% of total electric energy production in our country and are the basic source of power supply.

I would like to work at a thermal power plant as an engineer after graduating from the University. I think that the main task facing me is to increase many times the capacity of the thermal power plants and to equip them with high-capacity heat - generating units. But in order to obtain heat we ought to abandon the conventional sources of heat energy in favour of new and promising ones.

4. Прочитайте текст, найдите английские эквиваленты

а) следующих русских слов и словосочетаний:

методы выработки (производства) тепла, отрасль техники, теплоэнергетика, тепловые двигатели, теплоэлектростанция, подземное тепло, преобразование тепла, теплотехника, специалисты по экологии, заменители природного (ископаемого) топлива, чтобы избежать катастрофы, значительно сократить, основные изменения, общее производство электрической энергии, агрегаты высокой мощности, агрегаты для выработки тепла.

б) русских предложений:

Теплотехника - это отрасль техники, охватывающая методы производства тепла, преобразования тепла, распределения тепла и т.д.

Теплоэнергетика - это отрасль теплотехники, связанная с преобразованием тепла в другие формы энергии, такие как механическую и электрическую с помощью тепловых двигателей, электрических и других машин.

Чтобы избежать катастрофы в мире, следует сократить использование ископаемого топлива.

На долю нефти и газа приходится большая нагрузка.

Теплоэлектростанции являются основным источником снабжения энергией в стране.

5. “Memory test”. Восстановите по памяти (на русском языке), в каком контексте упоминаются следующие английские словосочетания:

…. a branch of engineering embracing the heat generation methods, heat transformation….

…. is the heat engineering branch embracing transformation of heat into other forms of energy….

…. atomic fuel, the earth underground heat, solar energy and so on.

…. the world must cut back use of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, natural gas.

…. it will replace only a small portion of the fossil fuels.

6. Послушайте дикторскую запись указанных ниже неполных предложений. Постарайтесь понять, какие слова и словосочетания в них отсутствуют. Повторите полные предложения.

I am …. student of the Bratsk State University.

My future speciality ….

Heat engineering is …. embracing the heat….methods

Heat power engineering is… branch, transforming … into other … .

Heat transforming … at thermal power stations.

The most visionary … to fossil fuels are …

To avert … the world … … … use of fossil fuels such as: …

7. Научитесь читать следующие вопросительные предложения, имитируя интонацию диктора. Ответьте на вопросы:

Are you an engineer?

Where do you study?

Your future speciality is heat engineering, isn't it?

What is heat engineering?

What is heat and power engineering?

Are thermal power plants ecologically pure?

What are the most visionary alternatives to fossil fuels?

Can nuclear energy replace the fossil fuels or not?

Is it necessary to equip thermal power plants with high-capacity heat-generating units?

What main problems ought you to solve in future as a heat engineer?

8. Разделите текст «Heat and Power Engineering» на логические части. Озаглавьте их.

9. Послушайте тексты. Ответьте на вопросы:

Where do we use heat?

What are the sources of heat?

9.1. My future speciality is heat-engineering. We use heat to do a lot of useful things, namely, to heat our houses, to transport us from one place to another and so on. Automobiles, trams, airplanes are moved by changing heat energy to other forms of energy.

Specialists and scientists of our country made great contribution to the development of this branch of energetics. For example, Lomonosov M.V. laid the foundation for the present-day molecular-kinetic theory of heat. The unit of heat is called a “therm” or a “calorie”: the latter term appears to come from the Latin word “calor” which means heat.

9.2. The present thermal power stations are not ecologically pure. So scientists try to replace the conventional fuel (gas, oil, coal) with adequate ones such as tidal energy, wind and solar energy which have no environmental pollution effect. The time is not far off when cheap thermal energy of subterranean water will be widely used in the national economy. It will make possible to employ such valuable raw materials as coal, oil, gas mainly in the chemical industry. Even now the hot subterranean water is being used for heating blocks of flats and hot-houses, and for medical purposes in Kamchatka.

9.3. In the future it is planned to build condensation thermal power plants with capacity of 4 or 6 million KW each. It is planned to reduce residential oil consumption as fuel, primarily at thermal power stations. It is envisaged to centralize heat supply on mostly high-capacity power-and-heating plants using organic and nuclear fuel, heating nuclear power stations and large boiler houses.

10. Расскажите 1) о вашей специальности, 2) о роли вашей специальности в сохранении окружающей среды.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

My speciality is Telecommunications

I am a second-year student of the Bratsk State University. I'd like to tell you about my future profession.

Since ancient times a man could communicate using various ways (methods): mimicry, gesture, rocky outline, sound, light, smoke, etc.

Current society is in need of instant-on and qualitative communication and information storage.

At present global telecommunication systems and networks are set up.

Telecommunication systems and networks provide for transmitting, receiving, processing, distributing and information storage.

What do telecommunication systems mean?

They mean technical facilities complex providing for telecommunication (electric communication) of special type.

Telecommunication (electric communication) means transmitting or receiving of signs, signals, texts, pictures, sounds by communication, optical and other electromagnetic systems.

Telecommunication networks are centers, assemblies and lines totality connecting telecommunication systems.

Telecommunication systems and networks make up system of electric communication.

System of electric communication is a complex of technical facilities providing for electric communication of a special type.

There are various types of telecommunications: telegraphic communication (aerial, cable), radio (surface, cosmic, satellite radio-communication), optical (fiber-optical), free space.

And there are various kinds of information such as: telephone, telegraph, data transmission, facsimile, newspaper transmission, broad- and telecasting that we can communicate.

To become a high-quality specialist in the field of telecommunications it is necessary to study the theory of electric communication, the theory of electric chains, optical communication systems and so on.

After graduating from the University I shall become a telecommunication engineer and I shall work at industrial enterprises, on TV and radio, and etc.

3. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.

Profession, specialist, method, type, system, global, transmission, communication, complex, signal, optical, center, to form, cable, radio, cosmic, fax, sphere.

4. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на значение суффиксов.

To connect-connection; society-social-socialist; quality-qualitative-qualification; to store-storage; to create-creation-creator-creature; to distribute-distributor-distribution; total-totality; center-central; to inform-information-informant; fax-facsimile.

5. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

After graduating from the University I shall become a ….

It is important to study the theory of electric chains and optical communication systems.

Broadcasting, telegraph, facsimile, newspaper transmission are various kinds of communication of information.

Any system of electric communication is made up of telecommunication systems and networks.

Do you know what telecommunication system means?

Ancient men could communicate using mimicry, gesture, rocky outline, sound etc.

6. Закончите предложения и переведите их.

1. Any telecommunication specialist deals with…

a. working out technological processes.

b. constructing and manufacturing computers.

c. communicating.

2. The qualities required of the communication of the XXI century are…

high efficiency, long service life.

to meet up-to-date requirements.

to be smokeless, soundless and lightless.

3. Electric communication is…

telecommunication.

telegraphic communication.

free space.

4. Nowadays we use telecommunication systems and networks …

to send data (words, numbers, programs etc.).

to point out the main stages of the development of computers.

to know something about our future.

7. Выпишите из правой колонки русские слова и словосочетания, соответствующие английским из левой колонки.

1. rocky outline a. мгновенный

2. distribution б. спутниковый

3. communication в. наскальный рисунок

4. broadcasting г. звуковое вещание

5. instant-on д. данные

6. interchange ж. волоконно-оптический

7. satellite з. размещение

8. fiber-optical е. связь

9. data и. обработка

10. processing к. обмен

8. Найдите в тексте “My speciality is Telecommunications” английские эквиваленты предложений и запишите их.

1. Существуют разные типы электросвязи: проводная (воздушная, кабельная), радио (наземная, космическая, спутниковая) и др.

2. … необходимо изучать теорию электросвязи, теорию электрических цепей, системы оптической связи и т.д.

3. После окончания университета я стану …

4. Телекоммуникация это передача и прием знаков, сигналов … по проводным, оптическим и другим электромагнитным системам.

5. Телекоммуникационные системы - это комплекс технических средств, обеспечивающих электрическую связь особого типа.

6. Телекоммуникационные сети это совокупность пунктов, узлов и линий, соединяющих системы телекоммуникаций.

7. Телекоммуникационные системы и сети образуют систему электрической связи.

8. В настоящее время созданы глобальные системы и сети телекоммуникации.

9. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Выразите ваше мнение по излагаемой в тексте проблеме.

Telecommunications: Global Brain?

The immense economic power of the telecommunications industry constitutes the “base camp” from which computer power will assault the old structures. One example: in the single area of “computer conferencing” (the use of computers to link people together), some scientists have already envisioned the rapid obsolescence of many education techniques, the electronic replacement of 80 percent of business mail, and a significant alteration of transportation and settlement patterns. When these effects were first suggested in a Futurist article in 1974, there were only about a hundred persons in the world engaging in such “computer conferencing”. By the end of the decade they numbered in the thousands, and Dr. Michael Arbib suggested that the building of a “Global Brain for Mankind” was an urgent necessity. Can we build such a brain? Is it desirable to build it?

10. Сделайте сообщение по теме “My speciality is Telecommunications”.

AUTOMATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES

1. Прочитайте и запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

My speciality

I am a student of the Bratsk State University. I am specializing in automation of technological and production processes.

Automation plays an important part in the great advances in technology. Automation, properly coordinated with other phases of technology, can substantially contribute to production efficiency.

Man has always been interested in devices and machines that would do things for him. Automation replaces human by mechanical power, it continues a process of mechanization which began before the industrial revolution two centuries ago. The first machines were semi-automatic, they performed automatically, but the unskilled work of loading and unloading and the skilled work of maintaining the machines had to be performed by a human operator. Since then technical development has been gradual and continuous; what is being done in this sphere at present greatly exceeds what has been done in the past.

At present we have many almost fully automatic enterprises: power stations with remote control, chemical plants where men have only to keep watch over automatic units. Take, for example, the Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station, one of the biggest in the world, which is controlled by only two men. Some hydroelectric power plants have such level of mechanization that don't require the instant presence of man at all. Instruments automatically start and stop the turbines, send the power to the consumer, regulate the water input.

There are several automatic systems at present which use different techniques. But in each case mechanisms perform the process of production and the human operator has only to control the operation of process. In some kinds of work automatic machinery is more accurate and reliable than human workers. The worker in the plant with modern automatic equipment regulates the production process and controls the “thinking” machines. But the operation of these machines, the latest modern equipment and automatic regulators requires highly skilled, cultured people with good knowledge of technology.

Automation of all industrial processes is of great importance at today's stage of the engineering development.

3. Повторите за диктором следующие интерна-циональные слова:

Advance, technology, production, specialize, process, station, regulate.

4. Составьте предложения.

Which, at present, are, there, systems, use, techniques, several, automatic, different.

Technology, an, plays, in, advances, important, automation, part, great, of, the.

And, processes, I, in, production, specializing, am, automation, technological, of.

5. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на слово «since».

Glass has been widely used since the ancient times.

Since matter is the basic working material in our world, we ought to learn as much as possible about it.

Mechanization has been going on since long before the industrial revolution.

Gasoline is a hydrocarbon, since it is made up of hydrogen and carbon compounds.

6. Переведите текст со словарем.

Advanced Mechanization

Mechanization has been going on steadily since long before the industrial revolution, and a few of the early lathes and looms were so highly automatic that their operators were left with only the skilled work of setting and maintaining them and the unskilled work of loading and unloading them. What has happened since then is that more improved machinery of this kind has gradually been installed while the burden of loading, unloading and handling between operations has been lightened and in some factories almost completely removed.

There are many good examples of highly automatic machinery today - the textile machines are used in many processes, and the automatic lathes and transfer-machines are used in engineering. The transfer-machine is perhaps the best example; it is really a series of machine - tools, each doing one operation automatically.

The handling of goods in factories is being rapidly mechanized.

7. Подберите нужное по смыслу слово с учетом известных вам суффиксов.

а) automation, automatic, automatically

… means … control of processes and machinery.

Instruments … start and stop the turbines.

b) machine, machinery

Our industries have many kinds of automatic … today.

The first … were semi-automatic.

c) mechanical, mechanization, mechanism

The … properties of semiconductors vary greatly.

… is the first step of automation.

… of the human brain is very complicated.

8. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Automation

“Automation” is a new word for a new purpose. Many people are surprised to learn that in industries like chemical and oil-refining entire processes have become very nearly (почти) automatic. Electronic computers are becoming very good at routine clerical work in offices and factories.

Automation has many sides. It includes, for example, developments that are no more, that advanced mechanization-transfer-machines in engineering, many kinds of machinery for making finished goods, and mechanical equipment for handling and assembly. Machines of this kind are automatic in that they do the actual work on their own; the operators only watch them and correct them whenever they go wrong - when, for instance, tools wear out.

But automation can also mean automatic control of processes and machinery, and this is a very different thing from mechanization, though the two go together. Control is necessary in a vast number of processes in order to maintain the quality of a product when the operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, change from time to time.

9. Ответьте на вопросы:

What is automation?

What industries have become very nearly automatic?

What is the difference between “automation” and “automatic control”?

What is the purpose of automatic control?

Where are electronic computers employed?

10. Поставьте сказуемые следующих предложений во всех возможных временах активного и пассивного залогов, добавляя, где это необходимо, обстоятельства времени.

Automatic control appears in many fields.

Thermal power stations are being constructed in many countries.

11. Задайте все возможные типы вопросов к следующим предложениям:

History provides very early examples of automatic control.

A system of control usually consists of three basic units - one that measures, one that controls, and one that corrects.

12. Сделайте сообщение по теме «My speciality is Automation of Technological and Production Processes».

ENGINEERING COMPUTER CONTROL

1. Прочитайте и запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

2. Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.

I am a second-year student of the Bratsk State University. My future profession is engineering computer control. I am going to tell you about my future speciality.

As a matter of fact, the rapid rate of progress is fueled by research in manufacturing systems, as well as innovations in information technology (IT). Looking at this contributing discipline, we can see that IT has been a powerful driver in manufacturing. Design and manufacture of new products requires processing of huge amounts of information to ensure quality, satisfy customers needs, and meet environmental standards. Increasingly, manufacturers use IT for modeling and simulation to construct “virtual” tools and factories. Similarly, computer networking helps manufactures integrate all aspects of their operations, from design to the assembly line, shipping, and marketing. Obviously, these applications of IT reduce the time and cost of developing and testing new products and allow them to reach their markets faster and more efficiently.

Manufacturers are increasingly incorporating computers and other forms of modern technology into the workplace, both on the factory floor and on the office desktop. Nowadays it is difficult to identify a “low-tech” manufacturer: most of them use computer-aided design (CAD), have incorporated local area networks (LANs) into their operations, and have adopted “just-in-time” inventory techniques.

Manufacturing is one of the most important application areas for IT. Due to computers manufacturing processes have greatly advanced. No doubt computers gave rise to the development of numerical-control machines.

Actually, the introduction of microprocessors and computers made possible evolution of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of an input device. The computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.

It is necessary to mention that there are several ways of using a computer in industry: programmable automation, flexible automation and the flexible manufacturing system

As for programmable automation, it is a form of automation for producing products in large quantities. For each new product the equipment must be reprogrammed and changed over. The program is coded in computer memory for each different product and the machine-tool is controlled by the computer program. A numerical-control-machine-tool is a good example of program-mable automation.

As for flexible automation, it is a kind of programmable automation. In flexible automation the number of products is limited so that the changeover of the equipment can be done very quickly and automatically. The reprogramming of the equipment is carried out at a computer terminal without using the production equipment itself. Flexible automation allows a mixture of different products to be produced one right after another.

A computer in the flexible manufacturing system can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.

It should be emphasized that the end result of industrial computerizing is substantial increase in productivity, as reflected in savings of money and manpower throughout the manufacturing sector. I believe that our ability to harness the power and promise of leading-edge advances in technology will determine in large measure our national prosperity, security, and global influence, and with them the standard of living and quality of life of our people.

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

быстрое развитие; научные изыскания в производстве; мощный двигатель производства; требует обработки данных; большие объемы информации; обеспечить качество; соответствовать экологическим нормам; безусловно; использование информационных технологий; сократило время и снизило стоимость; развитие и испытание новой продукции; внедряют компьютеры и другие формы современных технологий; передовые инновационные технологии; сферы применения; развитие автоматизированного проектирования и автоматизированного производства; проектировщик чертит деталь; устройством ввода указывает ее размеры; компьютер автоматически посылает команды; изготавливать деталь; станок с числовым программным управлением; автоматизация с применением программируемых устройств; гибкая автоматизация; производственное оборудование; разнообразная продукция; сразу одна за другой; конечный результат; значительное повышение производительности труда; экономия средств и численности рабочей силы; перспектива скорого технологического прогресса; процветание государства;

4. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. What is your future speciality?

2. What fuels a rapid rate of progress?

3. Why do you think modern design and manufacture cannot do without IT?

4. How does application of IT in manufacturing systems contribute to national economy?

5. What manufacturer can we identify as a “high-tech” manufacturer?

6. Why does evolution of CAD and CAM technologies become possible?

7. What ways of using a computer in industry do you know?

8. What is the best example of programmable automation?

9. What are the limitations of programmable automation?

10. What are the advantages of flexible automation?

11. Why is the flexible manufacturing system considered most productive?

12. Why do you think industrial computerizing is of great importance nowadays?

5. Прочитайте текст и передайте его основное содержание на английском языке.

Virtual manufacturing

Designing, testing and developing large manufactured products requires many human and material resources. Information technologies help integrate computer design tools with models and simulations of manufacturing processes for more efficient design, analysis, and testing of products. These “virtual” tools greatly reduce the investment required for product prototyping, testing and validation. The story of the development and production of the Boeing 777 is a vivid illustration of the adoption of virtual manufacturing and the efficiencies that technology can create.

The latest relative in Boeing's family of jetliners, the 777 is the first airplane to be completely designed and pre-assembled `virtually' - that is, by computer. Performance and strength of the plane were analyzed and tested through complex computer models. Of its three million parts, more than 100,000 are unique; they were precision-engineered from computer models. The parts were manufactured separately at sites spread around the world, then shipped to a central plant, where they were assembled. They fit together perfectly on the first attempt! The cost savings to Boeing were tremendous, and the company won multiple manufacturing and innovation awards.

(“Wellspring of Prosperity”)

6. Расскажите о вашей специальности.

MOTOR TRANSPORT

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие интернацио-нальные слова:

2. Прочитайте текст, переведите его на русский язык.

Motor Transport

I study at the faculty of the Mechanical Controllable Systems of the Bratsk State University. My future speciality will be Motor Transport.

Motor transport is a kind of transport for carrying freight and passengers along railless road on short and long distances.

The world of automotive technology is changing at lightning speed. Now we can't imagine our life without motor transport. The main tasks of transport are to ensure timely high-quality and full satisfaction of the needs of the economy and the population in conveyance.

There are the following groups of autos: transport vehicles, special-duty lorries and racing cars. Transport vehicles are for carrying cargo and people. They are divided into cargo-carrying ones, cars and buses. Racing cars are meant for contents.

An auto consists of the following components:

a) the engine; b) the framework; c) the mechanism that transmits the power from engine to the wheels; d) the body.

Now motor industry continues developing and perfecting. General vehicle configuration becomes a very important area of change. Cars are expected to be smaller, lighter, more efficient. Low pollution automotive emissions, the trouble of auto-designers, are technologically possible. It should be added that innovations are the driving force in automotive industry. They have contributed towards making mobility more efficient, more reliable and more environmentally comfortable. The new energy for the car of tomorrow is the problem to solve as well.

Modern vehicles are equipped with electronic devices. Automatic control of automobiles and trucks on highway becomes a practical reality. The need to integrate electronic systems through the vehicle has never been more important. The systems can provide voice-activated control of key electronic and electrical components while offering navigation, data exchange, e-mail and entertainment capabilities. Instrument system allows drivers to view a wide range of instruments - in analog, digital or combined display.

I believe that despite environmental, sociological, technological considerations an interesting future lies ahead for the automotive industry.

3. Прочитайте текст еще раз, найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний на русском языке:

Электронные системы, основные электронные и электрические компоненты, обмен данными, широкий выбор инструментов, совместимый с требованиями окружающей среды, движущая сила, очертания автомобиля.

4. Передайте на английском языке следующую информацию:

Без автомобильного транспорта нельзя представить ни одной отрасли народного хозяйства. Темпы его развития обусловлены высокими темпами развития нашей автомобильной промышленности. Специализированные автомобили имеют специальное оборудование. Гоночные автомобили предназначены для соревнований. Основные части автомобиля: двигатель, шасси, силовая передача и кузов. Автомобильная промышленность выпускает грузовые и легковые автомобили, автобусы, прицепы и многое другое. Высокая степень специализации и массовое производство являются особенностями автомобильной промышленности. Есть специализированные заводы по выпуску двигателей, коробок передач, электрооборудования и т.д. Широкое использование дизельных двигателей на грузовых автомобилях средней грузоподъемности и тяжелых грузовиках является одной из современных тенденций автомобилестроения.

5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы:

What faculty do you study at?

What can you say about motor transport?

What are the main tasks of transport today?

What groups of auto do you know?

What main members does an auto consist of?

6. Расскажите о:

motor transport;

the main groups of autos and their application;

the main components of every auto;

electronic systems in vehicle;

innovations as a driving force in automotive industry.

7. Прочитайте тексты, озаглавьте их.

a) The main tasks of transport are to ensure timely high quality and full satisfaction of the needs of the economy and the population in conveyance and to raise the economic efficiency of its operation.

To carry out the above-mentioned tasks it is necessary:

to ensure coordinated development of the country's integral system and its cooperation with other sectors of the economy, improve the coordination of the work of all types of transport, eliminate unprofitable transport operations, reduce the time of delivery of cargoes and ensure their safety;

to speed up the development and introduction of advanced machinery and technology and strengthen the material, technical and repair base, etc.

b) In motor transport it is necessary to increase the efficiency of the use of motor vehicles, first of all, through the wide use of trailers and semi-trailers and reduction of unproductive idle time, no-load runs by motor vehicles and unprofitable conveyance.

To develop and improve transportation under centralized management. To ensure the priority development of public motor transport.

To improve the structure of the motor vehicle fleet. To increase the share of goods transport using ...