The first industrial revolution took place in England between 1760 and 1840. Metal became the main engineering material instead of wood, and steam gave man great reserves of power. This power could drive not only railway engines and ships but also the machines which built them.

In the second revolution, from 1880 to 1920, electricity was the technical driving force. It provided power for factories that was easier and cheaper to control than steam. It was marked also by the growing importance of science-based industries such as chemicals and electrical goods, and the use of scientifically-designed production methods such as semi-automatic assembly lines.

The third industrial revolution coincided with the advent of automation - in its inflexible form. In this revolution, the main features were advances in the control of manufacturing processes so that things could be made more cheaply, with greater precision and (often) with fewer people. And this change, which occurred

FORESTRY

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

2. Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.

My Speciality is Forestry

The main directions in the economic development of Russia in forestry are: to improve the reproduction and utilization of forest resources, to use forest lands more intensively, to pay more attention to planting forest belts, to increase the control over the rational use of forest resources and protect forests against fires, pests and diseases.

The Forestry Technical Faculty of the Bratsk State University trains highly qualified specialists who are to fulfil these tasks.

Graduates from the department for forest engineering work as engineers in the sphere of logging mechanization, wood felling operations and transportation of timber by land and water.

One of the most important features of modern forestry industry is the concentration of production and forest settlements like the well-known complexes in Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk.

Graduates from the department for forestry machines and equipment work as mechanical engineers at timber industry enterprises, at designing bureaus and research institutes. They are busy with developing and maintaining up-to-date machinery for felling, log making, branching, skidding, loading, road making, rafting and so on.

Russian engineering supplies the timber industry with various machinery: gasoline-motor-powered saws, branch cutters, loaders of original design, heavy-duty-motor trains, semiautomatic lines with automated sorting transport belts.

All the students learn how to get knowledge for their future work. The lectures and seminars are followed by practical work in laboratories of the University, in the forest camps and in the nurseries located in the forest districts or at industrial enterprises. Many students take part in the research work at the departments of the faculty.

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих выражений:

основные направления экономического развития; воспроизводство и использование лесных ресурсов; выращивание лесных полос; обращать внимание на; увеличить контроль над рациональным использованием лесных ресурсов; защищать леса от пожаров, вредных насекомых, болезней; готовить высококвалифицированных специалистов; транспортировка древесины по суше и воде; в области механизации лесозаготовок.

4. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

What are the main directions in forestry nowadays?

What department do you study at?

Where do graduates from the department for forest engineering work?

What is the most important feature of modern forestry industry?

Where do graduates from the department for forestry machines and equipment work?

What are they busy with?

What does Russian engineering supply the timber industry with?

5. Подберите к английским словам и выражениям соответствующие русские эквиваленты:

6. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, перевод которого дается в начале ряда.

1. погрузчик а) builder, b) loader,

c) receiver, d) feller,

2. рубка a) skidding b) harvesting,

c) knotting, d) felling

3. производить a) to build, b) to send,

c) to manufacture, d) to receive,

4. комель a) crown, b) butt,

c) stem, d) root

7. Расскажите о вашей будущей специальности.

WOODWORKING

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

2. Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.

My Speciality is Woodworking

The main directions in the economic development of Russia in woodworking are: to ensure a better utilization of forest raw materials and processing of wood, to rise labour productivity and lower production costs.

The Forestry Technical Faculty of the Bratsk State University trains highly qualified specialists who are able to fulfil these tasks.

One of the most important features of modern woodworking industry is the concentration of production. It means creating large timber industry complexes, such as in Bratsk and in Ust-Ilimsk.

They are oriented not only on lumbering, but also on all kinds of processing and waste utilization operations.

The Bratsk Timber Industry Complex not only fells timber, but also produces cord pulp, cardboards, saw timber, plywood, fibre-boards, feed grade yeast, resin, turpentine and other things.

Graduates from the woodworking department work as engineers in the technology of woodworking at timber industry enterprises.

In order to be an educated and qualified engineer it is necessary to study about 40 subjects of general education and engineering. The programme includes the study of the physical and necessary anatomical characteristics of hardwood and softwood species, how to manufacture building materials, furniture, musical instruments and other things by processing wood, veneer, chips, plastics.

All the students learn how to get knowledge for their future work in modern laboratories of the University and industrial enterprises. Many students take part in the research work of the faculty.

I am a second-year student and I am eager to master my speciality as it is very important.

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих выражений:

создание лесопромышленных комплексов; ориентированы на лесозаготовку; все виды переработки; использование отходов; валит древесину; производит целлюлозу, картон, пиломатериал, фанеру, волокнистые плиты; лесопромышленные предприятия; овладеть специальностью.

4. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

What are the directions in woodworking industry?

What department do you study at?

What is one of the most important features of modern woodworking industry? What does it mean?

4. What are the timber industry complexes in Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk oriented on?

5. Where do graduates from the woodworking faculty work?

5. Подберите к английским словосочетаниям соответствующий русский перевод.

6. Закончите предложения.

The Forestry Technical Faculty of the Bratsk State Technical University trains …

They are oriented …

The Bratsk Timber Industrial complex not only fells timber …

In order to be an educated and qualified specialist …

7. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:

The Bratsk Timber Industry Complex was built and operated under rigorous climate conditions.

The writer and revolutionary Alexsander Radischev wrote at the end of the 18-th century “What a rich and mighty land this Siberia is, when it is settled, it is destinated to play a big role in the world”.

The Bratsk reservoir, which is 570 kms long, is the biggest artificial lake in the world.

In the Bratsk Timber Industry Complex Siberian timber is turned into paper, furniture and chemical products of the finest quality.

8. Расскажите о вашей будущей специальности.

LANDSCAPE ENGINEERING

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

2. Прочитайте текст и переведите его.

Landscape Engineering

I'm a second-year student. My future speciality is Landscape engineering. What does it mean?

The word landscape is from the Dutch, landschap (the German cognate is landschaft) meaning a sheaf, a patch of cultivated ground. The word first appeared in English to describe a painted view of the land. A landscape also comprises the visible features of an area of land, including physical elements such as landforms, living elements of flora and fauna, abstract elements such as lighting and weather conditions, and human elements, for instance, human activity or the built environment. Landscape can also mean the objects around you in a building.

Landscape engineering applies to mathematics and science to create useful landscapes, that means the interdisciplinary application of engineering and other applied sciences to the design and creation of anthropogenic landscapes, and embraces traditional reclamation. It includes scientific disciplines: botany, ecology, forestry, geology, geochemistry, hydrogeology, and wildlife biology. It draws upon applied sciences: engineering, geomorphology, landscape architecture, and mining, geotechnical, and civil engineering.

Landscape engineering also embodies all elements of traditional engineering (planning, investigation, design, construction, operation, assessment, research, management, and training), and it is focused on three main areas: goal setting and design of the landscape as a whole, the design of individual landforms, landscape performance assessment. The iterative process of planning, design, and performance assessment by a multidisciplinary team is the basis of landscape engineering.

Landscape designers and Landscape technicians or engineers are employed with landscape construction and service companies. Landscape designers, like garden designers, design all types of planting and green spaces. Many landscape engineers work in public offices, in central and local government while others work for landscape architecture firms.

Landscape managers use their knowledge of plants and the natural environment to advise on the long-term care and development of the landscape. They work in horticulture, estate management, forestry, nature conservation and agriculture.

Landscape scientists have special skills such as soil science, hydrology, geomorphology or botany that they relate to the practical problems of landscape work. Their projects can range from site surveys to the ecological assessment of broad areas.

Landscape planners are concerned with landscape planning for the location, scenic, ecological and recreational aspects of urban, rural and coastal land use.

Garden designers deal with the design of new private gardens and also with historic garden conservation.

Some words should be said about ecology. Landscape ecology is a subdiscipline of ecology and geography that is the study of spatial variation and interested in landscape elements (such as fields, hedgerows, woodlots, rivers or towns) and how their distribution affects the distribution and flow of energy and individuals in the environment.

Landscape ecology, as a theory, stresses the role of human impacts on landscape structures and functions and proposes ways for restoring degraded landscapes. Landscape ecology theory includes the landscape stability principle.

All above mentioned proves that the landscape engineers face and are to solve many tasks while working. The speciality requires a wide range of knowledge. And I shall do my best to become a qualified educated specialist.

3. Прочитайте однокоренные слова, догадайтесь о их значении, уточните правильность перевода по словарю:

to create - created - creative - creation - creature;

to apply - applied - application - appliance;

special - speciality - specialist;

to specialize - specialized - specialization - specialism;

to conserve - conservator - conservative - conservancy - conservation;

to degrade - degraded - degrading - degradation.

4. Дополните предложения подходящими по смыслу словами.

5. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты данных русских предложений:

1. Ландшафт - участок возделанной земли.

2. Ландшафт охватывает видимые предметы (подробности) рельефа какой-либо территории.

3. Ландшафт может означать и предметы вокруг вас в каком-либо здании.

4. Ландшафтное строительство объединяет все элементы традиционного строительства.

5. Основа ландшафтного строительства - планирование, конструирование, оценка эффективности, выполняемые группой специалистов.

6. Инженеры, занимающиеся ландшафтом, работают в строительных и обслуживающих компаниях.

7. Ученые, работающие в области ландшафта, являются специалистами в сфере ландшафта, почвоведения, гидрологии, геоморфологии, ботаники.

8. Специалисты выполняют множество видов работ: от геодезической съемки до экологической оценки рабочей площадки.

9. Экология ландшафта характеризует воздействие человека на структуры и функции ландшафта.

10. Экологи предлагают пути восстановления пришедших в упадок ландшафтов.

6. Прочитайте текст еще раз и ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is your future speciality?

2. What is the origin of the word landscape? What did it originally mean?

3. What elements does a landscape include?

4. What scientific disciplines does landscape engineering embrace?

5. What applied sciences does it draw upon?

6. What is the basis of landscape engineering?

7. Where are the landscape engineers employed?

8. What can you say about the work of landscape managers?

9. Landscape planners are concerned with the design of new private gardens, aren't they?

10. What principle does landscape ecology theory include?

7. Прочитайте текст, переведите не пользуясь словарем, и найдите предложения, в которых говорится о том, что парк Кью является уникальным ботаническим центром.

BOTANICAL GARDEN IN LONDON

There are eighty parks in London, large and small.

In the south-west London, near the river Thames there is a fantastic park of Great Britain -- the Kew Gardens. It is a botanical garden. All year round you see lots of flowers there because Kew gets its plants -- 100,000 different plants -- from almost all countries of the world. The plants, which like hot weather, live in greenhouses. Another one is cactus house. Cacti came here from deserts where month after month it doesn't rain.

There are hundreds of different trees in 120 hectares of Kew. Some of the trees are 200 years old. The trees which are few in the world live in this garden.

Kew is important for men, who are fond of nature, trees and flowers, and for young men, who are going to study botany and gardening. Every year sixty young men from all over the world come here for the three-year-course of gardening at Kew. After this course they work in big parks and gardens in many different countries.

In three museums of Kew visitors see timber from the trees of many countries, food plants, medicine plants and industrial plants. 300 people work at Kew now.

In fine weather about 20,000 people a day come to visit Kew.

8. Прочитайте текст, расскажите на английском языке об особенности растительного мира разных зон нашей страны.

Let's cross our country from south to north.

The central part of Russia lies in the temperate zone. Here everything seems balanced: the four seasons fall into the classical three-month periods, each with their own clearly-defined features. This is a zone of forests with mingling spruce and pine, oak and linden, of softly-changing lands-capes, slow rivers and unhurried dawns. It takes several hours for dusk1 to set in here. The annual heat budget is half what it is in the extreme south. As we move northwards it becomes smaller and smaller affecting every aspect of nature and life.

The balanced character of the temperate zone changes; the summer twilight2 grows longer till it merges into `white nights'. The vast expanses of fertile fields give way to industrial landscapes.

Coniferous forests take the place of deciduous forests. This is the taiga, or rather southern taiga. A boundless stretch of coniferous forests. Deciduous trees, including linden, maple and oak wholly disappear and only birch and aspen crop up in areas that have been swept by fires. In low, damp places the taiga is a dark coniferous forest made up of spruce and fir-trees. Light coniferous - pine and larch - forests predominate on sandy soils.

The middle taiga gives way to the northern-taiga zone. The ground is covered with mosses. There are less trees and more marshland. Giant firs disappear. The North bends the remaining trees into fantastic shapes, their branches stretching towards the earth. Vegetation becomes more sparse - this is the beginning of the forest-tundra zone. Here one comes across fir trees with all branches growing only on one side, in the direction of the prevailing wind, or trees with branches growing in two tiers3: fierce ground winds carrying sharp particles of snow denude the middle part of the trunks of buds4 leaving only those at the top and the very bottom where they are protected by snowdrifts.

We reach the Arctic Circle. Beyond this boundary lies the zone of short polar days and long polar nights and the farther north one goes the longer they are.

To a certain extent the tundra is bounded by the Arctic Circle. The tundra is a treeless stretch of land with dwarf5 birches and willows6 growing close to the ground as if seeking shelter from the violent winds and blizzards.

Still farther north shrubs give way to mosses and lichens and then to the Arctic tundra. Even further lies the zone of rocky, ice-covered polar wasteland bounded by the frozen sea extending to the North Pole.

1. dusk - сумерки

2. twilight - сумерки / полумрак

3. tier - ряд, ярус

4. bud - почка (растения)

5. dwarf - карликовый

6. willow - ива

9. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на английский язык, пользуясь следующими словами:

crusaders - крестоносцы

to inundate - наводнять

fastidious - изощренный, изысканный

amateurs - любители

gothic - готический

heavenly - божественный, небесный

to create - создавать

to display - выставлять

Многие поэты и художники посвятили этому удивительному цветку свои произведения. Имя ему - роза.

Розы выращивали в парках и садах Ассирии, Вавилона, Древней Греции, Рима. Полагают, что местом рождения розы является Персия. В Европу розу привезли крестоносцы из Дамаска в 12 веке. К концу 18 века торговцы, путешественники, исследователи наводнили Европу огромным количеством различных видов кустов роз из Индии, Китая, Японии. Изощренный процесс селекции продолжается с тех пор. В начале 20 века 10000 видов роз уже были известны в Европе. И профессионалы и любители прилагают усилия, чтобы получить новые. Они выставляют результаты своей работы на ежегодных выставках. Дизайнеры используют этот цветок в создании изысканных ландшафтов. Розу можно увидеть в элементах архитектуры. Она играет важную роль в готическом символизме. Для христиан роза - божественный цветок.

10. Расскажите о своей специальности.

ECOLOGY

1. Прочитайте, запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

2. Прочитайте, переведите текст на русский язык.

It is not an easy thing to choose a profession out of more than 2000 existing in the world. As for me I made my choice long ago. During all school years biology and chemistry were my favourite subjects. That is why last year I entered the Bratsk State University to become a student of the Natural Sciences Faculty. Now I am a second-year student.

At the University we are taught different subjects, but the future ecologist should clearly know and understand ecological problems of our planet.

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousand of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man's interference in nature began to increase.

Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burnt in fire. Their disappearance upset the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.

The pollution of air and the world's ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man's careless interaction with nature, a sign of ecological crisis.

As a result of Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986 the most horrible ecological disaster befell Belarus and it's people. About 18 per cent of the territory of Belarus were polluted with radioactive substances. A great damage has been done to the republic's agriculture, forests and people's health. The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power station are tragic for the Belarusian nation.

Environment protection is a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.

Some progress has already been made in this direction. In many countries environmental protection agencies and research centres are set up. The international environmental research centre has been set up on lake Baikal. Such organizations as “Green Peace” and “Friend of the Earth” are also doing much to preserve the environment.

These are only the initial steps and they must be carried forward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generation. And I think that having received the Diploma in Higher Education in the sphere of Ecology I shall be able to do my best in this struggle for clean environment.

3. Научитесь правильно произносить следующие интернациональные слова:

4. Прочитайте текст еще раз и найдите английские экви-валенты указанных слов, словосочетаний и предложений.

второкурсник, жить в гармонии, побочные продукты их деятельности, разрушение озонового слоя, первые шаги.

Что касается меня, то я сделал свой выбор давно.

Огромные лесные пространства вырубаются и сгорают.

В результате исчезают навсегда некоторые редкие виды животных, птиц, рыб, многие реки и озера высыхают.

5. Восстановите по памяти (на русском языке) в каком контексте упоминаются следующие словосочетания:

favorite subjects

harmful substances

horrible ecological disaster

research center

6. Прослушайте дикторскую запись указанных ниже предложений. Постарайтесь понять, какие слова и словосочетания в них отсутствуют. Повторите полные предложения.

The by-products of their activity _________ the air we _______, the water we ________, the land we _________ grain and vegetables.

The consequences of ________ at the atomic power station are _______ for the Belarusian nation.

That is why ________ to create a system of ________ should be taken.

In many countries ________ protection ________ and ________ are set up.

We are to save life on the planet not only________ of the present but also for the _______ ________ .

7. Научитесь читать следующие вопросительные предложения, имитируя интонацию диктора. Ответьте на вопросы.

What is the source of people's life?

What do the words “development of civilization” mean?

What has the development of civilization led to?

Why did some species of animals, birds, plants disappear from the earth?

What do you know about ecological disasters on the Earth?

What are the consequences of these tragedies?

What has been done to solve ecological problems?

Why is your speciality important for all generations?

8. Разделите текст на логические части и озаглавьте их.

9. Послушайте тексты и ответьте на вопросы.

а)

Why do we have no right to blame our ancestors for their careless attitude to nature?

What produces a negative effect on the biosphere?

Our ancestors considered the Earth's resources to be boundless and endless. We have no right to blame our ancestors for their ecological ignorance: they fought to live.

Even in the 19-th century when the word “ecology” was born people continued to use nature as consumers, considering Man to be “lord and king” of nature and not the child.

In the 19-th century with the growth of science and technology human achievements in conquering nature became so great that man's economic activities began to prod...