Английский для бакалавров

В

1. My adviser (to give) me excellent advice and I am going to follow it. 2. Yesterday he (to advise) me to meet the new members of the staff. 3. Last year he (to be) responsible for my undergraduate teaching. 4. By the end of the previous term the students (to master) the necessary lab techniques. 5. To-morrow Professor N. (to give) us a lecture on quantum mechanics. 6. By the time we began to do research we (to master) lab techniques.

V. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

A

1. He has just said, “I want to speak to you”. 2. She said, “I have been very ill, but I am feeling much better”. 3. He said, “She is going abroad next month”. 4. Then she added, “I have been waiting for you since two o'clock”. 5. He promised, “I'll come as soon as I can”. 6. She tried to explain, “I'm afraid I can't go there now but I'll probably be able to go there tomorrow”. 7. He said, “We were just discussing the terms of the agreement when the telephone call interrupted us”. 8. He went on insisting, “The counterparts will agree to our new price if we send them a fax immediately”.

B

1. He said, “The price must include the cost of packing”. 2. Everybody insisted, “You ought to congratulate your uncle on this occasion”. 3. The coach said to me, “You should wait until the weather changes”. 4. They asked me, “Could you take a message?” 5. Then she added, “I would like to take part in the beauty contest”.

Note:

При обращении прямой речи в косвенную глагол в придаточных дополнительных предложениях не изменяется:

а) если глагол главного предложения стоит в одном из настоящих или будущих времен.

We have learned (that) they will come to Moscow soon.

b) если глагол в прямой речи стоит в Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous или является одним из модальных глаголов: must, could, might, should, would.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
"We had finished our work by six o'clock." "Could you come later?"	They informed their chief (that) they had finished their work by six o'clock. She asked me if I could come later.

c) если в прямой речи указывается точное время совершения действия или общеизвестный факт.



Direct Speech	Reported Speech
"I was in England in 1972." The sun rises in the East.	He said he was in England in 1972. The teacher explained to the children (that) the sun rises in the East.

VI. Put the following sentences into indirect speech with the introducing verb in the Past Tense. (Vary the introducing verb).

a) He said, told us, stated, declared, etc.

1. I have never been here before. 2. She is sorry he didn't come yesterday. 3. He will answer the letter when he gets the information. 4. She must go there at once if she still wants to see him. 5. You have been very generous today. 6. I expect to hear some news tomorrow, I'll tell you if I do.

b) He asked, wanted to know, didn't know, wondered, etc.

1. Is she invited to the party ? 2. Do you know when she will arrive in Moscow ? 3. Must we be here by six or can we come a bit later ? 4. Does the doctor allow you to smoke ? 5. Shall we have our meal now ? 6. Where shall we meet tonight ? 7. Why are you insisting on it ? 8. What exhibition did you visit last week ? 9. Who must follow these instructions ? 10. How can I fasten the belt ? 11. Why did you make up your mind to take part in the conference ? 12. Will the new project require a great effort if we change the preliminary schedule ?

VII. Practise the following table. Turn the following direct questions into Indirect Speech.



I'd like to know The teacher asked I can't imagine The receptionist asked My friend wondered The policeman tried to find out Don't you know Can you guess Did you find out	Which of you has read “Pygmalion” ? Who is the author of the book ? What is wrong with our agreement ? How do you always manage to remember the dates ? Have you anything to ask ? Is anything wrong with your car ? Why have you exceeded the speed limit ? Aren't you sorry ? Who did it depend on ? Will Friday suit everybody ? Has he changed his mind ?

VIII. Fill in the blanks with prepositions wherever necessary:

He asked - who you were looking …

- what family she came … - what book (article) the extract was taken … - what literary trend this poet belonged … - if our school-mate was going to marry … Helen. - why I was smiling … her. - what subjects I took special interest … - who she had fallen in love…

IX. Practise sentences below using Indirect Speech and translate each sentence into Russian.

A

1. “When must he be back ?” I wondered. 2. “How much time is left ?” he asked. 3. “Who is the first to speak?” the teacher asked. 4. “How many of you took part in the discussion ?” she wanted to know. 5. He asked, “Why can't a definite answer be given soon ?” 6. She tried to find out, “How long will it take you to make preliminary arrangements ?” 7. “Which of you would like to join us ?” he asked. 8. I was asked, “How far's the bus stop ?” 9. The policeman asked, “What's the matter ?” 10. We asked him, “How did it happen ?” 11. The host wondered, “Why are you leaving so soon ?”

B

1. The manager asked, “Does the appointed time suit everybody ?” 2. She asked me, ”Have you been learning English for five years ?” 3. I asked a salesman, “Can you guarantee that the computer will be delivered next week ?”

Р А Б О Т А С Т Е К С Т О М

Text A. Information Age: For and Against

FOR:

We are now living in the twentieth century in which various kinds of technology have been developed and are being developed. Some examples of these are computers, videotelephones, computerised television, and satellite systems. People have benefited and are benefiting from these kinds of technology. I'm sure the life in the nearest future will be more exciting and comfortable.

It is common now to have a computer at home. Home computers plugged into phone lines become powerful tools of knowledge because they are connected to libraries, universities and major research institutions. A specialist is able to locate the latest facts and get new information.

'Smart' TVs provided with new satellite systems are changing. Soon will be available as many as half a thousand channels. Home shopping programmes will allow viewers to shop everything from a yacht to a loaf of bread. Travel services, weather reports, video games, financial services, any kind of educational courses will be available at the touch of a button. The possibilities are almost endless.

By combining the technologies of computers, telephones, and television and then finding new methods of storing and transmitting data it will be possible to transport any information to every home.

Meanwhile, the time saved by not having to travel from one place to another for information, goods, and services can be used for rest, recreation, and education. The quality of life will be surely improved. The world will certainly become a more interesting place in which to live.

AGAINST:

We have a very comfortable life because of modern technology, but it has created some negative aspects. I do not support the idea of having advanced technology because it takes away time from reading and thinking. Before television, people used to read, think, and converse. They had the time to look at their lives and values. Today, people prefer to watch exciting things on video and television. Students today belong to the 'TV generation', few of them find time to read books, journals, and newspapers.

Another negative aspect, to my mind is computerised service. If most services are computerised, it will be easy for others to get information about a person. For example, the use of a credit card number to pay bills or go shopping can take away your privacy. Someone can easily find out what you bought and what you paid for it. This can also lead to others using your credit card number, or, in other words, theft.

Vocabulary

satellite, n	спутник
to benefit, v	извлекать пользу
to excite, v	волновать
to plug into, v	вставлять, встраивать
tool, n	инструмент
major, adj.	главный
research, n	научное исследование
to locate, v	определить местонахождение
to provide (with), v	обеспечивать, снабжать
to be available	быть доступным
viewer, n	зритель
financial, adj.	финансовый
to touch, v	касаться, трогать
button, n	кнопка
to combine, v	сочетать, соединять
to store, v	хранить, запоминать
storage, n	память (в компьютере)
to transmit, v	передавать
data, мн. ч. (datum, ед. ч.), n	данные
meanwhile, adv.	между тем
to save, v	спасать, экономить
to create, v	создавать
recreation, n	развлечение, отдых
to improve, v	улучшать, усовершенствовать
to support, v	поддерживать
to advance, v	продвигать, развивать
to converse, v	разговаривать
values, n	ценности
to belong to, v	принадлежать
generation, n	поколение
privacy, n	секретность, тайна
to find out, v	выяснить
to pay (for), v	платить
theft, n	воровство

I. Read the following international words. Try to guess their meanings.

Technology, computer, video, telephone, television, system, comfortable, line, university, specialist, channel, program, yacht, service, report, game, financial, course, combine, method, transport, information, interesting, modern, negative, aspect, idea, journal, person, credit, lead.

II. Find in the text the verbs of the same root.

Benefit, plug, connection, local, provision, combination, transmission, transport (-ation), improvement, creation, conversation, support, computer, payment, leader, development, shop.

III. Write the four forms of the verbs.

To lead, to pay, to get, to buy, to take, to find, to read, to think, to become, to know.

IV. Find antonyms to the following words:

same, furthest, uncomfortable, powerless, old, unavailable, unable, nothing, impossible, to worsen, positive, out-of-date, tiring, to lose, hard, to waste.

V. Suggest Russian renderings for:

1. It is common now to have a computer at home. 2. Home computers plugged into phone lines become powerful tools of knowledge. 3. Soon will be available as many as half a thousand channels. 4. … any kind of educational courses will be available at the touch of a button. 5. Meanwhile, the time saved by not having to travel from one place to another for information, goods and services can be used for rest, recreation and education. 6. The world will certainly become a more interesting place in which to live.

VI. Give the English equivalents from the text for the following:

любой образовательный курс; финансовые услуги; в ближайшем будущем; сейчас принято; средства получения информации; туристическое обслуживание; почти безграничны; методы хранения и передачи информации; благодаря современной технологии; она отнимает время у …; по-моему; оплачивать счета.

VII. Translate the following sentences. Pay special attention to used to (to say that something regularly happened in the past but no longer happens). Used to + infinitive is always past. There is no present. The normal question form is “Did … use to ?”

1. He used to be good at programming but then he gave it up. 2. He didn't use to take interest in computing until he came across a new software product. 3. Before television, people used to read, think and converse. 4. Now she is not able to get information as soon as she used to. 5. Did you use to play video games when you were a child ? 6. It's unbelievable that long ago people used to live without PCs. 7. Unfortunately I am not so skillful as I used to be. 8. I don't type as well as I used to. My injury is to blame. 9. He used to waste a lot of time in front of the telly but now he spends all his spare time trying to access Internet / Intranet and graphics applications.

VIII. Pick out from the text the verbs in:

Present Indefinite (Active, Passive)

Present Continuous (Active, Passive)

Present Perfect (Active, Passive)

Future Indefinite (Active, Passive)

IX. Answer the following questions:

1. Why do home computers become powerful tools of knowledge ? 2. How will the quality of television viewing improve ? 3. Do you think the possibilities of the advanced technology will bring people together or isolate them ? 4. Are there any advantages of having lots of TV channels ? 5. What do you think we mean by saying “TV generation” ? 6. Do you waste as much time watching TV as you used to when you were a schoolboy (schoolgirl) ? 7. What do you think of advanced technology ? Are you for or against it ?

X. Say in English:

1. Я уверен, что жизнь в ближайшем будущем будет более интересна и комфортабельна. Возможности новых технологий практически безграничны. 2. Компьютер в доме стал обычным явлением. Домашний компьютер, подключенный к телефонной сети, становится мощным источником получения любой информации. 3. Становится доступной связь с библиотеками, университетами, исследовательскими учреждениями. 4. Телевизор, обеспеченный спутниковой связью, позволит телезрителям купить практически любую вещь, от яхты до булки хлеба, не выходя из дома. 5. Исчезает необходимость тратить время в поисках информации. Сэкономленное время можно использовать для отдыха, развлечений или образования. 6. Конечно, жизнь в современном мире достаточно комфортабельна, однако она порождает и некоторые отрицательные моменты. 7. Раньше, когда не было телевидения, люди читали, размышляли, беседовали друг с другом. Сегодня они предпочитают развлекаться, смотря видеофильмы и телевизионные шоу. Мало кто находит время для чтения книг, журналов и газет.

XI. Compose a story. Produce your point of view on the problem of the information age. Try to explain whether you are for or against. Give reasons. Use the following:

to my mind; as far as I know; I think that …; I would like to mention that …; it seems to me; as far as I am concerned; in my opinion; it goes without saying …; to begin with; by the way; in this way; to some extent; if I am not mistaken.

Text B. Computer System

A computer system is made up of five fundamental units. The central part of a computer is the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU includes 2 units: the Control Unit (CU), and the Arithmetic-Logical Unit (ALU).

The Arithmetic-Logical Unit is the "brain" of the computer system. It performs the most important operations of a computer system - arithmetic and logical operations on the data.

On the other hand, the Control Unit functions more like a "house master". It decides the sequence of operations for the system. It generates and manages all control signals to streamlining the operations and flow of data within the ALU.

Memory module is the next part of a computer system. 'The memory of the computer is used to store information. Several types of memories are normally present in a computer system. These two basic types of memories are respectively known as ROM (Read Only Memory) or RAM (Random Access Memory). Secondary memories can reside externally to the computer. A typical example would be diskettes.

The last part of a computer system is the input /output - module. The input - module supplies data to the ALU. It can be, for example, a keyboard. The output - module on the other hand displays to the outside world the data exiting from the ALU. A familiar example is the video display unit (VDU).

Personal computer systems are used now on a wide scale.

The basic components of a personal computer consist of the system unit, the keyboard, the video display unit, the printer and optionally the mouse. They can be easily connected and ready to be used in a matter of minutes.

The system unit contains a 16 / 24 / 32 - bit microprocessor, the two diskette drives housed in a single table - top unit. The system unit is powered from a standard 230 - volt ac grounded wall outlet.

The computer system has two modes: alphanumeric (A / N) or text mode and graphics mode.

A few words about A / N mode.

In text mode, it supports either a 40 / 25 or an 80 / 25 display format. Each character is format in an 8 / 8 character box. Characters can be black or white or displayed in colour with 8 background colours and 16 foreground colours. Multiple pages of text may also be stored in the adapter.

The display adapter card contains ROM character generator that provides 256 characters for displaying on the screen. In addition to the standard 96 ASCII characters, there are special characters for supporting games and text processing, plus international character and symbols, line graphics, scientific notations and Greek characters.

Each display character position is defined by two bytes in the adapter 16K RAM. One byte is for the display character code byte, which is the ASCII character code and the second byte is the attribute.

Thus, for the 80 column per 25 rows display, it's required 4000 bytes.

The second possible mode is a graphics mode. The adapter card has two graphics modes - a 320 / 200 four colour mode and a 640 / 200 monochrome mode. In the 320 / 200 mode, each dot on the screen can be programmed with any of the four colours.

The 320 / 200 medium resolution mode uses 16000 bytes of memory, organised in 4 pixels horizontally per byte. The screen is divided into two buffers, the first 8K buffer holding data for the even lines and the second hold data for the odd lines. Each pixel on the screen is defined by two bits

The 640 / 200 high resolution mode requires 16Kb. Every bit is mapped to a pixel on the screen. So, one byte will represent 8 pixels on the screen.

The personal computer can be connected to either 84-keys or 101-keys keyboard.

The 84-keys keyboard is a AT / XT compatible keyboard. It is changeable to the AT or XT by selective switch at the back of the keyboard.

Various languages keyboards are available: English, German, Russian and others.

The 101-keys keyboard with an outside is to select XT or AT mode. It is basically an intelligent and detachable keyboard.

Vocabulary



to process, v to include, v unit, n to perform, v brain, n to streamline, v flow, n respectively, adv. random, adj. access, n to reside, v internal / external, adj. input / output, n to supply, v key, n keyboard, n to display, v scale, n on a wide scale component, n optional, adj. to contain , v diskette drive outlet, n mode, n color (colour), n background, n foreground, n in addition to screen, n notation, n to define, v row, n to require, v medium, adj. resolution, n to map, v to represent, v compatible, adj. switch, n to detach, n	обрабатывать включать блок, устройство; единица выполнить мозг интенсифицировать поток соответственно случайный доступ размещаться, находиться внутренний / внешний ввод / вывод снабжать клавиша; ключ клавиатура показывать, высвечивать масштаб в широком масштабе элемент необязательный содержать дисковод штепсельная розетка режим цвет фон передний план кроме экран обозначение определять ряд требовать средний разрешающая способность, разрешение наносить на карту; составлять план представлять совместимый выключатель четный / нечетный



Read the following international words from the text. Guess their meanings:

computer, system, byte, fundamental, central, process, control, arithmetic, logical, operation, function, master, generate (-or), signal, module, information, type, diskettes, familiar, video, personal, printer, contain, microprocessor, volt, text, graphic, character, format, adapter, position, game, international, symbol, line, notation, bit, attribute, column, monochrome, program, organize, horizontally, selective.

Read and remember the following abbreviations:

I/O - input/output R/W - read/write A/N - alphanumeric ALU - arithmetic/logic(al) unit VDU - video display unit CPU - Central Processing Unit RAM - Random Access Memory ROM - Read -Only Memory DASD - Direct Access Storage Device DBMS - Data Base Management System R	ввод/вывод чтение/запись текстовый арифметическое/логичес-кое устройстводисплей центральный процессор память с произвольной выборкойпостоянная память ЗУ с прямым доступом система управления базами данных регистр

Produce definitions to the following:

CPU, character, computer, data, access, instruction, magnetic tape, word, byte, bit, capacity, address, code, chip.

Use the sentences below:

1.А basic unit of a data in a computer memory. It consists of a predetermined number of characters or bits to be processed. The word “bit” is formed from the letter ”b” in the word “binary” and two letters in the word “digit”. 2.The process of acquiring information from a computer register, memory or peripheral unit. 3. One of the elementary operations which can be performed by a computer. 4.The mechanical, magnetic, electronic and electrical devices or components of a computer. 5.The part of a computing system which obtains instructions from the memory and interprets them as well as performs the actual operations. 6.A collection of numeric, alphabetic or special characters denoting facts and information. 7.Any device capable of accepting information, applying prescribed processes to the information and supplying the results of these processes, in other words, a device for performing sequences of arithmetic and logic operations. 8.One of a set of elementary symbols which may be arranged in groups to express information. The symbols may include the decimal digits 0 through 9, letters A through Z, punctuation marks and operation symbols which a computer may read, store and rite. 9.A tape with a magnetic surface on which data can be stored by selective magnetisation of portions of the surface. 10.A system of characters and rules for representing information in a language capable of being understood and used by a computer. 11.A small piece of silicon on which an integrated circuit is fabricated. 12.A unique label, name, or number that identifies a memory location. 13.The number of bits or words or bytes that can be stored. 14.The smallest unit of information within a character which can assume the values of 0 and 1.

Translate the following word combinations. Pay attention to the left-hand attributes:

control unit functions, memory module, input/output module, personal computer systems, video display unit, standard 230-volt ac grounded wall outlet, each display character position, adapter card, 320/200 medium resolution mode, first 8K buffer, 640/200 high resolution mode, 101 - keys keyboard, at/xt compatible keyboard, various languages keyboard.

Fill in the table according to the pattern:



Verb	Noun	Adjective
Pattern: calculate define compute program divide represent apply require process select store resolve perform change connect organize generate map base power characterize display	calculator calculation

Translate the sentences below. Pay attention to the meanings of the following words: a) a result - результат, следствие as a result - в результате to result in - приводить к to result from - вытекать из ....; являться результатом

1.After performing computations a computer displays the results. 2.The development of cybernetics has resulted in growing application of various computers. 3.These data result from the comparison operation. 4.As a result, solving such problems will save human lives. 5.He reported the results of the experiment made by means of a general-purpose computer. 6.The importance of computing machines results from their ability to process information in an extremely short time.

b) rather - довольно, до некоторой степени, скорее rather than -а не..., вместо того, чтобы; скорее чем

1. These measurements require rather high accuracy. 2.The speedometer reads the instantaneous velocity of a car rather than the average one. 3.This graph is plotted rather for an object moving with uniform velocity. 4.In case of varying values an analog computer rather than a digital one should be used.

c) way - путь, способ way out - выход (из положения) in this way - таким образом by the way - между прочим the other way round - наоборот

1. The only way of solving this complicated problem is to use a computer. 2. In this way, the difference in the design of these computing machines is the difference in their functions. 3. It should be always remembered that the machine serves man, and not the other way round. 4. By the way, some decades ago the principle use of computers was in the area of applied mathematics. 5. There is no better way of raising productivity than by applying modern electronic computers. 6. In this way, the crystal acts as a switch and “remembers” the light impulses. 7. One of the ways of storing information in a computer is storing by using a set of small magnetically polarised spots (пятна) on a magnetic surface. 8. The only possible way out is to simulate the situation by means of a computer.

d) term - термин; срок; семестр to term - называть in terms of - с точки зрения; на языке; в терминах

1.Technically, the term microprocessor has come to mean the central processing unit of a small computer system. 2.A code can be written in terms of automatic language for then it is easy to make changes in it. 5.A program may be termed a routine or code as they are synonyms. 4.If the language being described is called simply "the language", then the language in terms of which the description is being made is called "metalanguage”. 5.Computers are best understood in terms of their real capabilities.

e) a number -число; количество; номер to number - насчитывать a number of - pяд, множество

1.If the code for number 3 is stored in register R, the operation will be perfomed by the computer 3 times. 2.A number of computing devices were arranged in our laboratory. 5.An instruction word looks like a number and there is no way to tell from the word itself whether it is a quantity or an instruction.

f) consideration -рассмотрение, обсуждение; соображение to take into consideration - принимать во внимание under consideration - рассматриваемый, обсуждаемый in consideration of - принимая во внимание

1. In view of these considerations one can foresee the development of cryoelectronic memories with extremely high component densities. 2. The prime consideration in choosing this type of a computer is its lower price. 3. It should be taken into consideration that CAD reduces drafting time and effort. 4. The problem under consideration is connected with hardware of the supercomputer. 5. In consideration of advantages in speed, reliability and capacity a great deal of attention will be given to this computing machine.

Put the following sentences into indirect speech with the introducing verb in the Past Tense. (Vary the introducing verb).

He said, told us, stated, added, declared, reminded, mentioned, explained

An up-to-date computer system is made up of five fundamental units.

The ALU performs the most important operations.

The two basic types of memories known respectively as ROM and RAM are designed for storing information.

Diskettes would be a typical example of secondary memories.

The system unit, the keyboard, the video display unit, the printer and optionally the mouse could be called the basic components of a personal computer (PC).

Any computer system must have two modes: A/N or text mode and graphic mode.

Characters can be black, white or displayed in colour with 8 back ground and 16 foreground colours.

In addition to the standard characters there are special characters for supporting games and text processing.

She asked, wanted to know, didn't know, wondered, tried to find out, couldn't understand.

What is each display character position defined by?

Can each dot on the screen be programmed with any of the four colours?

How many bytes are required for the 80 column per 25 rows display?

Will one byte represent 8 or 16 pixels on the screen?

What kind of resolution mode used 16000 bytes of memory?

Must the personal computer be connected to either 84-keys or 101-keys keyboard?

Paraphrase the following questions beginning with “I wonder”

Could you explain me the difference between ROM and RAM?

What unit must store information?

What do you mean by saying “up-to-date computer”?

Will artificial intelligence be used on a wide scale in the near future?

What is the system unit powered from?

Text C. A message from the President

Part I.

Dear Valued Customer, since its inception in 1985, Corel has been renowned in the software industry for consistently developing innovative software and revolutionary technology. To complement our extensive line of acclaimed business applications, graphics products and Internet/intranet software, we offer an exceptional level of commitment to our corporate and government customers. We deliver on this commitment by fulfilling three core objectives.

Corel provides customers with leading-edge, open standards technology on a variety of platforms including Java™, Windows® 95, Windows NT®, Windows® 3.1x, DOS, UNIX and Macintosh®. With our commitment to Java development, we are poised to lead the way in what is being hailed as the greatest technological shift of the decade - the Internet/intranet and the network-centric computing revolution. We are also dedicated to protecting your organisation's current operating system investment and offering innovative technology with continued development on all of the platforms listed above.

Corel offers one of the most flexible, easy-to-administer methods of software deployment available. Through the Corel Licence Program (CLP), Corel can effectively meet your changing software deployment needs, as your organization evolves and grows.

Corel is also committed to minimizing your organization's information system expenditures. Through clp and products such as Corel® Office for Java™ and Corel® Office for Windows NT® Server 4.0, Corel is taking an active role in reducing organizations' software costs.

CLP Universal™ allows medium- and large-sized organizations to take advantage of the benefits of Corel's corporate and government commitment. Combining leading-edge technology with one of the most flexible, cost-effective and easy-to-use volume licence programs in the software industry, Corel is a perfect partner for any organization looking toexcel.

DR. MICHAEL COWPLAND CHAIRMAN, PRESIDENT and CEO

COREL CORPORATION

Read the first part of the text. Suggest Russian version for the italicised parts of sentences:

Complete English sentences by adding the question given in the right-hand column.

А) I failed to understand	Кто написал это письмо? Когда была основана компания? Работает ли она на современном уровне? Каковы основные цели работы компании? Помогает ли компания своим клиентам работать в Internet/Intranet? Будет ли компания отвечать растущим требованиям клиентов?
B) Как вы думаете?	Do they offer an exceptional level of commitment to their corporate and government customers? What kind of technology does Corel provide customers with? Why is Corel taking an active role in reducing organizations software costs? Did CLP Universal allow medium- or large-sized organizations to take advantage of the benefits of Corel's corporate and government commitment. Why can Corel be considered a perfect partner for any organization looking to Excel?



C) Ask your fellow-students to answer the questions above.

Text C

Part II

CLP Universal was designed to provide greater flexibility to organisations than other volume licence programs. That's because, in the software industry, where technology and users' needs change rapidly, Corel believes flexibility in licensing is essential for organisations that want to stay ahead of their competition.

CLP Universal allows for multiplatform and multilingual licences and backward licensing at no additional charge. Users can access Corel business, Internet/intranet and graphics applications on different operating systems, in different languages or with different version numbers, making internal and external communication much easier. As well, organisations do not have to go through the purchasing process every time they need to use equivalent products on different platforms on different languages.

Concurrent usage at no additional charge allows organisations to purchase licences for the total number of copies of the Corel application to be used simultaneously. Combined with nonconcurrent home and laptop usage at no additional charge, Corel helps customers stay connected wherever they are--in the office, on the road or at home.

CLP Universal is designed to assist organisations as they grow, with greater discounts as they achieve greater purchase volumes. Subsidiaries and divisions of the company signing the CLP Universal Agreement also benefit from the flexibility of CLP Universal by purchasing off the parent company's agreement without having to meet a minimum purchase requirement.

Answer the questions below using Indirect Speech. Be detailed in so doing.

The verbs to be used: to declare, to insist, to add, to explain, to emphasize, to stress

f

What did the President of Corel Corporation say about a) flexibility provided to organisations? b) kinds of licensing at no additional charge? c) customers opportunity to be connected wherever they are? f) discounts to be provided? e) benefits provided to subsidiaries and divisions of the company signing the CLP Universal Agreement?

Retell the story as if you were a customer of Corel Corporation and give reasons for you to be one.

Text D. Hard Disk Troubles

Introduction

Be prepared and don't panic: Many errors are not fatal; you just have to know how to deal with them.

By Neil Randall

Of all the problems a PC can have, none is more frightening than a hard disk error. The problem could be as easy to deal with as a few bad sectors or a loose power connector, but whenever we see anything wrong with hard disk operation, our minds conjur up the horrifying phrase "disk crash”.

After all, most of us don't back up our data as often as we should, so a full disk crash could result in permanent losses. Even those who do regular backups will usually have to buy and install a new disk and then figure out the backup software's restore procedure. At the very least, it's a time-consuming and stressful procedure, and Murphy's Law ensures that these things happen only when. deadlines loom and stores are closed.

Hard disks break down for the same reason cars or refrigerators break down: They're mechanical, and mechanical items are susceptible to physical problems. But hard disk failures can be more alarming, because they're more mysterious.

First let's examine hard disk construction and operation. A hard disk comes packaged in an airtight container. This container prevents contaminants such as dirt, liquid, dust particles, and hair from coming in contact with the disk's platters, which are sealed inside. The platters themselves are composed of a substrate and a magnetic medium. The substrate, the platter's base material, is either aluminium or (more common today) glass or ceramic. The substrate material must be nonmagnetic and capable of being machined to a smooth finish.

To allow data storage, both sides of each platter are coated with a magnetic medium, formerly magnetic oxide but now almost exclusively a layer of metal called a thin-film medium. The thin-film medium stores data in magnetic patterns, with each platter capable of storing a billion or so bits per square inch (bpsi) of platter surface. To record and retrieve data, the hard disk assembly contains read/write heads. Each platter surface (top and bottom) typically has a corresponding R/W head, with each R/W head attached to a mechanical arm and all mechanical arms attached to a pivot. With the platters rotating around a spindle and the arms precisely positioning the heads, the entire structure is reminiscent of the good old record players gathering dust in many of our basements.

A main difference is that record turntables play only one of the stacked albums while the rest wait to drop into place, whereas in the hard disk assembly all of the platters are available at all times, and each has its own arms and R/W heads. Another difference is that the turntable's arm has no built-in intelligence; it simply holds the stylus, which is guided by the physical grooves of the album. In a hard disk assembly, the arm swings across the head according to instructions from a precise motor called an actuator; the platter itself does not guide the head. Instead, the actuator moves the R/W heads to the exact physical location of the data requested by the application.

There is yet another difference between record players and hard disks: While the stylus touches the vinyl album, the R/W heads float a few microinches above the platter. On early disks, this distance was 10 microinches or more, but today's R/W heads float at 5 microinches. The heads ride atop the airflow caused by the spinning of the platters, and except for a couple of circumstances, they never come in contact with the platters. If they did, they would damage or even destroy the data where they landed (hence the need for ultrasmooth platters and coatings).

The planned circumstance under which the heads touch the platters occurs when the disk stops spinning-that is, when the disk is powered off. During the spin-down period, the airflow diminishes and then stops completely, and the heads are no longer held off the platters. The unplanned circumstance occurs during a heavy shock of some sort, when the head cuts through the airflow and makes contact with the platter.

Read the text using a dictionary.

Make up short stories to answer the questions below. Use the lists of key words and word combinations.

a) Why are we afraid of a hard disc error?	to deal with, easy, break down, anything wrong, hard disc operation, crash, to horrify, for one reason or another, mechanical items, data, to be lost, failure, to have no idea of , to happen, to find out.
b) What is your hard disc like?	to examine, to prevent from, to be packaged, to come in contact, container, disc's platters, to be composed, magnetic medium, substrate, to be machined, smooth finish, to store data, to be coated, a thin-film medium capable of storing a billion or so bits per square inch; R/W heard
c) What's the difference between old record players and hard discs?	to be available, assembly all of the platters, arm, build-in intelligence, to be guided by the physical grooves, to swing, according to instructions, to touch, to float, to ride, to damage, to destroy, (un-) planned circumstances

Text E. The new way of looking at things:

MultiSync' monitors

The MultiSync® M500 and M700 monitors:Outstanding picture quality thanks to new cromaclearTM Slot Mask. And lots more...

You only need to take one look at these monitors to see what makes them stand out from the rest - a razor-sharp picture extending into every corner of the screen. An amazingly high-contrast, life-like reproduction of images, graphics and videos. Pure, brilliant colours with clearly defined intermediate tones. Not forgetting the crystal clear picture with consistent brightness over the entire information area, without annoying striping or shadows.

Both monitors feature outstanding ergonomic design and functionality. For example, Plug&Play, the 2nd generation On Screen Manager and Opti Clear Coating are just some of the features that ensure user-friendly and productive working. Multimedia users will be thrilled by the Video Booster, Multilevel Surround Sound and built-in microphone. All in all, MultiSync® M500 and M700 are the ideal solution to meet the needs of current and future applications. NEC. Technology for People.

Read this advertisement. Try to understand the key-ideas.

Reread the text and ask a friend indirect questions on the text. Use the suggested word combinations:

Can you tell me …

Do you know …

Do you think …

Tell me …

Will you tell me …

Would you explain me …

Did you manage to understand …

I wonder …

Prepare an advertisement of HP Laser Jet 5, 5M and 5N Printers. Use words of the texts A, B, C, D, E.

Принтеры HP LaserJet 5, 5М и 5N сочетают в себе улучшенные характеристики и целый ряд функций и дополнительных возможностей, что в особенности подходит для небольших рабочих групп.

Технологии ускорения печати для ускорения работы.

Технологии ускорения печати означают более быстрый возврат в приложения и более быструю распечатку первой страницы по мере усложнения документов. Сюда входят HP PCL 6 и процессор Intel на 33 МГц, сжатие данных и получение серой шкалы с помощью аппаратного обеспечения. Комбинация этих компонент обеспечивает наиболее эффективную работу с использованием двигателя 12 страниц в минуту, при этом рабочий цикл повышается до 35,000 страниц в месяц.

Новый принтерный язык для ускоренного выполнения распечаток.

HP PCL 6 с обратной и прямой совместимостью обеспечивает ускоренное выполнение распечаток, в особенности распечаток сложных документов с большим количеством графики.

Принтерный язык Adobe PostScript Уровня 2 поставляется в качестве стандарта с принтером HP LaserJet 5M и может быть легко установлен на принтеры HP LaserJet 5 и 5N.

Простые в понимании, простые в управлении.

Умело спроектированная легкая для понимания панель управления с кнопкой "отмена работы" для немедленного прекращения процесса печати и кнопкой "выполнение" для разрешения некритичных проблем.

Сообщения на языках, выбранных пользователем, обеспечивают простую для понимания информацию о статусе принтера.

Опциональный инфракрасный адаптер, совместимый с IrDA, дает возможность быстрой и легкой работы без кабеля, например, с компьютерами Notebook.

Решение, которое будет отвечать вашим растущим потребностям.

Слоты SIMM дают возможность увеличения стандартной памяти (4 МБ на HP LaserJet 5 и 5N, 6 МБ на HP LaserJet 5M) до 52 МБ (38 МБ на HP LaserJet 5M), также может быть добавлена энергонезависимая "флаш" память для постоянного хранения форм, шрифтов и графики.

Превосходное качество документов.

Действительное разрешение 600 х 600 точек на дюйм, технология Улучшения Разрешения HP, мелкодисперсный тонер и 128 уровней серого гарантируют превосходное качество документов.

C o n v e r s a t i o n

Let's dream of AI (Artificial Intelligence)

Artificial intelligence

Computers have become part of everyday life. Today's schoolchildren carry around calculating power which would have filled a large room forty years ago. Computer scientists are now working on the next generation of computers; ones which will have true intelligence. The first step on the way is the development of 'expert systems'. An expert system is partially intelligent.

At Stanford University a computer has been developed for medical diagnosis. It stores 125 facts about each of 600 diseases. It can tell doctors which questions to ask, and which measurements to take. It can then analyse the result and make an accurate diagnosis.

At the University of California they have been working on computers which can write stories, while IBM has developed the Epistle program for business letters which can correct spelling, improve grammar and style and even check for mistakes by giving a list of words with similar sounds. One of the most interesting programs has been developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and it is a kind of computer psychiatrist.

The program, which was developed by Professor Joseph Weizenbaum, is called Eliza. It uses a technique known as 'reflective listening'. The computer seems to understand, and to make sympathetic responses. In fact it does not understand a word that is being typed into it. Nevertheless, Weizenbaum's secretary fell under the spell of the machine. Weizenbaum says:

Well, I asked her to my office and sat her down at the keyboard, and she began to type and of course I looked at her to make sure everything was operating properly. After two or three interchanges with the machine she turned to me and she said, "Would you mind leaving the room please?"

Eliza responds sympathetically to what is typed in, but that it never adds new information, or gives an opinion. Ordinary psychiatrists use this reflective listening technique, too.

Here is an example of Eliza in operation:

Input Eliza

It's my girlfriend. So, you're worried about your girlfriend.

I'm a bit upset. Why do you feel upset?

She doesn't understand me. She doesn't understand you?

She argues with everything I say. Why do you think she argues with you?

She's afraid of me. Does it please you to think she's afraid of you? No, but... she goes crazy. What exactly do you mean by crazy?

She makes me miserable. I'm sorry to hear you're miserable.

Psychiatrists (and teachers I) say that this technique helps people to talk about themselves, and that talking about themselves helps them.

Try this technique with some fellow students. A is consulting В. В does not give any opinion, but simply listens sympathetically. Make a list of 'problems' for A to speak about. It's a good way of keeping a conversation going.

Eliza simply operates a clever program and cannot be described as artificial intelligence. The program can be fooled:

Eliza Hi! I'm Eliza. What's your problem? Computers What is it about machines that worries you? They are stupid I'm not sure I understand you fully You cannot think Oh, I cannot think That is correct Come, come elucidate your thoughts why What else comes to mind when you ask that? Bananas Can you elaborate on that? What does that suggest to you? Me I see	Where are your eyes? Why are you interested in whether or not I am r eyes That is rubbish I'm not sure I understand you fully I cannot help that Come, come elucidate your thoughts You are repeating yourself Does it please you to believe I am repeating myself? No Why not? Please leave the room Can you elaborate on that? Go Say, do you have any psychological problems?

However it may not be very long before truly intelligent computers are created. What will happen? Two eminent scientists at MIT have expressed views on this:

Professor Edward Fredken (МГГ) Professor Fredken thinks that the artificial intelligences of the future will be concerned with weighty problems that humans cannot understand. He thinks that they may condescend to talk to us occasionally, to amuse us and to play games that we enjoy. In some sense they might, he suggests, keep us as pets.

Professor Joseph Weizenbaum (МГГ) Professor Weizenbaum expanded on the idea of computers keeping us as pets and quoted Arthur C. Clarkc (the author of 2001) as saying it would serve us right. Weizenbaum queries the use of the word 'us'. He points out that the thousand or so people working on the high-level computers are doing so without having asked the rest of 'us' our opinion/permission. We will all be affected, however, if they produce the monstrosities that are being forecast. He concludes that this situation says a great deal about the issue of responsibility in science.

II. Answer the following questions:

Do you believe in the computer intelligence?

If you had a chance to choose either to be tested by a computer or by a human being, which would you prefer and why?

Do you think the program Eliza is a good one? Why? Identify its merits and demerits.

What other computer programs do you know?

Have you ever tried to develop a program? What must a programmer know to develop a good one?

Would you like to be a citizen of a computer land and be ruled and controlled by computers?

What films devoted to the problem of artificial intelligence have you seen?

III. Be ready to talk on the following topics:

Home computers have become powerful tools of knowledge.

Internet is a source of information and a means of communication.

The possibilities of advanced technology. Will it bring people together or isolate them?

Artificial Intelligence, its role and influence on homo sapience.

You are a computer designer. What computer are you going to develop?

Computers in 50 years. Their role in everyday life and their possibilities.

IV. Compose dialogues on the following situations.

Discuss with your friends the possibilities of intelligent computers.

Discuss the problems the artificial intelligence of the future will be concerned with.

Discuss the interrelations between a computer and a man.

J u s t f o r f u n

This is an extract from a novel, Satan by Jeremy Leven, in which Lupa meets a truly intelligent computer.

Lupa laughed. She liked the voice that had been selected for the computer. It wasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being played at too slow a speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it.

"Do you have a name?" Lupa asked.

"Not yet," the computer answered.

"They're running a contest. The kids are supposed to name me. I'm dreading the whole thing, believe me."

Now Lupa thought this was clever, the way they had programmed the computer. She wondered it there was some way to screw up the program. She had once heard that even a sophisticated analog computer couldn't pick up certain subtleties in the English language, no matter how good the programming, so she decided to give it a try.

"My paws give me pause," she said.

The computer was silent.

"My paws give me pause," Lupa repeated. "It's a clause without claws."

Lupa waited in silence for a response.

"You know something," the computer said. "I thought you'd be different. Just once today I was hoping I'd get someone who wouldn't try to beat the program”.

Lupa smiled. This was marvelous, she thought to herself. They'd thought of everything.

"Sorry," she said. "My displace".

"Ah, you speak Italian", the computer said with some sarcasm.

"Oui, d'accord," Lupa answered.

"C'est vrai."

"And French, too. Your French is better than your Italian. Though neither one is great. Now, if you excuse me, I have to shut down. It's closing time."

Lupa stood up and walked around the room. It was evident to her that somewhere in the building, listening through an intercom, was someone with a microphone. She thought about how to test for this.

"You wouldn't happen to know what day of the week September the fourteenth, 1321, fell on, would you?" Lupa asked.

"It was a Sunday," the computer answered, "but how do you know whether I'm right? Thank you for visiting the computer exhibit."

Design a computer for your home. Write a description of it and its functions

.

Literature

1. Eckersley C.E. “Essential English for Foreign Students” / Sofia, 1966. “English Humour” С-Петербург, 1991.

2. Francoise Grellet “Developing Reading Skills” / Cambridge University Press, 1981.

3. Hornby A.S. “Oxford Progressive English for Adult Learners” / Oxford University Press.

4. Murphy Raymond “English Grammar in Use” / Cambridge University Press, 1988.

5. “Student's Grammar” / The University of Birmingham, Collins Cobuild, 1991.

6. “Английский язык. Большой справочник для школьников и поступающих в вузы” / М., 1998.

7. Арбекова Т.И., Власова Н.Н. “English for All Occasions” /М., 1971.

8. Арбекова Т.И., Власова Н.Н., Макарова Г.А. “Я хочу и буду знать английский” / М., 1993.

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