Английский для бакалавров

There is no book on the table. There are no students in the room. There was no lecture yesterday.

Примечания:

1. Кроме глагола to be, после there могут употребляться и некоторые другие непереходные глаголы такие, как to live жить, to exist существовать, to appear появляться, to arise возникать, to stand стоять и т.д.

There arose a lot of questions after his lecture.	После его лекции возникло множество вопросов.
There came a knock at the door.	Раздался стук в дверь.

2. Любой из модальных глаголов может входить в конструкцию there+be.

There must be a mistake in this text.	В этом тексте, должно быть, есть ошибка.
There may have been a storm in their region yesterday.	В их районе, возможно, был вчера ураган.

3. При переводе с русского языка на английский язык предложений с глаголом есть, имеется оборот there is употребляется только при указании места; при указании лица (у меня, у Пети есть...) употребляется глагол to have.

У меня есть (имеется) интересная английская книга. На столе

I have an interesting English book. There is an interesting English book on the table.

2. Неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения



(Indefinite and Negative Pronouns)

	thing	body	one	where
some	something что-то что-нибудь	somebody кто-то кто-нибудь	someone кто-то кто-нибудь	somewhere где-то где-нибудь куда-то куда-нибудь	1. В утвердительных предложениях 2. В специальных вопросах и общих вопросах, выражающих просьбу, пред-ложение
	anything что-нибудь	anybody кто-нибудь	anyone кто-нибудь	anywhere где-нибудь куда-нибудь	1. В вопросительных предложениях
any	что-нибудь	кто-нибудь	кто-нибудь	где-нибудь куда-нибудь	2. В условных придаточных предложе-ниях
	всё что угод-но	всякий любой	всякий любой	всюду везде	3. В утвердительных предложениях
	ничто	никто	никто	нигде никуда	4. В отрицательных предложениях (при отрицательной форме глагола)
no	nothing ничто	nobody никто	no one никто	nowhere нигде никуда	В отрицательных предложениях (при утвердительной форме глагола)
every	everything всё	everybody все, каждый, всякий	everyone все, каждый, всякий	everywhere везде	В утвердительных, вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях

Примечание:

в английском языке everybody, everyone в функции подлежащего требуют после себя глагол в единственном числе 3-го лица.

Запомните ! 1. Местоимение some и его производные употребляются в основном в утвердительных предложениях вместо артикля как определение к существительному. На русский язык часто не переводится.

I've bought some coffee. Я купила кофе.

2. Местоимение any и его производные:

а) в утвердительных предложениях имеют значения: всякий, любой, всё, везде, всюду:

You may take any of these books. Вы можете взять любую из этих книг.

б) в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях заменяют some и его производные:

Did you make any mistakes in your work yesterday ? Вы сделали ошибки в своей работе вчера ?

3. В отрицательных предложениях можно использовать:

а) not + any / anything, anybody, anyone, anywhere; б) no / nothing, nobody, no one, nowhere.

He had no English books. I have no paper to write on. He didn't have any English books.

Примечание:

местоимение some может употребляться в специальных и общих вопросах, выражающих просьбу или предложение:

Do you have some envelopes ? У вас не найдется сколько-нибудь конвертов ? Would you like some coffee ? Вы будете пить кофе ?

Much, many, little, few

Исчисляемые существительные	Неисчисляемые существительные
many - много few - мало a few - несколько	much - много little - мало a little - немного
a lot of, lots of, plenty of - много

Местоимения many (много), few (мало), a few (несколько) употребляются перед исчисляемыми существительными и отвечают на вопрос How many ? Сколько ?

I have many (few) English books. У меня много (мало) английских книг.

Местоимения much (много), little (мало), a little (немного) употребляется перед неисчисляемыми существительными и отвечают на вопрос How much ? Сколько ?

I have little (much) free time today. У меня сегодня мало (много) свободного времени.

Примечание:

слова much, little, a little имеют значение наречий, когда они определяют глагол, а не существительное.

She works very much. Она очень много работает. She speaks English a little. Она немного говорит по-английски.

3. Indefinite (Simple) Tenses

(Неопределенные времена)

Времена группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) употребляются для выражения обычных, постоянных или повторяющихся действий в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени без указания на их длительность или завершенность.

Present Indefinite Tense (Active)

Запомните !

1. Present Indefinite Tense образуется от инфинитива глагола без частицы to;

2. В 3 л. ед. ч. глагол принимает окончание -s; если глагол оканчивается на гласную, шипящую или свистящую, окончание имеет форму -es.

ask + s = asks

go + es = goes

cross + es = crosses

3. Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола do(does) и инфинитива смыслового глагола без частицы to.

Обратите внимание ! Вспомогательный глагол употребляется в форме does только в 3 лице ед. ч.

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I ask He asks	Do I ask ? Does he ask ?	I do not (don't) ask He does not (doesn't) ask



Present Indefinite Tense выражает:

а) факты, отдельные действия.

The Sun rises in the East. Солнце восходит на востоке.

б) обычные, регулярно повторяющиеся действия.

I go to the Institute every day. Я хожу в институт каждый день.

в) последовательность событий, действий.

I get up, do my morning exercises and go to the bathroom. Я встаю, делаю зарядку и иду в ванную комнату.

г) будущее действие, связанное с расписанием транспорта, программами радио, телевидения и т.д.

The football match starts at 8 o'clock. Футбольный матч начнется в 8 часов.

Запомните !

1. Present Indefinite Tense часто употребляется с обстоятельствами:

always	всегда
as a rule	как правило
every day (year, month, etc.)	каждый день (год, месяц и т.д.)
from time to time	время от времени
generally	обычно, как правило
often	часто
seldom	редко
sometimes	иногда
regularly	обычно
usually	обычно
never	никогда

2. Глаголы в Present Indefinite Tense переводятся на русский язык глаголами настоящего времени несовершенного вида.

They live in Moscow. Они живут в Москве.

The computer controls the motion of the robot arm.	ЭВМ управляет движением руки робота.

Примечания:

1. Обстоятельства as a rule, every day (week, month, year...) могут стоять в начале или в конце предложения.

Every day we read newspapers. We read newspapers every day. As a rule I get up at 7 o'clock. I get up at 7 o'clock as a rule.

2. Наречия often, seldom, usually, always, sometimes, как правило, стоят:

а) перед смысловым глаголом:

They often read English newspapers They seldom go out in the evening.

б) после глагола to be, если сказуемое выражено глаголом to be:

His marks are always good. She is usually on time.

У П Р А Ж Н Е Н И Я

1. Употребите much, many, few, little со следующими словами:

pens tables water students snow men	mistakes furniture news people time money	children women work mice bread clothes

2. Вставьте much, many, few, little, a few, a little, a lot of:

1. I have ... questions to ask. 2. Is there ... furniture in your cottage ? 3. Has he ... or ... free time ? 4. There were so ... people in the room that we couldn't move. 5. She is a quiet person. She doesn't say ... . 6. Pat has got ... work today. 7. Don't put ... salt into his soup. 8. Is there ... space in your room ? - No, not very ... . 9. I know ... English traditions. 10. She is so lonely. She has ... friends.

3. Употребите how much ? или how many ? :

1. ... mistakes are there in your dictation ? 2. ... time is left ? 3. ... friends have you got ? 4. ... money do you need ? 5. ... times did I tell you this ? 6. ... feet is your room ? 7. ... sheep has this farmer got ? 8. ... have you read ?

4. Выберите правильное слово:

1. Do you have (some, any) work to do ? 2. My son has (some, any) French books at home. 3. I haven't got (some, any) questions. 4. Please, bring me (some, any) chalk. 5. Give me the newspaper, please. I've got (some, any) time to read it now. 6. Please, take (some, any) magazine you like. 7. Do you learn (some, any) foreign languages ? 8. There isn't (some, any) paper on the desk. 9. There are (some, any) books on your desk. 10. Are there (any, some) students in the room ? 11. Does your friend have (any, some) English books at home ? 12. Were there (any, some) new films on TV yesterday ? 13. Do you write (any, some) dictations at your English lessons ? 14. Is there (nobody, somebody, anybody) in the room ? 15. They have (any, some) friends in Moscow. 16. You can take (some, any) book. 17. There are (any, some) new words in this text. 18. Do you know (nothing, anything, something) about England ? No, I don't know (anything, nothing, something). 19. Is there (nobody, somebody, anybody) at home ? Yes, there is (anybody, nobody, somebody).

5. Употребите some, any, every, no или их производные:

1. It is so dark here. I can't see ... . 2. You can ask him ... question, he will answer it. 3. I want to tell you ... interesting. 4. The party was dull, there were ... interesting people. 5. Can you give me ... money ? 6. If ... happens let me know. 7. I need ... to help me with my English. 8. ... must be on time for classes. 9. Are you going ... for the weekend ? 10. Do we have ... milk ? - No, we don't have ..., go and buy ... . 11. She felt unhappy, she had ... to speak to, ... to do. 12. Would you like ... to drink ? 13. Do you live ... near Nick ? 14. There's ... at the door. Can you go and see who it is ? 15. Can I have ... milk in my coffee, please ? 16. She doesn't want to eat ... . 17. Can you give me ... information about places to see in your town ? 18. You can take ... book you like. 19. Does ... know Jim ? 20. Do you have ... to read ? 21. She is very secretive. She never tells ... ... (two words).

Составьте предложения. Используйте подстановочные таблицы.



а)

There	is	a	des blackboard picture door window student computer	in the room. in the corner.
	are	some many few five two	desks windows pictures students computers lamps	on the wall.

б)

Is	there	a	book copy book ball point pen pencil	on the desk ? on the table ? in your bag ?
Are	there	any	pencil pens books copy books	on the desk ? on the table ? in your bag ?
There	is	no	tabl computer pencil lamp	in the corner. on the desk. in the room.
	are		chair desks TV-sets cassette players tape-recorders	in the bag. at the table.



в)

There	was were will be	a / an one	English lesso nice film test dictation new student	on TV at the lesson in our town	yesterday. last week. a week ago.
		some many few five two	mistake students lectures institutes libraries	in the dictation in our group	tomorrow. next month. in a week.

г)

Was Were Will	there	be	a / an one some	English lesson students mistakes lectures	on TV at the lesson	yesterday. last Monday. a week ago.
			many five two	universities new student tests new film	in our town in the dictation in our group	in a week. next month. tomorrow.

I. Составьте предложения с оборотом there is / there are. Используйте приведенные ниже образцы:

а) образец: a book ---> on the table There is a book on the table.

a girl --------> in the room a cat --------> on the chair some students -------> in the classroom some books -------> on the desk a pen -------> on the book a picture -------> on the wall a desk -------> near the window ten students -------> in our group two windows -------> in the classroom many new words -------> in the text

б) образец: a book -------> on the table Is there a book on the table ?

a table -------> in the room a chair -------> in the corner some pictures -------> on the wall two students -------> at the blackboard five lamps -------> in the room a TV-set -------> on the table a pen -------> on the desk a sentence -------> on the blackboard a cat -------> under the table

в) образец: some books -------> on the table There are no books on the table. There aren't any books on the table

a door -------> in the room two pictures -------> on the wall a pen and a pencil -------> on the desk one window -------> in the room ten students -------> in the group some desks -------> in the classroom many new words -------> in the text a cassette player -------> in the room

II. Завершите следующие вопросы обстоятельствами и ответьте на них:

1. Are there any desks ... ? 2. Was there a university ... ? 3. Is there a door ... ? 4. Will there be many people ... ? 5. Are there any words ... ? 6. Were there many students ... ? 7. Will there be an English lesson ... ? 8. Were there many mistakes ... ?

III. Согласитесь со следующими утверждениями. Используйте в речи оборот there is / there are.

Образец: You've got three members in your family. - Yes, there are three members in my family.

1. You can see a student in the picture. 2. You've got a book in front of you. 3. You've got no laboratory on the first floor. 4. You can see a TV-set in the hall. 5. You can see many difficult words in this text. 6. She's got three mistakes in her test.

IV. Закончите следующие предложения в письменной форме:

1. In this country there ... . 2. In our library there ... . 3. In the street there ... . 4. In the University there ... . 5. On the table there ... . 6. In Asia there ... . 7. On the wall there ... . 8. Under the window there ... .

V. Сделайте следующие предложения а) отрицательными; б) вопросительными:

1. There is a blackboard in our room. 2. There are English books on my desk. 3. There was a telegram on the table. 4. There will be five lessons tomorrow. 5. There were many mistakes in your dictation. 6. There are many new words in this text. 7. There is a picture on the wall. 8. There was a nice film on TV yesterday. 9. There will be many people at the concert on Sunday. 10. There are two universities in our town. 11. There are many photos in this album. 12. There are few people in the hall. 13. There are many students in the lab. 14. There is somebody at home.

VI. Употребите глагол to be в правильной форме: 1. There ... a pen and two pencils on the desk. 2. There ... two pencils and a pen on the desk. 3. There ... much snow in the streets. 4. There ... six chairs and a table in the room. 5. ... there any chalk on the blackboard ? 6. How many pages ... there in the book ? 7. There ... a nice film on TV yesterday. 8. There ... many students at the meeting next Monday. 9. There ... two institutes in our town 30 years ago. 10. There ... many people in the park last Sunday.

VII. Вставьте it или there:

1. ... is winter. ... is a lot of snow. 2. ... was Christmas. ... were a lot of presents under the Christmas tree. 3. I think ... is high time to begin. 4. ... is a student from Britain in our group. 5. Where ... is life, ... is hope. 6. ... is no smoke without fire. 7. ... never rains but ... pours.

VIII. Задайте вопросы относительно того места, которое вам необходимо найти. Используйте образец.

Образец: I want to see a new film. Is there a cinema near here ?

1. I want to buy a new dress. 2. I want to post a letter. 3. I want to buy some food. 4. I am hungry. 5. I want to buy a newspaper. 6. I want to consult a doctor. 7. I want to make a call home. 8. I want to get to the centre.

IX. Переведите письменно:

1. В комнате нет телевизора. 2. Сколько книг на парте? 3. В этой комнате три окна. 4. Вчера по телевизору был хороший фильм. 5. Завтра будет диктант на уроке английского языка. 6. У тебя в диктанте было две ошибки. 7. В нашей группе было 13 студентов, теперь будет 10. 8. У вас было много уроков вчера? 9. Какие книги у тебя на парте? 10. Сколько университетов у вас в городе? 11. На парте есть несколько английских книг и две русские книги. 12. Вчера на уроке английского языка не было двух студентов. 13. На следующей неделе будет 3 урока английского языка.

X. Составьте предложения разных типов. Используйте подстановочные таблицы.

Помните !

Окончание -s (-es) добавляется только в 3-ем лице ед. числа (he, she, it):

а) утвердительные предложения:

I We You They	usually often seldom sometimes	read(s) listen(s) to write(s) go(es) come(s) watch(es) translate(s)	book texts the radio exercises the music TV to the Universit home	in the evening in the morning on weekends after classes
He She

б) отрицательные предложения:

I We You They He She	do not does not	read write listen to watch come go translate	books exercises texts the music the radio TV to the University home	in the evening in the morning after classes on weekends

в) вопросительные предложения:

Do	you we they	read write	texts exercises books English breakfast to the University to the office home some coffee some beer hands dishes	in the morning in the evening on weekends every day after lunch before lunch before dinner
Does	he she	translate study
What Where Why When How	do	you we they	get have come drink wash up
	does	he she	wash
	Who	goes reads has writes studies comes drinks

I. Составьте предложения по образцу. Используйте глаголы, приведенные в скобках.

Образец: а) We ___ (to write) dictations in class. We write dictations in class.

б) He ___ (to do) exercises at home. He does exercises at home.

а) 1. We ___ (to read) English books every day. 2. They ___ (to speak) English at the lesson. 3. I ___ (to listen) to the music in the morning. 4. You ___ (to go) to the University on weekdays. 5. I ___ (to prepare) my homework in the evening. 6. We ___ (to have) breakfast at 7 o'clock.

б) 7. He ___ (to write) letters home every month. 8. She ___ (to arrive) at the University at 7.30. 9. My friend ___ (to like) music very much. 10. He ___ (to speak) English very well. 11. She ___ (to have) breakfast at 9. 12. He ___ (to go) to the University by tram.

II. Напишите новые предложения со словами, приведенными в скобках. Образец: I go to the University in the morning. (He) He goes to the University in the morning. We don't have lunch at home. (He) He doesn't have lunch at home.

1. I have breakfast at 8. (My friend) 2. She studies at the University. (I) 3. We arrive at the office at 8.30. (She) 4. They don't go to the cinema every week. (He) 5. She doesn't like coffee. (I) 6. You live not far from the University. (She) 7. She doesn't speak English. (They) 8. They often visit their friends. (He) 9. He seldom reads English books. (We) 10. We don't take exams every month. (She)

III. Употребите глаголы, приведенные в скобках, в соответствующей форме. 1. She (to like) to listen to the music. 2. We (not, to study) Spanish at the University. 3. He (to translate) my English texts. 4. They (not, to speak) English. 5. I (to know) many English words. 6. You (to like) coffee and she (to like) tea. 7. She (to live) near her office. 8. We (to have) English lessons twice a week. 9. She (not, to watch) TV in the morning. 10. I (to have) breakfast at 7 and my mother (to have) breakfast at 9. IV. Измените следующие предложения, добавив наречия usually, often, seldom, sometimes. Образец: I get up at 7 o'clock. I usually get up at 7 o'clock.

1. On Sundays we get up at 9. 2. He does his morning exercises. 3. We have coffee in the morning. 4. They play tennis on Saturdays. 5. She comes home late. 6. We write dictations. 7. She goes to bed at 12. 8. I have lunch at home. 9. My brother washes up after dinner. 10. My friend reads English newspapers.

V. Сделайте следующие предложения: а) отрицательными; б) вопросительными.

1. You write a lot of exercises at home. 2. He comes home late. 3. They live far from the University. 4. She speaks English well. 5. He listens to the news every day. 6. We read many English books. 7. I study at the University. 8. She has lunch at her office. 9. She helps her mother to wash up after dinner. 10. They go out of town for the weekend.

VI. Задайте специальные вопросы с вопросительными словами, данными в скобках. Образец: I have three English classes a day. (Who ?) Who has three English classes a day ?

1. We study at the University. (Where?) 2. They like to read English books. (What books?) 3. She goes to the office on weekdays. (When?) 4. They listen to the news in the morning. (Who?) 5. She drinks a cup of coffee in the morning. (What?) 6. We learn many new words to speak English well. (Why?) 7. My friend speaks Italian very well. (How?) 8. Our University trains specialists in many fields of science and engineering. (What?) 9. We read, write and speak English at the lesson. (Who?) 10. She comes home at 7. (When?)

VII. Задайте разделительные вопросы к следующим предложениям:

а) образец: We live in Tula. We live in Tula, don't we?

1. You get up at 7. 2. She arrives at the office at 8.30. 3. We have breakfast at home. 4. He speaks English well. 5. They work hard.

б) образец: They don't live in Moscow. They don't live in Moscow, do they?

1. You don't speak Italian. 2. She doesn't read English magazines. 3. We don't study Spanish. 4. They don't come home on time. 5. He doesn't go to the University on foot.

VIII. Напишите по-английски:

А. 1. У вас есть какие-нибудь книги на английском языке? Да, есть несколько. 2. Он знает несколько иностранных языков. 3. Ты можешь идти куда угодно. 4. Я ничего не вижу. 5. Вы знаете что-нибудь о Лондоне? 6. В этой комнате есть какие-нибудь картины? Да. Там есть несколько хороших картин. 7. Вчера был кто-нибудь на собрании? Да, были несколько человек. 8. Ты видишь кого-нибудь? Нет, я никого не вижу. 9. Некоторые студенты читают английские газеты регулярно. 10. В моем диктанте есть ошибки? Да, есть несколько. 11. Ваш друг говорит на каком-либо иностранном языке? Нет, он не знает никакого иностранного языка. 12. Кто-нибудь знает этого человека? Его никто не знает.

Б. 1. Она учится в университете, а я работаю на заводе. 2. Мы изучаем много предметов в институте. 3. Я знаю английский, но не знаю немецкий. 4. Ты хорошо говоришь по-английски? 5. Когда ты приходишь домой? 6. Я не люблю кофе, я люблю чай. 7. Он живет далеко от университета и добирается до него на автобусе. Я живу рядом с университетом и хожу пешком. 8. Где ты живешь? 9. Мы много читаем и переводим на уроках английского языка. 10. Мой папа слушает новости утром и вечером, а я их не слушаю. 11. Я обедаю дома, а где ты обедаешь? 12. Он часто ходит в кино, а мы редко ходим. 13. Обычно я делаю уроки вечером. А ты когда их делаешь?

РАБОТА С ТЕКСТОМ

Text A. Education in the Russian Federation

Russians have always shown a great concern for education. The right to education is stated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It is ensured by compulsory secondary schools, vocational schools, and higher education establishments. It is also ensured by the development of extramural and evening courses and the system of state scholarships and grants.

Education in Russia is compulsory up to the 9th form inclusive. The stages of compulsory schooling in Russia are: primary education for ages 6-7 to 9-10 inclusive; secondary education including intermediate school for ages 10-11 to 12-13 inclusive, and senior school for ages 13-14 to 14-15 inclusive. If a pupil of a secondary school wishes to go on in higher education, he or she must stay at school for two more years. Primary and secondary school together comprise 11 years of study. Every school has a “core curriculum” of academic subjects, such as Russian, Literature, Mathematics, History, a foreign language, PT. Lycees and gymnasiums offer programs giving profound knowledge in some field of study.

After finishing the 9th form one can go on to a vocational school which offers programmes of academic subjects and a programme of training in a technical field, or a profession.

After finishing the 11th form of a secondary school, a lycee or a gymnasium one can go on in higher education. All applicants must take competitive entrance examinations. Higher education institutions, that is, institutes or universities, offer a 5-year programme of academic subjects for undergraduates in a variety of fields, as well as a post graduate course. If one finishes a post graduate course and writes a thesis, he or she receives a candidate's degree or a doctoral degree.

Higher educational establishments are headed by Rectors. Prorectors are in charge of academic and scientific work. Each institute or university has a number of faculties, specializing in a certain field of study. The faculties are headed by the Deans. There are departments within the faculties.

The system of secondary and higher education in Russia is going through a transitional period. The main objectives of the reform are: to decentralize the higher education system, to develop a new financial mechanism, to give more academic freedoms to faculties and students. All secondary schools, institutes and universities until recently have been funded by the state. Now there is quite a number of private fee-paying primary and secondary schools; some universities have fee-paying departments.

In terms of the ratio of students to the total population Russia ranks among the top ten countries in the world.

The Russian educational policy is a combination of economic and social objectives. An educated person contributes more to the society, and education on the other hand gives a person the prospect for professional advance.

Vocabulary

concern, n	значение, важность
show a great concern for	придавать большое значение
right (to), n	право (на)
state, v	устанавливать, отмечать
ensure, v	гарантировать, обеспечивать
compulsory, adj	обязательный
school, n	школа
secondary school	средняя школа
primary school	начальная школа
vocational school	проф. тех. училище (ПТУ)
private school	частная школа
fee-paying school	платная школа
intermediate school	неполная средняя школа
senior school	старшие классы средней школы
schooling, n	школьное обучение
education, n	образование
higher education establishment (institution)	высшее учебное заведение (ВУЗ)
extramural courses	заочное обучение
state scholarships and grants	государственные стипендии
core curriculum	основная программа
PT (physical training)	физическая подготовка (физкультура)
profound knowledge	глубокие знания
train, v	готовить, обучать
applicant, n	абитуриент
examination, n	экзамен
competitive examinations	конкурсные экзамены
entrance examinations	вступительные экзамены
take examinations	сдавать экзамены
undergraduate, n	студент старшего курса
post graduate course	аспирантура
thesis, n	диссертация
be in charge of	быть ответственным за
graduate (from), v	окончить (ВУЗ)
graduate, n	выпускник
dean, n	декан
department, n	отдел, кафедра
develop, v	развивать, разрабатывать
in terms of	с точки зрения
rank (among), v	находиться (среди)
contribute, v	способствовать, вносить вклад
advance, n	продвижение вперед, рост
degree, n	степень
objective, n	цель

I. Read the international words. Guess their meaning. Consult a dictionary if necessary:

a) guarantee, constitution, course, student, university, faculty, lycee, gymnasium, mathematics, rector, prorector, organization, examination, policy, person, profession, specialization, combination, programme;

b) academic, professional, total, technical, social, economic, specialized.

II. Read and translate the following word combinations:

to guarantee the right to education; specialized secondary education; specialized course; academic work; educational policy; the combination of economic and social objectives; technical training schools.

III. Translate into English rapidly. If you can't, review the list of words again:

а) образование, обязательный, предмет, право, (проф)училище, знания, абитуриент, готовить, диссертация, выпускник, декан, кафедра, факультет, программа, степень;

b) право на образование, средняя школа, платная частная школа, высшее учебное заведение, заочное обучение, государственные стипендии, глубокие знания, вступительные экзамены, быть ответственным (за), вносить вклад.

IV. Complete the sentences:

1. Every citizen of our country has the right to ... . 2. The right to education is guaranteed by ... . 3. Every boy or girl must get ... . 4. At school pupils study ... . 5. Institutes and universities ... specialists in different fields. 6. A course at institutes or universities ... 5 years. 7. At most schools ... is free. 8. Students of institutes or universities get ... . V. Correct the wrong statements:

1. Children enter school at the age of 9. 2. The academic year begins on the first of January. 3. At colleges students give lectures to professors. 4. Pupils study 8 years at primary school. 5. Higher education is compulsory in Russia. 6. A course at institutes or universities usually takes 10 years. 7. There are no private schools in Russia. 8. After finishing 9 forms of secondary school young people can enter the institute.

VI. Read the text 'Education in the Russian Federation'. Find the English equivalents for the Russian word combinations:

право на образование, обязательное обучение в средней школе, профессиональное обучение, начальное образование, среднее образование, высшее образование, заочное и вечернее обучение, государственные стипендии, начальная школа, продолжать образование в ВУЗе, высшие учебные заведения, процентное соотношение числа студентов к числу жителей России, образованный человек, перспективы профессионального развития, забота об образовании, давать углубленные знания, сдавать конкурсные экзамены, отвечать за учебную и научную работу, создать новый финансовый механизм, финансироваться государством.

VII. Find the answers to the following questions. The reading selection will help you:

1. What is the difference between secondary comprehensive schools and lycees and gymnasiums ? 2. Where can people get post school education ?

VIII. Discussing the reading.

A. Answer the questions:

1. Is the right to education guaranteed by the Constitution of Russia? Prove it. 2. What subjects comprise a “core curriculum”? 3. What are the main objectives of the Russian higher education system? 4. What do Russian institutions of higher education include?

B. Draw a scheme of the Russian education system. Discuss it with your partner.

C. Explain to your foreign friend:

a) how the system of secondary education works in Russia;

b) the possibility of getting post school education;

c) the privileges the state grants to the students of Russia.

D. The system of higher education in Russia is going through a transitional period. Give a presentation of this problem.

IX. Rearrange the key phrases given below and use them to speak about Moscow State University:

contacts with the leading Universities in other countries; the oldest in Russia; excellent facilities; laboratories, a system of observatories, museums; among better-known students; to be founded in 1755; famous writers; by M.V. Lomonosov; the centre of scientific research; to be named after M.V. Lomonosov; to become; Mikhail Lermontov, Ivan Turgenev, Anton Chekhov; such well-known scientists as; only 3 departments - philosophy, medicine and law; Zhukovsky, Vernadsky, Sechenov, Vavilov, Keldysh. X. Translate into English in written form.

1. Право на образование в России гарантируется конституцией. 2. В средней школе ученики изучают академические предметы. 3. После окончания 9 класса средней школы молодые люди могут пойти в техникум или ПТУ. 4. Там они изучают академические предметы и получают специальное образование. 5. Молодые люди могут продолжить образование в 10 и 11 классе или колледже, дающем углубленные знания по одному или нескольким предметам. 6. Молодые люди, поступившие в институт или университет, учатся там 5 лет. 7. Студенты вечернего и заочного отделений могут получить образование, одновременно работая. 8. Начальное и среднее образование бесплатно в большинстве школ. 9. В частных школах и на некоторых отделениях институтов и университетов нужно платить за образование.

Text B. Schooling in the United Kingdom

The quality of a country's future life, commercially, industrially and intellectually, depends on the quality of its education system. From the end of the World War II the state in the United Kingdom provides a full range of free educational facilities. Those parents who prefer to send their children to private institutions, and could afford it, are free to do so.

The organization of state schooling is not as centralized as in most European countries. Firstly, there is no prescribed curriculum. Secondly, the types of school available and the age ranges for which they cater vary in different parts of the country. In each area Local Education Authority is responsible for education. At any publicly-maintained school no tuition fees are paid. State schooling in the United Kingdom is financed partly by the Government and partly by local rates.

Schooling is voluntary under the age of five, but there is some free nursery school education before that age. Primary education takes place in infant schools for pupils aged from five to seven and junior schools from eight to eleven . Some areas have a different system in which middle schools replace junior schools and take pupils aged from nine to twelve. Secondary education has been available in Britain since 1944. It is compulsory up to the age of sixteen, and pupils can stay at school voluntarily for up to three years longer.

Until 1964 children took an “eleven plus” exam at the age of eleven. At this exam they were selected, or “streamed” according to their current level of academic attainment, for training in different types of secondary schools. Grammar schools provided a mainly academic course for the top 20 percent; modern schools provided general education with a practical bias.

In 1965 non-selective comprehensive schools were introduced. Most local education authorities have now completely changed over to comprehensive schooling.

At the age of sixteen pupils take school-leaving examinations in several subjects at the Ordinary level. The exam was conducted by eight independent examining boards, most of them connected with the university. This exam was called the General Certificate of Education. Pupils of comprehensive school had taken the examination called the Certificate of Secondary Education either with or instead of the General Certificate of Education, Ordinary level.

The examination for the General Certificate of Education of Advanced (“A”) level was taken two years after the Ordinary level exam. It was the standard for entrance to University and to many forms of professional training. In 1988 both examinations were replaced by the more or less uniform General Certificate of Secondary Education.

The private sector is running parallel to the state system of education. There are about 2500 fee-charging independent schools in Great Britain. Most private schools are single-sex until the age of 16. More and more parents seem prepared to take on the formidable extra cost for education. The reason is the belief that social advantages are gained from attending a certain school. The most expensive day or boarding schools in Britain are exclusive public schools like Eton college for boys or St. James' school for girl.

Vocabulary

full range of free educational facilities	широкий спектр бесплатных образо-вательных учреждений
prescribed curriculum	обязательная программа
Local Education Authority	местный комитет по образованию
publicly-maintained school	государственная школа
tuition fee	плата за обучение
local rates	местные налоги
free nursery-school education	бесплатное дошкольное обучение
current level of academic attainment	текущий уровень успеваемости
practical bias	практический уклон
comprehensive school	общеобразовательная школа
to change over to smth.	перейти к чему-либо
Ordinary level	обычный уровень
Advanced level	продвинутый уровень
independent examining board	независимая зкзаменационная комиссия
General Certificate of Education	аттестат об общем образовании
boarding school	школа-интернат
fee-charging independent school	платная независимая школа

XI. Study the words.

XII. Read the text 'Schooling in the United Kingdom'.Answer the questions:

1. What is State schooling in the United Kingdom characterized by? 2. When do they start education in Britain? 3. What are the stages of schooling in the United Kingdom? 4. Is secondary education selective or non-selective in Britain? 5. According to what principles were children streamed until 1965? 6. What are the recent government measures in the sphere of education? 7. What kind of school-leaving exams do children take at schools in Britain?

Text C. University Education in Great Britain

According to the organization of work in the universities they can be divided into 3 groups:

1) London University; 2) Oxford and Cambridge;

3) Provincial universities.

London University consists of the federation of different institutes, schools and colleges run by one administration. They are situated in different parts of London and even outside it. The rules are the same for all the colleges and institutes of London University. It is comprised by 62 institutes, schools and colleges.

Oxford and Cambridge are also educational federations, but they unite only colleges, and if the students of London University live not only in the hostels but also at home, Oxford and Cambridge are as a rule residential, that is the students live in the colleges of these universities. Though now there are students who live at home. They are obliged to come to the university twice or three times a week to have meals together with other students (the spirit of a collective). In each college there live students of different faculties, and in each college they are given lectures on humanitarian subjects. The attendance is not compulsory. The lectures are delivered by the lecturers who live in the college too. Independent work of students is supervised by tutors who live in the college, and deliver lectures on their subjects. If a student has money he may choose a tutor to his taste. These two universities still enjoy a great popularity, because they have the best teaching staff and better prepared students. To enter these universities is more difficult, that is why they have better chances to choose better prepared students. The composition of the student body here is peculiar. More than 2/3 are from upper-middle classes. Most state posts in the country are occupied by Oxford and Cambridge graduates. Oxford and Cambridge have always concentrated on humanities to train leaders, but recently they have opened some departments of science and technology.

Provincial universities have no elements of federation. All the students and the teaching staff are concentrated in one place. Their students live either at home or in hostels or rented rooms. These universities are more democratic than other universities. Universities are financed through a special government committee. The money comes from different sources:

1) state subsidies (about 70%), 2) from the students who pay for education (about 12%), 3) subsidies from local authorities (3 - 4%), 4) private investments and the university's own means.

The tuition fee in Britain is very high, higher than in other countries (300 pounds a term). It differs from university to university. In London - Ј 600 per term. It is higher in Oxford and Cambridge than in the provinces. The tuition, lodging and food in London University is about 1000 pounds; in Oxford and Cambridge for the same 1000; in provincial universities 700 / 800 pounds. As the students from working class families can't afford to pay so much, 73% of all the students get scholarships. The total sum of it is 550 - 650 pounds per term.

All those who have finished Grammar school at an advanced level can enter a university. To enter it the school leavers don't have to take entrance exams except at Oxford and Cambridge and some colleges of London University.

At the university students attend lectures given by lecturers and professors. As soon as a student is enrolled in university or college he is given independent work which is checked by the tutor. The tutorial system is characteristic of the students' studies in English universities.

Every student is attached to a tutor who controls his independent work, supervises his discipline and prepares him for exams. Each tutor has 3-4 students, sometimes 10. Once or twice a week a student writes a kind of a composition. It is an account of student's independent work for the week. The compositions are on the subjects students specialize in. Once or twice a week a student comes to his tutor, and for an hour or so, the teacher discusses with him the merits and demerits of his work. An English student studies from 9 a.m. till 1 p.m. He attends lectures, works in the laboratories and with tutors. The rest of his time is taken up by his independent work in the library, or by sports. Now, especially in provincial universities they lay greater stress on lectures.

Exams are taken in written form (papers). The main stress is laid on narrow specialization. If physics and mathematics are compulsory all the other subjects are optional.

The course of study at the university is three years, at the medical and some other faculties - 4 years. But lazy students may stay there for 5 years. They get no degree or diploma but a certificate, so they do not graduate from the university but finish it. They do the work at an ordinary level.

But if they want to graduate from the university they must do the work at an advanced level. The academic year begins in October and lasts till July. In three years if a student passes his exams successfully he gets a Bachelor's degree (Bachelor of Arts, B.A. or Bach. of Science, B.Sc.). He may have the Honours Degree or the Ordinary Degree. For the O.D. a student passes ordinary exams. For the H.D. he takes an intensive study, after it he may stay at the university for one or two more years. He does some more studies to get his Master of Science Degree (M.Sc.). To get this degree the student must pay for exams. To become a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) one must write a thesis. After it comes Doctor of Science Degree (D.Sc.).

All the establishments of higher education in Great Britain can be divided into the following groups: Universities, university colleges, technical colleges and other specialized colleges (teachers training colleges, commercial colleges, etc.).

XIII. Read the text 'University Education in Great Britain' silently. Find the answers to the following questions in the text:

1. What are the three types of Universities in Great Britain? 2. What are the main differences between the three groups of British Universitie? 3. How can young people gain admission to the University? 4. What is the process of study in British Universities? 5. What support have students from the state?

XIV.Make up the plan of the text. Retell the text according to your plan.

XV. Make up a summary of the text.

Text D. Oxford

What is so special about Oxford and Cambridge, the two oldest universities in England? Why do so many students want to study there?

Both of these university towns are very beautiful. They have some of the finest architecture in Britain. Some of their colleges, chapels and libraries are three, four and even five hundred years old, and are full of valuable books and precious paintings. Both towns have many lovely gardens, where the students can read and relax in the summer months.

Oxford is the older university of the two. The first of its colleges was founded in 1249. The university now has thirty-four colleges and about twelve thousand students, many of them from other countries. There were no women students at Oxford until 1878, when the first women's college, Lady Margaret Hall, opened. Now, women study at most colleges.

Oxford is, of course, famous for its first class education as well as its beautiful buildings. Some of the most intelligent men and women in the country live and work here. Oxford gives them what they need: a quiet atmosphere, friendly colleagues, and the four-hundred-year-old Bodleian library, which has about five million books.

It is not easy to get a place at Oxford University to study for a degree. But outside the university there are many smaller private colleges which offer less difficult courses and where it is easy to enrol. Most students in these private schools take business, secretarial or English language courses.

XVI. Read the text and find the answers to these questions:

1. What makes Oxford and Cambridge so special? 2. When was one of the first colleges in Oxford founded? 3. How many colleges does the University consist of? 4. When did women begin to study at Oxford? 5. What is Oxford famous for? 6. Is it easy to get a place to study at Oxford? 7. How old is Bodleian library? 8. Which is older: Oxford University or Cambridge University?

XVII. Draw a scheme of British post school education. Discuss it with your partner.

XVIII. Compare British and Russian systems of higher education. Discuss merits and demerits of both systems.

XIX. Make a written translation of the following passages: a)

Britain's Universities

There are about 90 universities in Britain. They are divided into three types: the old universities (Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh Universities), the 19th century universities such as London and Manchester universities, and the new universities. Some years ago there were also polytechnics. After graduating from a polytechnic a student got a degree, but it was not a university degree. 31 former polytechnics were given university status in 1992.

Full courses of study offer the degree of Bachelor of Arts or Science. Most degree courses at universities last 3 years, language courses - 4 years (including a year spent abroad). Medicine and dentistry courses are longer (5 - 7 years).

Students may receive grants from their Local Education Authority to help pay for books, accommodation, transport and food. This grant depends on the income of their parents.

Most students live away from home, in flats or halls of residence.

Students don't usually have a job during term time because the lessons, called lectures, seminars, classes or tutorials (small groups), are full time. However, many students now have to work in the evening.

University life is considered “an experience”. The exams are competitive but the social life and living away from home are also important. The social life is excellent with a lot of clubs, parties, concerts, bars.

There are ...