Английский для бакалавров

XVII. Translate the verbs with the prefix re-: recycle, reutilize, reprocess, reuse, rearrange.

XVIII. Form new words with the prefix re-: to write, to read, to open, to sell, to construct, to elect, to form.

Работа с текстом.

Text A. Once again about Ozone Holes

High above the earth's atmosphere there is a thin veil in the stratosphere called the ozone layer, which protects the earth from the sun's destructive ultraviolet (UV) rays.

This protective layer is being damaged by chemicals known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are released into the atmosphere by the daily use of such industrial and household products as refrigerators, air conditioners, foam insulation, cleaning chemicals, and food packaging. The CFCs rise into the ozone layer, where the sunlight decomposes them, releasing chlorine. The chlorine attacks the ozone molecules, thinning or even making a "hole" in the ozone layer. This "hole" allows more UV rays to penetrate to the earth.

Overexposure to UV rays can increase the risk of skin cancer, weaken the immune system, and damage the retina. It is estimated that in the United States alone one in six Americans will develop skin cancer as a result of overexposure to UV rays.

Not only are humans at risk; so, too, are animals, plants, and the environment in general. With the thinning of the ozone layer, UV rays can penetrate the oceans, seriously impairing the growth of plankton, an essential part of the marine-life food chain, and can reduce the yields of economically important crops such as soybeans, cotton, and rice.

The scientists point out that the global ecological crisis cannot be precluded unless all countries join their efforts to render mutual ecological help on a non-governmental basis. Now the planet's "green lungs" are being destroyed, its ozone layer ruined, the global warming sets in, the acid rains fall out, the rivers grow shallower, and the oceans get polluted. This is why the major humanistic aim of the Ecological International is to change from an uncontrolled development of the machine-based civilisation to a conscientious development of a society of natural and technological type.

A feature of such a non-governmental body is a combination of the social ecological aid with technological activities to conserve the environment (cleaning of sewerage and gas exhausts, and utilisation of industrial wastes).

The scientists the world over made a long-term investigation only to come to a conclusion that the Planet's ozone layer is thinning out globally. To save this layer, it is necessary to take measures now and to use only ecologically friendly technologies. It is tackling of this problem which is urgent for the Earthlings that the early efforts of the Ecological International of the Green Cross and Green Crescent will be devoted to. What is implied here is an extensive international project "Resuscitation of Ozone Layer." Materialisation of the project would involve new technologies advanced by the scientists and experts from the Russian key aerospace companies.

The patching up of the ozone holes is feasible technologically. This would call for the creation of a superpowerful unit flying at the height of 25-30 km and capable of generating several thousand tons of ozone a month. The world community (and isn't this the problem of the mankind's concern) needs as few as 30-45 such units to save our Planet from the "ultraviolet death."

To materialise the project, an international industrial ecological consortium is being set up which will take up the solution of scientific, financial and other problems.

Vocabulary

poison, v отравлять disturb, v нарушать wastes, n отходы layer, n слой ray, n луч damage, v приносить вред, вредить, разрушать fertilizers, n минеральное удобрение dangerous, a опасный on the brink of extinction на грани исчезновения penetrate, v пронизывать, проникать (в) acid rains кислотные дожди greenhouse effect парниковый эффект ozone depletion истощение озонового слоя harm, n вред substance, n вещество emit, v выбрасывать, выделять offender, n виновник, преступник threat, n угроза pollution, n загрязнение adopt, v принимать protect, v защищать increase, v увеличивать, повышать destroy, v разрушать aid, n помощь environment, n окружающая среда sewerage, n канализация come to a conclusion прийти к выводу do good (harm) приносить пользу (вред)

I. Give the three forms of the verbs: to grow, to destroy, to fall, to get, to devote, to join, to set, to protect, to know, to make, to come, to take.

II. Suggest Russian renderings for:

The scientists the world over made a long-term investigation.

It is tackling of this problem which is urgent for the Earthlings that the early efforts of the Ecological International of the Green Gross and Green Crescent will be devoted to.

What is implied here is an extensive international project “Resuscitation of Ozone Layer”.

The “patching up of the ozone holes” is feasible technologically.

It's necessary to take measures now and to use only ecologically friendly technologies.

III. Give the English equivalents for the following phrases. Consult the text `Once again about the Ozone Holes': предотвратить экологический кризис; объединить усилия; на неправительственной основе; разрушить озоновый слой; сознательное развитие; промышленные отходы; принимать меры; главные аэрокосмические компании; мировое сообщество; технически возможный.

IV. a) Give synonyms for the following words: to prevent, purpose, help, to preserve, to dedicate, to be meant, possible, to require, interest, to implement, to establish.

b) Give antonyms to the following adjectives and verbs: local, governmental, controlled, short-term, unnecessary, powerless, man-made, to break, to construct, to erect, to exclude, to give up, to do good.

c) Give corresponding nouns:

to pollute, to control, to develop, to combine, to conclude, to utilize, to waste, to investigate, to create, to set, to solve, to measure;

international, governmental, global, uncontrolled, natural, necessary, ecological, friendly, urgent, feasible, technological, capable, industrial, scientific, financial.

V.Match the adjectives and the nouns:

adjectives

superpowerful ecological scientific mutual ultra-violet global conscientious non-governmental machine-based long-term friendly aerospace companies

nouns

efforts development civilization investigation technologies unit problems crisis warming death body

VI. Read the text 'Once again about the Ozone Holes'. Answer the following questions:

? What is the way to preclude the global ecological crisis?

? Why is it necessary to change from an uncontrolled development of the machine-based civilization to a conscientious development of a society?

? What does the non-governmental body aim at?

? Are there any ways of saving the Planet's ozone layer?

? What will the early efforts of the Ecological International of the Green Cross and Green Crescent be devoted to?

? Is the “patching up of the ozone holes” feasible technologically or a fantastic idea only?

? How many superpowerful units are able to save our Planet from the “ultra-violet death”?

VII. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form. 1. Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption (to create) some dangerous planet-wide problems recently. 2. If nothing (to be done) about it, one million species of flora and fauna (to become) extinct by 2010. 3. The Environmental movement (to gain) a lot of supporters long before our country (to manage) to join it indeed. 4. The problem of environmental protection (to become) a part of political programs in many countries by the end of the century. 5. Our non-governmental body aimed at implementing some useful laws and decisions on the problem which (to be adopted) before.

VIII. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Begin you answer with: You are right (wrong, mistaken) ..., How could you say that ..., That's true (not true) ..., I agree with you here ..., I can't (don't) agree with you ..., Excuse my interrupting you but ... To my mind ..., in my opinion ..., It goes without saying, (There is) nothing to argue about ...

? Though each of us must do everything possible to keep the land, air and water clean, the problem can't be solved by the only man in the only country.

? The pollution of the environment is one of the greatest dangers to human beings on earth.

? The concentration of smoke in the air is so high in some industrial centers that it is deadly dangerous just to breathe there.

? The ecological harmony is disturbed on earth.

? Now the planet's “green lungs” are being destroyed, its ozone layer ruined, the acid rains fall out and the oceans get polluted.

? Our aim at present is to change from an uncontrolled development of the machine-based civilization to a conscientious development of a society.

? The world community needs 30-45 superpowerful units at least to generate several thousand tons of ozone a month.

IX. Read the following selections using the dictionary. "The most alarming of all man's assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers and sea with dangerous and even lethal chemicals."--Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

Air pollution is the result of man's use of lethal chemicals, and is a common hazard in both industrial and developing countries. One form of air pollution is acid rain.

Acid rain results from the release into the atmosphere of sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide. Electrical generating plants, industrial boilers, large smelters, and automobiles are among the chief source of these emissions. The gases react with water droplets, forming a diluted mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid, and it is this mixture that returns to earth in the form of acid rain, mist, or snow. Pushed by wind currents, the acid rain often falls to the ground far from its point of origin.

Acid rain is killing vast stretches of forest in Canada, the United States, and central and northern Europe. In Europe nearly every species of tree is affected. Symptoms include thinning of leaves and needles, deformed growth, and, in some cases, death. Acid rain has acidified lakes and streams, rendering them unable to support fish, wildlife, plants, or insects. In Sweden at least 40,000 of the 90,000 lakes have been affected, and in the United States one in five lakes suffers from this type of pollution.

Unit 7

G r a m m a r: 1. Continuous Tenses. Active Voice Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous 2. Word-building. The suffixes of adjectives T e x t s: A. He Started Britain's Railways B. C. Inventors and Their Inventions C o n v e r s a t i o n: The Progress of Science

Г р а м м а т и ч е с к и й м а т е р и а л

1. Времена группы Continuous.

(Continuous Tenses. Продолженные времена)

Времена группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future) выражают незаконченное действие, т. е. действие в процессе его совершения. Времена группы Continuous образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle) смыслового глагола.

to be asking
PRESENT	PAST	FUTURE
am asking is asking are asking	was asking were asking	shall be asking will be asking

Present Continuous Tense (Active Voice)

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I am asking He is asking We are asking	Am I asking ? Is he asking ? Are we asking ?	I am not asking He is not asking We are not asking

Запомните!

1. а) При образовании вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол to be ставится перед подлежащим;

б) при образовании отрицательной формы отрицание not ставится после вспомогательного глагола to be.

Present Continuous Tense употребляется для выражения действия, происходящего в момент речи или в отрезок времени, к которому момент речи относится.

The students are busy now, they are writing their test papers. Студенты сейчас заняты, они пишут контрольную работу.

Scientists all over the world are looking for new scientific methods. Ученые всего мира ищут новые научные методы.

2. Глаголы в Present Continuous Tense переводятся на русский язык глаголами настоящего времени несовершенного вида.

Past Continuous Tense (Active Voice)

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I was asking We were asking	Was I asking ? Were we asking ?	I was not asking We were not asking

Past Continuous Tense употребляется для выражения длительного незаконченного действия, имевшего место в определенный момент или период времени в прошлом. Этот момент или период времени может быть выражен:

а) обстоятельствами типа:

at 7 o'clock yesterday	вчера в 7 часов;
from 2 to 5 o'clock last Sunday	в прошлое воскресенье с 2-х до 5-и часов;
all day long	весь день;
all the time	все время;
the whole day	целый день.

I was working in the library the whole day yesterday. Вчера я целый день работал в библиотеке.

б) другим действием в прошлом, выраженным глаголом в Past Indefinite Tense. We were discussing a very important problem when he came in. Мы обсуждали очень важную проблему, когда он вошел.

Запомните!

Глаголы в Past Continuous Tense переводятся на русский язык глаголами прошедшего времени несовершенного вида.

Future Continuous Tense (Active Voice)

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I shall be asking He will be asking	Shall I be asking ? Will he be asking ?	I shall not be asking He will not be asking

Обратите внимание!

а) При образовании вопросительной формы первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим; б) при образовании отрицательной формы отрицание not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола.

Future Continuous Tense употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет происходить в определенный момент или период времени в будущем. Этот момент или период времени может быть выражен:

а) обстоятельствами типа:

at 5 o'clock tomorrow	завтра в 5 часов;
from 5 till 7 next Saturday	с 5-ти до 7-и в следующую субботу; и т. п.

Tomorrow they will be translating the article from 5 till 6. Они будут переводить статью с 5-и до 6-и завтра.

б) другим действием в будущем, выраженным глаголом в Present Indefinite Tense.

I shall be writing the report when he comes back. Я буду писать доклад, когда он вернется.

Обратите внимание!

Глаголы в Future Continuous Tense переводятся на русский язык глаголами будущего времени несовершенного вида.

Запомните! 1. Во временах группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future), как правило, не употребляются глаголы: to be - быть; to have - иметь; to see - видеть; to hear - слышать; to feel - чувствовать; to know - знать; to believe - верить; to like - нравиться; to understand - понимать; to seem - казаться; to love - любить; to hate - ненавидеть; to desire - желать; to consider - полагать; to belong - принадлежать. 2. Глагол to go в форме Continuous с последующим инфинитивом с частицей to обозначает намерение совершить действие в ближайшем будущем. На русский язык часто переводится словом собираться.

I am going to write a letter. Я собираюсь написать письмо.

It is going to rain. Скоро пойдет дождь. (Собирается дождь.)

2. Словообразование. Суффиксы прилагательных

(Word-building. The suffixes of adjectives)

Запомните: а) суффиксы, образующие прилагательные от существительных:

- al

centre - центр central - центральный nation - нация national - национальный

- ous

danger - опасность dangerous - опасный fame - слава famous - знаменитый

- ful

use - польза useful - полезный beauty - красота beautiful - прекрасный

- ic

history - история historic - исторический energy - энергия energetic - энергичный

- y

ice - лед icy - ледяной luck - удача lucky - удачливый

б) суффиксы, образующие прилагательные от глаголов:

- able, - ible

to break - ломать breakable - ломкий to express - выражать expressible - выразительный

- ant, - ent

to depend - зависеть dependent - зависимый to resist - сопротивляться resistant - оказывающий сопротивление

- ive

to act - действовать active - активный to conduct - проводить conductive - проводящий

Обратите внимание!

1. Суффикс - less указывает на отсутствие качества (противоположно значению суффикса - ful): use - польза useful - полезный useless - бесполезный

power - сила powerful - сильный powerless - бессильный

2. Суффикс - ish указывает на наличие признака в слабой степени или на принадлежность к национальности: red - красный reddish - красноватый Pole - поляк Polish - польский

E X E R C I S E S

I. Form Participle I from the verbs given below: to do, to take, to become, to carry, to go, to change, to turn, to flow, to look for, to perform, to talk, to work, to observe, to examine, to grow, to boil, to get, to set.

II. Use the correct form of the verb to be. 1. I ... taking five courses this semester. 2. Bill ... trying to improve his English. 3. John and Mary ... talking on the phone. 4. I need an umbrella because it ... raining. 5. We ... walking down the street when it began to rain. 6. I couldn't get you on the phone last night, who ... you talking to so long? 7. What ... you doing now? 8. She ... listening to her favourite music at 8 o'clock tomorrow. 9. What ... you ... doing when I come?

III. Find the predicates in the following sentences. Define their tense forms. Translate the sentences. 1. The laboratory assistant is writing down the data in the register book. 2. The water in the tube is boiling. 3. The importance of mathematics will be constantly increasing. 4. Even in his childhood Newton was searching out the secrets of nature. 5. The laser is finding the most extensive application in the field of communications. 6. In the process of labour man himself was constantly changing. 7. The group of scientists will be investigating this problem for some years. 8. In 1880 Bessemer's factory was producing 830,000 tons of steel a year. 9. The laboratory will be carrying on the same research in the coming two or three years. 10. The thermal fluctuations of plasma are continually changing.

IV. Make the following sentences: a) negative; b) interrogative (general questions). 1. Bessemer was always trying some new idea. 2. Our colleagues are now performing a new set of experiments. 3. The conference is coming to an end now. 4. They will be collecting the data for six weeks. 5. We were discussing some recent works in the field of physics at the conference yesterday. 6. A direct-current motor is driving water-cooling pumps. 7. The sun is emitting energy. 8. He was conducting important observations for some hours two days ago. 9. She will be talking to her scientific adviser at 6 p.m. tomorrow. 10. I shall be writing about some works in the field of my speciality tomorrow's night.

V. Put all possible special questions. 1. Everybody is talking about the new discovery. 2. They are listening to the lecturer with great attention. 3. My colleagues were taking part in the discussion on the problems of environment all day long yesterday. 4. I am going to do the work all by myself. 5. We are looking for new ideas in science. 6. Before Edison was nine he was collecting things. 7. We shall be discussing your paper first at 3 o'clock the day after tomorrow. 8. They are going to prepare everything for the experiment. 9. Roentgen was working on the problem of electricity during 1895. 10. My wife will be preparing for the report from 5 till 7 next Monday.

VI. Use Present Continuous or Present Indefinite. 1. We (to go) to the seaside every summer. 2. Listen ! Somebody (to knock) on the door. 3. How often you (to wash) your dog ? 4. She can't come to the phone. She (to wash) her hair . 5. Where (to be) Kate ? She usually (to sit) in the front row. I (not to know) why she (to sit) here now. 6. Please, be quiet ! The baby (to sleep). 7. What you (to laugh) at ? 8. The country-side (to be) wonderful especially when it (to snow). 9. Why you (to smoke) here ? - And where people usually (to smoke) in this building ?

VII. Complete the sentences using Past Continuous. 1. When you came home ... . 2. When the telephone rang ... . 3. When I entered ... . 4. When we arrived in Moscow ... . 5. When the police came ... . 6. While she was cooking ... . 7. While I was finishing my homework ... .

VIII. Use Past Indefinite or Past Continuous. 1. I (to play) computer games yesterday. 2. He (to play) computer games from two till three yesterday. 3. What Nick (to do) when you came to his place ? 4. What you (to do) when I rang you up ? 5. What he (to do) yesterday ? - He (to read) a book. 6. What he (to do) the whole evening yesterday ? - He (to play) the piano. 7. When I came into the kitchen mother (to cook). 8. I (to go) to the cinema yesterday. 9. I (not to write) a letter to my friend the day before yesterday. 10. Last summer we (to be) in the country.

IX. Use the verbs in Future Continuous. 1. At this time tomorrow we (to have) an English class. 2. Don't worry ! I (to write) letters to you regularly. 3. When you come they (to train) in the gym. 4. Don't wait for me. I (to work) for some time. 5. While you are away we (to look after) your children. 6. Don't leave. We (to have) tea in a few minutes.

X. Match parts A and B. A B 1. She leaves the house at 8.30 1. once a week 2. I'll be studying in the library 2. next week 3. She is talking to the boss 3. at this time yesterday 4. He goes to the office by car 4. the whole day yesterday 5. I write letters to him 5. tomorrow morning 6. Our exams will be over 6. sometimes 7. It was snowing 7. every day 8. My brother was watching TV 8. now

XI. Choose the proper predicate. Explain your choice.

1. Faraday made some notes when he (was listening, listened) to the lecturer. 2. All over the world hang-gliders (дельтапланы) (are becoming, become) more and more popular. 3. As centuries passed, various handicrafts (developed, were developing). 4. The team of the researchers (has developed, is developing) already a new technique. 5. They often (are speaking, speak) on the subject in general. 6. The new laboratory assistant (is seeming, seems) very efficient. 7. He (is going, will be going) to finish this work this month. 8. The scientist (will be reporting, will report) the observations at the coming symposium. 9. These studies (are being, are) of particular importance. 10. I (have obtained, is obtaining) recently some further information on the subject.

XII. Use the correct tense forms of the verbs given in brackets.

1. The engineer (to explain) the operation of this device now. 2. Each scientist usually (to run) his test under different conditions. 3. The talk (to bring about) a discussion at the last conference. 4. If the atom (to have) a shortage of electrons, it will have a positive charge. 5. Our laboratory (to develop) a new semiconductor device this month. 6. Last night he (to speak) in favour of our suggestion. 7. The test (to come) to an end by the time they came. 8. The authors (to observe) the phenomenon in studies of a different kind all the year round. 9. At present my research group (to conduct) a series of experiments. 10. After the authors (to observe) the phenomenon in studies of a different kind they (to take up) the problem. 11. I currently (to collect) data for my scientific work.

XIII. Use to be going to instead of will + Infinitive.

1. He'll finish his article in two days. 2. Prof. B. will complete his research this year. 3. They'll report the observations at the coming symposium. 4. The conference will start its work at 10 in the morning. 5. Your co-worker will be busy with his experiment the whole day tomorrow. 6. The laboratory of our University will take up the study of this phenomenon in the near future. 7. They will have the discussion at the end of the meeting. 8. The study of such complex problems will be difficult. 9. The authors of this discovery will publish the results of their work. 10. We'll be through with the experiment in about two hours.

XIV. Answer the questions according to the model.

Model: - What are you planning to do on Sunday ?

- I am going to have a rest.

1. What are you planning to do after classes? 2. What are you planning to do tonight? 3. What are you planning to do at the weekend? 4. What is your family planning to do on holidays? 5. When is your friend planning to marry?

XV. Ask your fellow students questions about their plans for the future. Use to be going to and the following words and phrases:

tonight, at the weekend, in summer, tomorrow, next month, after the exams, when you graduate from the University, after the party, next year.

XVI. Translate into English: 1. Он закончил университет 3 года назад и теперь собирается поступать в аспирантуру. 2. Что вы делали вчера в это время? 3. Кто-то стучит, откройте дверь. 4. Я буду ждать тебя у входа в университет. 5. У них экскурсия по городу. Они сейчас осматривают достопримечательности Тулы. 6. Землетрясение в Японии в 1995 году принесло массу разрушений. 7. Если ты последуешь моему совету, тебе потребуется меньше времени на подготовку к экзаменам. 8. Если я потрачу эти деньги, я не куплю подарки к Рождеству. 9. Дождь всё ещё шел, когда мы вышли из дома. 10. - Все уже ушли? - Да, ушли 5 минут назад. 11. Она не хотела говорить об ошибках, которые сделала в письменной работе. 12. - Вы когда-нибудь были на заводе? - Да, много раз. 13. Ты уже сдал экзамен по математике? Когда ты его сдавал? А когда ты собираешься сдавать физику? 14. Когда Ваш отец закончил университет? А что он делает сейчас? Где работает? 15. - Где отец? - Он в кухне. - Что он там делает? - Он готовит нам ужин. 16. - Тихо! Идет лекция. Все слушают лектора с большим вниманием. - Когда началась лекция? - В 9 часов. 17. Когда мы вошли в лабораторию, инженер объяснял действие нового прибора.

XVII. a) Write the verbs from which the following adjectives are derived: reliable, suitable, remarkable, exhaustible, different, considerable, extensive, notable, conductive, productive, removable, sufficient, expensive, effective;

b) write the nouns from which the following adjectives are derived: useful, economic, advantageous, careful, conventional, electronic, powerless, dangerous, industrial, technological, waterless, practical, successful.

Choose the right suffix to derive adjectives from the following words:

NOUNS	VERBS	SUFFIXES
beauty efficiency help importance wonder product magnet profit luck child	to invent to depend to separate to remark to comfort to observe to change to avail to permit to value	- able - ive - ful - ant - ic - ent - y - ish

РАБОТА С ТЕКСТОМ

Text A. He Started Britain's Railways

During the First Industrial Revolution machinery was taking the place of human labour and factories were being built all over England. The new factories needed coal for driving their machines, therefore the demand for coal was becoming so great that a quicker and cheaper method of transport was becoming an urgent need.

Several attempts had already been made to design a steam locomotive, based upon Watt's stationary engines. None of the attempts had been successful.

Stephenson had followed these earlier experiments with great interest, and he became convinced that he could design a locomotive. So he decided to try to build an engine with two vertical cylinders and a boiler, eight feet long and three feet in diameter. He then laid, instead of the wooden rails used by the horse wagons, smooth metal rails for his engine to run on. This innovation made his experiment successful. His locomotive hauled eight loaded wagons weighing more than thirty tons at a speed of four miles an hour.

No engine had done such a thing before, but Stephenson considered this engine only a beginning. When he heard that there were plans to build a railway of about thirty-six miles for horse-drawn wagons to carry both goods and passengers between Stockton and Darlington, Stephenson asked for the task of building the railway. He said that he was going to use metal instead of wooden rails, and steam-engines instead of horses. Stephenson even decided to establish his own locomotive factory in Newcastle to build locomotives for the Stockton - Darlington railway.

When the new railway was opened on September 27, 1825, several thousand people came to watch the ceremony. The train consisted of six wagons loaded with coal and flour and twenty-two trucks had benches for the use of any members of the public who wished to ride. Stephenson himself drove the engine. By the time the train reached Stockton, it was carrying more than six hundred passengers.

The building of the Stockton-Darlington railway for a steam locomotive won Stephenson such a good reputation that he was soon invited to build a still larger railway, this time between Liverpool and Manchester to serve the expanding cotton industry.

While this work was going on, the promoters of the railway offered a prize to the engineer who would build the best engine for it. There were five competitors, but the prize was won by George Stephenson with his new engine the Rocket. This engine had a boiler with twenty-five fire-tubes in it which improved steam generation.

Vocabulary

machinery, n	машины, механизмы
drive (drove, driven), v	приводить в движение, водить (машину)
urgent, a	срочный, настоятельный
demand, n	потребность
attempt, n	попытка
steam, n	пар
stationary, a	неподвижный, стационарный
convince, v	убеждать
boiler, n	котел
horse-wagon, n	вагон на конной тяге
smooth, a	ровный, гладкий
run (ran, run), v	двигаться, работать, управлять
innovation, n	нововведение, техническое новшество
haul, v	тянуть, тащить, перевозить
load, v	нагружать
weigh, v	весить
speed, n	скорость
carry, v	перевозить, переносить
goods, n	товар, товары
instead of, prep	вместо
own, a	собственный
consist (of), v	состоять (из)
coal, n	уголь
truck, n	открытая ж/д платформа, товарный вагон, вагонетка
ride (rode, ridden), v	ехать
win (won, won), v	завоевывать, выигрывать
expand, v	расширять(ся)
go on, v	продолжать(ся)
competitor, n	конкурент, соперник
fire-tube, n	жаровая труба
improve, v	улучшать, усовершенствовать
engine, n	двигатель, машина

I. Read and transcribe the following international words. Consult the dictionary if necessary. Translate the words: period, revolution, industrial, machine, transport, to base, interest, locomotive, vertical, cylinder, diameter, experiment, to test, wagon, ton, mile, plan, metal, ceremony, public, reputation, prize.

II. Translate the words of the same root. Define speech parts: begin - beginning; success - successful; station - stationary; boil - boiler; build - building; wood - wooden; promote - promoter - promotion; compete - competitor - competition; generate - generation - generator.

III. Read and translate the following phrases: First Industrial Revolution, human labour, all over England, steam locomotive, stationary engines, metal rails, eight loaded wagons, four miles an hour, locomotive factory, any members of the public, drive the engine, the expanding cotton industry, steam generation.

IV. Translate the sentences. 1. During the First Industrial Revolution machinery was taking place of human labour. 2. A quicker and cheaper method of transport was becoming an urgent need. 3. Factories were being built all over England. 4. None of the attempts had been successful. 5. Stephenson laid smooth metal rails for his engine to run on. 6. This innovation made his experiment successful. 7. No engine had done such a thing before. 8. Stephenson himself drove the engine. 9. Stephenson was soon invited to build a still larger railway to serve the expanding cotton industry. 10. This engine had a boiler with twenty-five fire-tubes in it. 11. Twenty-two trucks had benches for the use of any members of the public who wished to ride.

V. Read the text `He Started Britain's Railways'. Find the English equivalents for the following Russian words and phrases: восемь футов в длину и диаметром три фута; со скоростью четыре мили в час; перевозить как товары, так и пассажиров; использовать металлические рельсы вместо деревянных; скамейки для всех тех из собравшихся, кто пожелал поехать на поезде; вскоре его пригласили строить еще более крупную железную дорогу; на этот раз; учредить приз; к тому времени как; следить за экспериментами; тянуть 8 нагруженных вагонов.

VI. Answer the questions on the text. 1. Why was a quicker and cheaper method of transport becoming an urgent need ? 2. Was Stephenson the first to make an attempt to design a steam locomotive ? 3. What were the principal features of Stephenson's engine? 4. What innovation allowed Stephenson to design a locomotive and to build a new railway ? 5. Where did Stephenson decide to build his own locomotive factory and why ? 6. What did the train consist of ? 7. How many passengers was the train carrying on September 27, 1825 ? 8. Which railway was longer: between Stockton and Darlington or between Liverpool and Manchester? 9. Who won the prize for the best engine ? 10. What was the name of that engine ? 11. What innovation improved steam engine ?

VII. Make up the plan to the text `He Started Britain's Railways'. Retell the text according to your plan.

Text B.

Newton devoted all his time to science. While he was working at difficult questions he forgot everything else. On such days he kept to his room and did not allow anyone to disturb him. He was sitting half dressed on his bed all day long thinking over various problems. He ate only when the maid brought him some food and did not notice what he was eating.

One morning he was working very hard, and did not leave his room to go and have breakfast with the family. The housekeeper, however, sent one of the maids into his study with an egg and a saucepan of water. The maid had been told to boil the egg and stay while he ate it, but as he wished to be alone, Newton sent her away, saying that he was going to cook it himself. The maid left the egg near his watch on the table and told him to let it boil for three minutes. She returned soon after and saw that Newton was standing deep in thought, the egg in his hand, while his watch was boiling in the saucepan.

I. Make sure you know the following verbs. If you don't know any of them consult a dictionary: to devote, to forget, to allow, to disturb, to remain, to bring, to leave, to send, to boil, to stay, to eat, to cook, to tell, to return, to see, to notice.

II. Translate the following word combinations: all his time, to keep to his room, half dressed, deep in thought, all day long, to work hard, a saucepan of water, to be alone, to send the maid away, to cook the egg himself, his watch.

III. Read Text B without a dictionary. Find the predicates in Past Continuous Active.

IV. Translate Text B.

V. Suggest a few headlines to Text B. Choose the best one among the headlines suggested by your fellow students.

VI. Answer the question: What was Newton going to eat and what was he cooking ?

Text C. Inventors and Their Inventions

Edison is known as one of the greatest inventors of his time. He invented so much that it is difficult to say which of his achievements is the greatest. He was an experimenter and a practical man more than a theoretician.

In 1868 Edison built his first patented invention - an electromagnetic device.

All his inventions were the result of hard work. He sometimes made thousands of experiments. According to his words the idea that a genius works only by inspiration was absurd. “Genius is 2 per cent inspiration and 98 per cent perspiration,” he often said.

Samuel Colt was an American. He lived in the 19th century. In 1836 he designed and patented a pistol. It was a pistol with a revolving barrel that could fire 6 bullets one after the other. It was the first pistol of its kind. Later there came many other pistols with 6 bullets.

Rudolf Diesel was a German engineer. He was born in 1858 and died in 1913. In 1897 he invented a new internal combustion engine. This engine is known as a diesel and it began a transport revolution in cars, lorries, trains and ships. The main advantage of diesels is that they run on rather cheap fuel.

Samuel Finley Morse was born in 1791. He died in 1872. He was a portrait painter. Then he became the inventor. For 12 years he tried to perfect the telegraph and he was a success. Later he invented the telegraphic dot-and-dash alphabet. Now it is known as Morse code. Morse code was not only one in America of that time. There were some others. But now we use Morse code all over the world.

Charles Makintosh lived from 1766 to 1843. He lived in Scotland and was a chemist by profession. He worked in a textile industry. In 1823 he developed a rubber solution. This rubber solution was used for raincoat production. Raincoats with this rubber solution didn't allow water to penetrate. These raincoats were called makintoshes. Now people all over the world use them in spring and in autumn.

Charles Rolls was born in 1881 in Great Britain. He died in 1910. He was an aristocrat and businessman. He was especially interested in cars. Once he met another enthusiast of cars Henry Royce. Henry Royce was a famous car engineer. They decided to design the most comfortable and reliable car. At the beginning of the 20th century it seemed to be a fantasy. But they worked hard and at last in 1907 they created the world-famous Rolls-Royce car. It was so comfortable and reliable that one of the models of Rolls-Royce cars “Silver Ghost” hadn't changed greatly for 20 years since 1907.

Gotlif Daimler and Charles Benz were two inventors. They lived in Germany. They were both interested in car production. At the end of the 19th century each of them designed a car. At the same time they organized two independent firms to produce them.

All the cars produced by the firm of Daimler were called “Mercedes”. Mercedes was a daughter's name of one of the stockholders of the firm. This man saved the firm of Daimler from the financial crisis at the beginning of the 20th century. But after the World War I the firm of Daimler met financial difficulties again. This time it had to join the firm of Benz. Since that time all the cars produced by the firm “Daimler-Benz” have been called “Mercedes-Benz”.

I. Find in the following list the names of the inventors who gave their names to the things they created. Put them down in the chart.

E.Rutherford C.Makintosh S.Colt S.Morse L.Landau W.Thomson R.Diesel C.Rolls H.Cavendish C.Benz

II. Read the text `Inventors and Their Inventions'. Find information to complete the chart.

III. Complete the chart.

IV. Find in the text the famous words of Edison proving his idea of a genius. Do you agree with him ?

V. Speak on the invention you consider the most important one. Use the plan below: 1) the invention you consider to be one of the greatest in the world; 2) the name of the person it was designed by; 3) the country this invention was made in; 4) what this thing was made for; 5) how it is used now; 6) how it influenced our life.

C O N V E R S A T I O N

The Progress of Science



Vocabulary

science, n	наука
scientist, n	ученый
scientific, a	научный
to develop the modern tools of war	создать современное оружие
to improve life	улучшить жизнь
to supply the world with energy	обеспечить мир энергией
to share the resources	сообща пользоваться ресурсами
a solution to the problem	решение проблемы
knowledge provided by science	знания, предоставляемые наукой
the Universe	Вселенная
for the benefit of men	на благо человека
to be affected by modern technology	быть связанным с современной техникой
advances in technology	технические достижения
to be essential for	иметь огромное значение для
to predict earthquakes	предсказывать землетрясения
the origin and developments	происхождение и развитие
a basic knowledge of science	элементарное знание науки
to find one's way in	ориентироваться в

Science

Science is important to world peace in many ways. On one hand, scientists have helped to develop many of the modern tools of war. On the other hand, they have also helped to keep the peace through research which has improved life for people. Scientists have helped us understand the problem of supplying the world with enough energy; they have begun to develop a number of solutions to the energy problem - for example, using energy from the sun and from the atom. Scientists have also analysed the world's resources. We can begin to learn to share the resources with the knowledge provided to us by science. Science studies the Universe and how to use its possibilities for the benefit of men.

Science is also important to everyone who is affected by modern technology. Many of the things that make our lives easier and better are the results of advances in technology and, if the present patterns continue, technology will affect us even more in the future than it does now. In some cases, such as technology for taking salt out of ocean water, technology may be essential for our lives on Earth.

The study of science also provides people with an understanding of natural world. Scientists are learning to predict earthquakes, are continuing to study many other natural events such as storms. Scientists are also studying various aspects of human biology and the origin and developments of the human race. The study of the natural world may help improve life for many people all over the world.

A basic knowledge of science is essential for everyone. It helps people find their way in the changing world.

I. Read the text `Science' and find the derivatives from the following worlds. Define what parts of speech they are. Translate them into Russian: science possible vary develop understand supply know nature importance

II. Find in the text `Science' the opposites for the following:

war, on one hand, difficult, worse, the past, death, artificial, ancient.

III. Use the English equivalents for the words and phrases in brackets. 1. Science helped develop /современное оружие/. 2. Science develops more and more /решений/ to the energy problem. 3. Scientists predict /землетрясения/. 4. Knowledge is /необходимы/ for people. 5. Scientists are trying to /сохранить мир/ through research. 6. The problem of /обеспечения мира/ with enough energy is essential. 7. /Мировые ресурсы/ are not limitless. 8. Science studies /Вселенную/ and how to use its /возможности/. 9. Technology will affect people even more /в будущем/.

IV. Complete the following sentences. Use the vocabulary of the text. 1. Scientists have learned to use the energy of __________ . 2. Science helped improve __________ . 3. Knowledge is essential for people to find __________ . 4. The study of science provides people with __________ . 5. Scientists study many natural phenomena such as __________ . 6. The origin and developments of the human race is a very __________ . 7. A basic knowledge of science __________ .

V. a) Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the italicized words. 1. I don't know the meaning of this new verb. 2. How many meanings of the word “power” do you know ? 3. What does the process of splitting the atom mean ? 4. By means of radio and television we can watch sputnics and spaceships. 5. A computer is an effective means of solving mathematical problems.

b) Translate into English: важное средство; посредством (при помощи) науки; новое значение слова; это означает, что ... ; технические средства.

VI. Find in the text `Science' the English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:

создать современное оружие;

сохранять мир;

улучшить жизнь;

проблема обеспечения мира энергией;

разработать ряд решений энергетической проблемы;

анализировать мировые ресурсы;

сообща пользоваться ресурсами;

знания, предоставляемые кому-либо наукой;

Вселенная;

использовать возможности на благо человека;

быть связанным с современной техникой;

результат технических достижений;

иметь огромное значение для чьей-либо жизни;

давать людям понимание чего-либо;

предсказывать землетрясения;

изучать различные аспекты биологии человека;

происхождение и развитие человеческого рода;

элементарное знание науки;

ориентироваться в меняющемся мире.

VII. Answer the questions. 1. Why is science so important in the modern world ? 2. How does science help keep peace in the world ? 3. How does science help solve the energy problem ? 4. What proves that the study of science is important for understanding of the natural world ?

VIII. Translate into English. 1. Наука помогла разработать современное оружие. 2. Наука находит все новые решения энергетической проблемы. 3. Наука помогла людям научиться использовать энергию солнца и атома. 4. Наука помогла научиться совместному использованию ресурсов. 5. Ученые предсказывают землетрясения. 6. Наука помогла улучшить жизнь людей. 7. Знания необходимы людям, чтобы ориентироваться в изменяющемся мире.

IX. Rearrange the key phrases given below and use them to retell the text: for the benefit of men; important; to understand natural world; to develop; advances in technology; essential for people's lives; the modern tools of war; to find new energy sources; to keep the peace; to supply the world with energy; to improve life.

X. Speak about the significance of science.

XI. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons. 1. Science very little affects everyday life. 2. We can hardly speak of any achievements in medicine. 3. Science is motivated by curiosity of a researcher. 4. We know exactly that there is biological life in our Universe besides the Earth. 5. The greatest achievements of science have improved people's lives.

XII. Try to find examples of how technological progress has changed our lives.

XIII. Make a list of the Seven Wonders of the 20th century. Write them in the order of their importance.

XIV. Fill in the Public Opinion Poll and have a group discussion on the topic: What do you think of science ? Do science and technology do more good than harm, more harm than good, or about equal ?

XV. What inventions, electronic and other devices would you call the most sophisticated ones that have been invented lately in the 20th century ? Use the following: radio set, TVset, computer, robots, space rockets, lasers.

XVI. Name the spheres of our everyday life and human activities where the progress of science and technology is most keenly felt.

XVII. Science can be neither good nor evil. Are you of the same opinion ? Give your reasons.

D I A L O G U E S

a) Read dialogue I in pairs.

I.

William: Are there any clubs and societies at your University ? Michael: Quite a lot. As for me I've joined the student research society. We are having our institute conference in a month and I'm going to contribute a paper to it. William: What problems are you interested in ? Michael: I'm working on the defects of metal units. William: Do you use computers ? Michael: Certainly. It is impossible to do without them today. William: Does your research work take much of your time ? Michael: Yes, it does. William: Do you work alone ? Michael: Of course not. We are six in the group. We have a very good and patient adviser who helps us a lot.

b) Complete dialogues II, III, IV.

II.

A. .......... . B. We are busy with designing some engine parts. A. .......... . B. Certainly.

III.

A. Do you work alone? B. .......... . A. Does it take much time, I mean, your work in the research society? B. .......... .

IV.

A. Are there many clubs and societies at your University? B. .......... . A. What problems are you interested in? B. .......... .

c) Make up a dialogue between a reporter of the journal `Science' who is going to interview a young Russian engineer and inventor. Here are some prompts. Questions the reporter can ask:

Were you surprised when you won the prize? What field of science do you work in? What can you say about your invention? Did you work alone? What are your plans for the future? Think of some other questions.

The young Russian scientist was awarded the prize of the Russia's Academy of Sciences. He is eager to answer the reporter's questions. He works in the field of chemistry. He invented quite a new construction material. It has very useful properties.

JUST FOR FUN

I. Read and translate the following quotations. Comment on them.

Knowledge is a city, to the building of which every human being brought a stone.

Invention breeds invention. (R. Emerson)

Imagination is more important than knowledge. (A. Einstein)

II. Solve a crossword puzzle.

1. The process of emission of X-rays. 2. The scientists will give ... to this strange phenomenon. 3. Right, suitable, correct. 4. between , ?

5. A radioactive, metallic element. 6. A fact that illustrates a general rule, a law, etc. 7. To divide into separate parts. 8. Quality, power or effect that belongs naturally to some object, substance, etc. 9. The Cheljabinsk plant produced the most ... tractors in the USSR. 10. To put one thing to another. 11. Yury Gagarin was the first man to fly into ... . 12. A container is a box designed to ... something. 13. Mrs Curie discovered that some chemical substances emitted ... . 14. Something easy to understand or to do. 15. To go from one place to another. 16. Mathematics, biology, physics are ... . 17. To get something.



Unit 8

Grammar: 1. Passive Voice

2. Word-building. The suffixes of verbs.

Texts: A. Science and Technology

B. The Telegraph

C. Thomas Alva Edison

D. Coming Events

Conversation: Great Scientists

Г р а м м а т и ч е с к и й м а т е р и а л

Пассивный залог (Passive Voice)

Формы глагола пассивного залога (Passive Voice) выражают действие, совершаемое над подлежащим лицом или предметом, т.е. в пассивном залоге подлежащее не действует, а подвергается действию. Пассивный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице, и числе и причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола. to be asked to be taken 3апомните! 1. Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle) от стандартных глаголов совпадает по форме с глаголами в Past Indefinite Tense и имеет окончание -ed

2. Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle) от нестандартных глаголов можно найти в словаре (так называемая III форма глагола) или в специальной таблице нестандартных глаголов (III колонка).

Помните! 1. В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол to be ставится перед подлежащим. При наличии двух вспомогательных глаголов только первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим.

2. В отрицательной форме отрицание not ставится после глагола to be. При наличии двух вспомогательных глаголов отрицание notставится после первого вспомогательного глагола.



Passive Voice

definite to be asked	Present	Past	Future
	Утвердительная форма
	am asked is asked are asked	was asked were asked	shall be asked ...

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