Английский для бакалавров

will be asked

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы

Is he asked?

He is not asked.

He isn't asked.

Was he asked

He was not asked.

He wasn't asked.

Will he be asked

He will not be asked.

He won't be asked.

Continuous to be being asked

Утвердительная форма

am being asked

is being asked

are being asked

was being asked

were being asked

- вместо отсутствующей формы Future Continuous употребляется форма Future Indefinite

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы

Am I being asked?

I am not being asked.

Was I being asked

I was not being asked.

-

Perfect to have been asked

Утвердительная форма

have been asked

has been asked

had been asked

shall have been asked

will have been asked

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы

Have I been asked?

I have not been asked.

Had I been asked?

I had not been asked.

Shall I have been asked?

I shall not have been asked.

Особенности пассивного залога в английском языке.

Запомните! В английском языке в пассивном залоге могут употребляться все объектные глаголы, т.е. глаголы, имеющие любое дополнение - прямое, косвенное беспредложное и косвенное предложное.



Active Voice	Passive Voice
I took the book, (прямое дополнение)	The book was taken by me.
He gave me a book. (косвенное дополнение)	I was given a book.
We spoke much about this film. =(предложное дополнение)	This film was much spoken about.

Примечание: предлоги by и with употребляются для того, чтобы показать, кем или чем выполняется действие, выраженное сказуемым в пассивном залоге.

Who was the device invented by?	Кем был изобретён прибор?
Our lab is equipped with modern computers.	Наша лаборатория оборудована coвременными компьютерами.

Обратите внимание!Категория переходности у ряда глаголов в русскоми английском языках не совпадает.

1. Некоторые глаголы, требующие беспредложного дополнения в английском языке, соответствуют глаголам, требующим предложного дополнения в русском языке:

to enter входить в to join присоединяться к to answer отвечать на to affect воздействовать на to influence влиять на to attend присутствовать на to follow следовать за

Примечание:Passive Voice подобных глаголов переводится на русский язык действительным залогом. Перевод, как правило, следует начинать с предлога.

My question was answered at once.	На мой вопрос ответили сразу.
This discovery was followed by many important inventions.	За этим открытием последовало много важных изобретений.

2. Некоторые, глаголы, требующие предложного дополнения в английском языке, соответствуют глаголам, требующим беспредложного дополнения в русском языке:

to listen to слушать to wait for ждать to touch upon затрагивать to account for объяснять to entrust with поручать

Примечание: Предлог, относящийся к данным глаголам, не переводится.

His speech was listenedto very attentively.	Его речь слушали очень внимательно.
The delegates were waited for.	Делегатов ждали.

Способы перевода пассивных конструкций

1. Сказуемое в Passive Voice переводится:

а) сочетанием глагола "быть"с краткой формой причастия. Глагол "быть" в настоящей времени не переводится. Например:

The text is translated. Текст переведён. The text was translated. Текст был переведён. The text will be translated. Текст будет переведён.

б) глаголом с окончанием -ся, -сь. Например: The liquid fuel is gradually Жидкое топливо постепенно injected into the cylinder. впрыскивается в цилиндр.

в) глаголом действительного залога (при наличии дополнения с предлогом by). Например: I was helped by my friend. Мой друг помог мне.

г) неопределённо-личным предложением. Например: The article was discussed Статью обсуждали на конференции. at the conference.

Примечание. При наличии предлога после глагола в пассивном залоге перевод предложения начинают с этого предлога.

His new invention was 0 его новом изобретении много much spoken about. говорили

2. Подлежащее при сказуемом в Passive Voice переводится: а) существительным (местоимением) в именительном падеже. Например: The house will be built. Дом построят.

б) существительным (местоимением) в винительном или дательном падеже без предлога. Например: Не was seen in the laboratory. Его видели в лаборатории. Не was a sent all the necessary Ему послали всё необходимое equipment. оборудование.

в) существительным (местоимением) в любом косвенном падеже с предлогом. Например: An engineer was sent for. За инженером послали. This article is often referred to. На эту статью часто ссылаются.

Словообразование. Суффиксы глаголов

(Word-building. The suffixes of verbs)

Запомните следующие суффиксы глаголов: -en

hard - твердый to harden - твердеть sharp - острый to sharpen - заострять

-(i) fy

pure - чистый to purify - очищать glory - слава to glorify - прославлять

-ize

special - специальный to specialize - специализировать neutral - нейтральный to neutralize - нейтрализовать.

E x e r c i s e s

Form Participle II from the following verbs:

to ask, to use, to build, to call, to found, to find, to condense, to reduce, to cool, to keep, to support, to award, to concern, to offer, to cut, to place, to encourage, to know, to develop, to limit, to direct, to move, to shape, to arrange, to hold, to give, to invite, to include, to design, to make, to present, to write, to derive, to reach, to take, to think, to obtain, to speak, to pay, to send.

Form:

? Passive Indefinite Infinitive to see - to be seen to ask - to be asked

? Passive Continuous Infinitive to finish - to be being finished to write - to be being written

? Passive Perfect Infinitive to shape - to have been shaped to think - to have been thought to discover, to influence, to base, to perform, to lay, to tell, to do, to give, to examine, to arrange, to provide, to elaborate, to construct, to set, to study, to complete, to replace, to offer, to undertake, to understand, to put, to accept, to investigate, to recognise, to evaluate, to need, to suggest, to study, to discuss.

III. Identify the sentences in the Passive Voice. 1. The first industrial revolution took place in England. 2. Efficiency is achieved by using efficient methods, devices and personnel organisations. 3. Automation was first applied to assembly line manufacturing. 4. We rarely use those substances in our research because they are not always available. 5. The fourth industrial revolution will be characterized by the use of automated programmable machines. 6. This pioneer study will involve a lot of difficulty. 7. After Dr. Robinson had finished that fundamental research he gave a complete account of the work. 8. All the things for the experiment are ready. 9. Single shaft turbine generators are being successfully constructed today. 10. The new method will come into use when suitable appliances and devices are provided. 11. The negative results had been obtained before modern equipment was installed. 12. Our professor is going to write a paper on the subject of powdered metals. 13. These two principles have been accepted without question by later writers on the subject. 14. The laboratory assistant has described the procedure in detail. 15. A plasma may be completely ionized in which state all the molecules are devided into ions and electrons.

IV. Make the sentences a) interrogative; b) negative. 1. Sound was amplified by a loudspeaker. 2. We shall be given new equipment. 3. The experiment had been completed by the end of the last year. 4. The lecture was being listened to with great attention. 5. Plastics are used in engineering. 6. New automatic driving systems are being used now. 7. This process is known as smelting. 8. The metal is heated to a high temperature. 9. Some new devices are being demonstrated now. 10. New models of computers will have been suggested by 2000.

V. Put the following sentences in a) Past Indefinite Passive; b) Future Indefinite Passive. Add the necessary adverbial modifiers. 1. The engineers are given interesting problems for solving. 2. Automatic tools are used by the operator. З. He is allowed to use a computer. 4. Metals are flowed out into special containers. 5. The experiments with new devices are carried out. 6. Metal is processed in various ways. 7. Any new design of a solar power station is discussed. 8. The problem of computer development is considered by the scientists. 9. The efficiency of this device is increased. 10. The particles of nuclei are studied.

VI. Complete the following sentences using the words given below.

1. The machine is installed 2. New devices are developed was installed will be developed has been installed are being developed will be installed have been developed is being installed will have been developed

3. The losses have been calculated 4. Computers were being applied will be calculated are applied are calculated have been applied are being calculated had been applied had been calculated are being applied

5. Superalloys will be shaped are shaped are being shaped were shaped have been shaped

yesterday, at this time, tomorrow, in some days, usually, as a rule. often, already, a week ago, just, by the next month, not yet, by this time yesterday, last year, since this week, next year, never, always, from 2 to 5 o'clock yesterday.

VII. Make these sentences passive. Mind the preposition by.

Model: The sun heats the air. The air is heated by the sun.

1. Scientists will make new discoveries. 2. Magnetic field doesn't affect the neutron. 3. For a year specialists were studying German experience in chemical industry. 4. They will be doing this work all the day tomorrow. 5. In my research work I'll have already concerned with semiconductors. 6. Newton advanced the corpuscular theory of light. 7. The wave can explain the interference of light. 8. He had never thought of the possible errors before he made them. 9. They are supporting these two theories. 10. You should have read this paper by the morning session.

VIII. Make these sentences active.

Model: The article was discussed by the students. The students discussed the article.

1. This discovery is much spoken about by the scientists. 2. My report will be discussed by the students next Monday. 3. The tests have been performed by the inventor himself this day. 4. The experimental results were analyzed by Professor Boston. 5. Radioactivity was being investigated by the Curies for many years. 6. The presence of radiation had been detected by the researcher before the experiment was over. 7. The seminar on Solid State Physics was held by Russia's Academy of Science last year. 8. The new computer program is being examined by the group of engineers. 9. Solid are characterized by strength and elasticity. 10. These data will have been obtained by him by the end of the week.

IX. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Passive Voice. 1. Information... by radio. (to transmit) 2. A new kind of invisible rays ... by Rontgen in 1895. (to discover) 3. The efficiency of this device... next year. (to increase) 4. The engineer... an interesting problem at the research institute, (to offer) 5. New machinery ... at the plant by the end of the month, (to install) 6. An unusual electric station... into operation now. (to put) 7. The explanation of this phenomenon... yet. (to give) 8. Yesterday the results of this experiment... by the presence of some impurities. (to prove) 9. This engineer... as an authority in optical electronics. (to look upon) 10. The quality of production ... already. (to increase) 11. Many methods of making and storing electric charges ... during the 18th century. (to discover) 12 We ... just ... the tiniest motor. (to show) 13. The discovery of the electrons ... by the discovery of the proton and neutron. (to follow) 14. After the engine... we could use it. (to repair) 15. What plan... when the professor entered the lecture hall? (to discuss) 16. The performance of the new computers ... tomorrow. (to demonstrate) 17. At present the sunlight... into electrical power by special solar panels. (to convert) 18. The robots ... now. (to develop)

X. Choose the Russian equivalents for each English sentence. 1. He was sent for a new equipment. 1. Он послал за новым оборудованием.

2. За новым оборудованием послали.

3. Его послали за новым оборудованием.

2. The scientists were offered 1. Ученые предложили новые проблемы new problems for research. для исследования. 2. Новые проблемы будут предложены ученым для исследования. 3. Ученым предложили новые проблемы для исследования.

3. The conductor is acted upon 1. Поле воздействует на проводник. by the field. 2. Проводник воздействует на поле.

3. Проводник подвергался воздействию поля.

4. We shall be reported of a new 1. Мы сообщим о новом открытии. invention. 2. Нам сообщат о новом открытии.

3. Нам сообщили о новом открытии.

5. They are invited by the professor 1. Они приглашают профессора в свою to his laboratory. лабораторию.

2. Профессор пригласит их в свою лабораторию.

3. Профессор приглашает их в свою лабо- раторию.

6. He can be asked to repair an engine. 1. Он попросил отремонтировать двигатель.

2. Его попросили отремонтировать двигатель.

3. Его можно попросить отремонтиро- вать двигатель. 7. University research is being 1. Научно-исследовательская работа в supported by the Government now. университетах поддерживалась правительством.

2. Научно-исследовательская работа в университетах сейчас оказывает поддержку правительству. 3. Сейчас правительство оказывает поддержку научно-исследовательской работе в универ- ситетах. 8. His work has been spoken about 1. О его работе рассказывает by Prof. Brain. профессор Брэйн. 2. Профессор Брэйн будет рассказывать о его работе. 3. О его работе рассказал профессор Брэйн.

9. Dr. N had been answered that 1. Когда она пришла, доктор Н. уже question when she came. ответил на этот вопрос.

2. Когда она пришла, доктору Н. уже ответили на этот вопрос. 3. Когда она пришла, отвечали на вопрос доктора Н. 10. The invention of steam-engine 1. Изобретению парового двигателя was followed by many other предшествовало много других ones. изобретений. 2. За изобретением парового двигателя последовало много других изобретений.

3. За изобретением парового двигателя может последовать много других изобретений.

Translate the sentences in the Passive Voice. 1. The temperature of water was raised by heating. 2. The motor must be repaired properly. 3. The experiments are being carried out in the shops of our plant. 4. The temperature has been maintained at the point of 20 degrees since the beginning of the experiment. 5. The first electric cell had been made by 1800. 6. Current electricity was discovered in 1780 by Galvani. 7. Materials can be used according to their electrical properties. 8. New automatic driving systems are being used now. 9. The new apparatus has already been installed in the shop. 10. New models of computers will have been suggested by designers by 2000. 11. A new computer was housed in this laboratory. 12. Transistors may be classified according to the number of elements. 13. The new theory of nuclear physics is often referred to. 14. What new devices are being demonstrated now? 15. The negative results had been obtained before modern equipment was installed. 16. The glass has been used to develop a new class of semiconductors. 17. Computers are being applied on great scale. 18. Helium had been discovered on the Sun before it was found on the Earth. 19. This device is being repaired at present. 20. The problem will be dealt with in the next report.

Choose the English equivalents for the Russian sentences.

1. Cтудента просят провести опыт. 1.The student is asked to make an experiment.

2. The student asks to make an experiment.

3. The student will be asked to make an experiment.

2. Нам показали новые устройства. 1. We demonstrated a new device.

2. We demonstrate a new device.

3. We were demonstrated a new device.

3. Программисту предлагают 1. The programmer will be offered составить новую программу. to compile a new program.

2. The programmer is offered to compile a new program.

3. The programmer offers to compile a new program.

4. Им должны показать 1. They must be shown modern современные компьютеры. computers.

2. They must show modern computers.

3. They are shown modem computers.

5. Сейчас докладчик ссылается 1. The speaker is being referred to by на профессора Брауна. Professor Brown now.

2. Professor Brown is being referred to by the speaker now.

3. Professor Brown is referring to the speaker now.

6. О новом приборе будут 1. The new device will be much spoken много говорить. about.

2. The new device has been much spoken about.

3. The new device is much spoken about.

7. Статическое электричество 1. Static electricity produced friction. производится трением. 2. Static electricity produces friction.

3. Static electricity is produced by friction.

8. Это открытие было уже 1. This discovery has already been прокомментировано в нескольких commented upon in several magazines. журналах. 2. This discovery is commented upon in several magazines.

3. This discovery was commented upon in several magazines.

9. Будет определен состав этого 1. The composition of this substance is вещества. determined.

2. The composition of this substance will be determined.

3. The composition of this substance will have been determined.

10. Профессор Смит даст 1. Some instructions will be given to инженерам ряд рекомендаций. the engineers by Professor Smith.

2. Some instructions will be given to Professor Smith by the engineers.

3. Some instructions are given to the engineers by Professor Smith.

XI. Translate the sentences into English using the Passive Voice. Mind the word order. 1. Как правило, эксперименты проводят в лабораториях. 2. Первый паровой двигатель был построен в Англии в 1895 году. 3. Этот метод использовали много лет назад. 4. Сейчас большое внимание уделяется современному оборудованию научно-исследовательских институтов. 5. Первые электромобили уже введены в действие. 6. Новые модели компьютеров будут созданы к концу века. 7. Электричество передается по проводам. 8. Попов изобрел радио. 9. Из какого металла изготовлена эта деталь? 10. На какую статью только что сослался докладчик?

XII. a) Distribute the following verbs into 3 groups according to the suffixes. The first ones have been done for you:

-en blacken

-fy classify

-ize minimize

shorten, typify, brighten, darken, clarify, identify, justify, simplify, visualize, intensify, energize, stabilize, falsify, mechanize, realize, deepen, humanize, criticize, densify, economize.

b) Translate these verbs. In case of difficulty look them up in the dictionary.

Работа с текстом

Text A. Science and Technology

In recent years life on our planet has been drastically changed due to scientific and technological developments. Our views both of ourselves as individuals in society and of the Universe as a whole have changed as well.

Today, science and technology are closely related. Many modern technologies such as nuclear power and space flights depend on science and the application of scientific knowledge and principles. Each advance in pure science creates new opportunities for the development of new ways of making things to be used in daily life. In turn, technology provides science with new and more accurate instruments for its investigation and research.

Technology refers to the ways in which people use discoveries to satisfy needs and desires, to alter the environment, to improve their lives. Throughout human history, men and women have invented tools, machines, materials and techniques to make their lives easier.

Of course, when we speak of technology today, we are looking at it in a much narrower sense. Generally, we mean industrial technology, or the technology that began about 200 years ago with the development of power-driven machines, growth of the factory system, and mass production of goods that has created the basis for our modern society. Today we often say that we live in an age of science and technology. According to one estimate, 90 % of all the scientists who ever lived, were alive and active in the 1970-s. This increased scientific activity has brought new ideas, processes, and inventions in ever-growing amount.

The scientific revolution that began in the 16th century was the first time that science and technology began to work together. Thus, Galileo, who made revolutionary discoveries in astronomy and physics, also built an improved telescope and patented a system of lifting water. However, it was not until the 19th century that technology truly was based on science and inventors began to build on the work of scientists.

In a sense, the history of science and technology is the history of all humankind.

Vocabulary

technology, n техника science and technology наука и техника developments, n достижения drastically, adv резко a view (of smb., smth.), n взгляд (на кого-либо, что-либо) be closely related быть тесно связанным apply, v применять application, n применение an advance in pure science прогресс в чистой науке create, v создавать opportunity, n возможность an instrument for investigation инструмент исследований and research alter, v изменять throughout human history на всем протяжении истории человечества narrow, a узкий sense, n смысл power-driven machines паровые машины according to one estimate по одной оценке increased scientific activity возросшая научная деятельность discovery, n открытие build on the work of scientists основываться на научных работах

I. Form the verbs from the following words. Translate them into Russian: development, relation, application, knowledge, investigation, discovery, improvement, production, invention.

II. Translate the words of the same root; define what part of speech they belong to:

science - scientist - scientific; develop - developer - development; nucleus - nuclei - nuclear; apply - applied - application; accurate - accuracy; invent - inventor - invention; power - powerful - powerless; produce - product - production - productive.

III. Match the adjectives and the nouns:

adjectives scientific technological narrow nuclear industrial revolutionary pure accurate new important	nouns sense developments discoveries power opportunities science revolution technology instruments activity

IV. Read the following international words. Guess their meaning. Look them up in the dictionary to make sure you are right:

nouns: technology, planet, individual, principle, instrument, machine, material, techniques, factory, system, mass, basis, activity, process, revolution, astronomy, physics, telescope, patent;

adjectives: modern, human, industrial, revolutionary;

verbs: to lift, to patent, to base.

V. Read the text `Science and Technology'. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following Russian phrases: наука и техника; достижения науки и техники; резко изменить жизнь; быть тесно связанным; атомная энергия; космический полет; применение научных знаний и принципов; прогресс в чистой науке; создать новые возможности; удовлетворять нужды и потребности; изменить окружающую среду; массовое производство товаров; создать основу; век науки и техники.

VI. Translate the words given in brackets.

In recent years our /взгляды/ of the Universe have drastically changed.

Modern technology /зависит от/ advances in pure science.

Technology provides science with more /точные/ instruments for research.

/На всем протяжении истории человечества/ people invented tools, machines, materials and technologies.

Modern technology began growth of the factory system and /массового производства товаров/.

/Только в 19 веке/ that technology began to build on the work of scientists.

VII. Translate the text `Science and Technology'.

VIII. Put questions to the subjects of the sentences. Give short answers.

Scientific and technological developments have drastically changed life on our planet.

Science and technology are closely related.

Many modern technologies depend on science.

Technology provides science with new and accurate instruments.

Men and women have invented tools, machines, materials and techniques.

We say that we live in an age of science and technology.

Industrial technology began about 200 years ago.

IX. Answer the following questions:

What role has scientific and technological development played in man's life?

What proves that science and technology are closely related today?

What does the term technology refer to?

What does the term industrial technology mean?

How is scientific activity in 1970-s estimated?

When did science and technology begin to work together?

How can the history of mankind be described?

X. Make up sentences of your own with the following word combinations: to change life; to alter the environment; to be closely related; to apply scientific knowledge; to create new opportunities; to satisfy needs and desires; to improve one's life.

XI. Translate into English in written form: 1. За последние годы наши взгляды на жизнь на Земле, на человека как личность, на Вселенную резко изменились. 2. Современная техника зависит от достижений в области чистой науки. 3. Техника дает науке более точные инструменты исследования. 4. Развитие науки делает возможным использование открытий для удовлетворения нужд и потребностей человека и улучшения его жизни. 5. На всем протяжении истории человечества люди изобретали инструменты, машины, материалы, технологии и изменяли окружающую среду. 6. Техника в более узком смысле означает промышленную технику, создавшую основу современного общества. 7. Современная техника началась с паровых машин, развития фабричной системы и массового производства товаров. 8. Научная революция, начавшаяся в XVI веке, вызвала появление новых идей, открытий и изобретений. 9. Только в XIX веке техника стала действительно основываться на работах ученых. 10. Первым действительно научно-техническим исследованием было исследование Фарадея. 11. История человеческого общества - это, в некотором смысле, история развития науки и техники.

XII. Make up the plan of the text `Science and Technology'. Retell the text according to your plan.

Text B. THE TELEGRAPH

Benjamin Franklin, an American who is famous for his interesting and useful inventions, published his ideas about electricity in 1752. Scientists in many countries became interested in this wonderful form of energy. They wanted to find the answer to a very important question: Could electricity be used to develop a fast, efficient system of long-distance communication ?

Experiments proved that electricity could travel instantly over a very long piece of wire. But a note that was written on a piece of paper couldn't be put into a wire! How could electricity be used to send a message?

A Danish scientist discovered that electricity could move a needle from left to right, and that the needle could be pointed at letters on a piece of paper. Then a German government worker made up a code system that could be used with an electric needle. In 1837, two English scientists sent a message by electric telegraph from Camden Town to Euston, a distance of more than 1.6 kilometres.

In the United States, Samuel Morse, a portrait painter, was experimenting with an electric telegraph, too. At first, he connected a pencil to an electric wire. When the electricity came through the wire, the pencil made wavy lines. Then Morse invented a code that used dots and dashes for the letters of the alphabet. The pencil wrote the dots and dashes on a narrow piece of paper. Finally, he discovered that telegraph messages did not have to be written; they could be sent in sound.

At one end of the telegraph wire, the sender pressed a key. At the other end of the wire, another key went down and made a clicking sound. The telegraph operator used a short touch for a dot and a longer one for a dash. When the receiver heard the clicking sounds, he could figure out the message.

On May 24, 1844, the first long-distance message was sent by telegraph - from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, Maryland - 64 kilometres!

Telegraph companies were formed in many cities. By 1861, telegraph wires stretched across the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In Europe, too, Samuel Morse's system became popular.

But telegraph wires couldn't be hung over an ocean. Messages to and from Europe had to be sent by ship -- a journey of two or three weeks. A new method was needed.

The Atlantic Telegraph Company, which was organised in 1856 by Cyrus Field and other businessmen, wanted to try to lay a cable on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. England and the United States contributed money for this experiment.

Many attempts were made by ships from both countries. The 4000-kilometer cable broke three times. Each time, more money had to be raised, and a new cable had to be made. Finally, on July 27, 1866, the first transatlantic message was sent from Newfoundland to Ireland.

Later, cables were laid to Central and South America. After 1900, transpacific cables were laid to Asia and Australia. At last, news and business information could be sent instantly to almost every country in the world.

From "English for a Changing World"

1. Guess the meaning of the words given below: distance, electricity, communication, telegraph, line, code, operator, experiment, press, popular, idea, form, energy, system, alphabet, company, ocean, method, organize, businessman, cable.

2. Translate the nouns with the suffix -er (-or) derived from the following verbs: invent - изобретать inventor - ... use - использовать user - ... send - посылать sender - ... write - писать writer - ... receive - получать receiver - ... develop - разрабатывать developer - ... operate - работать operator - ... work - работать worker - ... paint - рисовать painter - ... report - сообщать reporter - ...

3. Group the pairs of the words with the opposite meaning:

? fast, useful, long, left, narrow, short, right, popular, slow, wavy, unknown, wide, straight, useless;

? to find, to send, to go down, to rise, to receive, to lose.

4. Learn the following terms: wire - провод, проводник message - сообщение needle - стрелка, игла dot - точка dash - тире sound - звук key - ключ, клавиша cable - кабель

5. Read the text `The Telegraph'. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following Russian phrases: очень важный вопрос; эффективная система связи на дальние расстояния; электрический проводник; узкая полоска бумаги; код, в котором применялись точки и тире; нажать ключ; записать сообщение; телеграфные провода протянулись от Атлантики до Тихого океана; проложить кабель по дну Атлантического океана; вкладывать деньги.

6. Find in the text `The Telegraph' sentences with the predicate in the Passive Voice. Translate them.

7. Translate the text `The Telegraph'. Pay attention to the sentences in the Passive Voice.

8. Put ten questions on the text `The Telegraph'.

9. Describe the principle of action of the telegraph made by S. Morse.

Text C. THOMAS ALVA EDISON (1847 - 1931)

Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11,1847 in Milan, Ohio.

At the age of seven he entered school but left it very soon. The teacher thought that he was a dull boy. His mother then became his teacher. The boy loved books. He had a wonderful memory.

Edison began to work when he was twelve years old. His first job was a newspaper boy on a train. He soon began to produce his own newspaper. It was about the size of a handkerchief. He gathered news, printed and sold the newspapers all by himself. He had a small laboratory in the baggage car of this train. There he carried out experiments. Edison kept records of all his experiments. Then Edison got lessons in telegraphy and the next five years he worked as a telegraphist in various cities of the US and Canada.

In 1877 Edison invented a phonograph. This talking machine both recorded and played back. It resembled the present day tape recorder more than a record player.

Next Edison became interested in the invention of an electric-light bulb for lightning streets and buildings by electricity instead of by gas.

It had taken Edison and his assistants thirteen months to produce the incandescent lamp, but he already knew, that success awaited it. Edison was sure that the lamp should be burnt for a hundred hours.

Edison carried out experiments from morning till night. All his inventions were the results of his endless work. He sometimes made thousands of experiments. For months he slept no more than one or two hours a day. Yet he had time to read not only scientific books. He was fond of Shakespear and Tom Pain. He had over 10000 volumes in his library.

Edison continued to work all through his long life. He attributed his success not so much to genius as to hard work.

Edison's inventions include the phonograph, or gramophone, the megaphone, the cinematograph, the improved lamp of incandescent light, many greatly improved systems of telegraphic transmission and numerous other things.

Vocabulary

handkerchief носовой платок incandescent lamp лампа накаливания endless work бесконечная работа invention изобретение

? Read the text without a dictionary.

? Answer the questions: 1. Who was Edison's real teacher? 2. When did he start to work? 3. What was his first invention? 4 What do Edison's inventions include?

? Render in English:

ТОМАС АЛВА ЭДИСОН (1847--1931)

Text D. Coming Events

You are a guide of 3 specialists who arrived in Great Britain on a business trip from 12 January to 12 February. You can find the problems they are interested in in the following chart. Look through `Coming Events' and make a programme for each of them. Fill in the chart.

Coming Events

CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing) International Show (8-10 January)

International show, organised by International Exhibitions to be held in Birmingham, further information from International Exhibitions Ltd, 8 Herbal Hill, London.

Glasgow Museum of Transport (28 January)

A visit is being arranged to Museum of Transport, 25 Albert Drive, Glasgow by Scottish AD Centre; Assemble at 6 p.m. but persons wishing to attend should first contact Jim Douglas on 041 332 6811 as numbers are limited.

Henry Royce -- mechanic (31 January)

Lecture to be presented by Donald Bastow at a meeting organised jointly between Western AD Centre and Western Branch to be held in the Queen's Building University of Bristol, commencing 7p.m.

Subject to be announced (5 February)

A lecture organised by Birmingham AD Centre will be announced in Mechanical Engineering News. It is to be held at the Chamber of Industry and Commerce. Further information from R. E. Smith

The history of the VW Beetle (11 February)

Lecture to be presented by Janathan Wood, Automobile Historian, at a meeting organised by Derby AD Centre to be held in Room U 020, Brockington Bldg, University of Loughborough, commencing 6.15 p.m.

Microprocessors in fluid power engineering (3-4 February)

Conference organised by the institution of Mechanical Engineers to be held at the University of Bath, further information from the Conference Department.

Computer-aided design (12-14 January)

A short course for engineers and draughtsmen organised by the IMechE is to be held at the Centre of Engineering Design, Cranfield Institute of Technology. Contact the Courses Officer for further information.

Jaguar sports cars (25 January)

Lecture to be presented by Mr Randle of Jaguar Cars Ltd at a meeting organised by Luton AD Centre to be held at the Sun Hotel, Sun Street, Hitchin, commencing 8 p.m.

Robot '90s (2-5 February)

14th International Exhibition Symposium on Industrial Robots organised by the Swedish Trade Fair Foundation to be held in Gothenburg, Sweden. Further information from the Swedish Fair Foundation, Goteborg, Sweden.

Sir Henry Royce Memorial Lecture (15 February)

Lecture, organised by IMechE AD Centre at 1 Birdcage Walk, London, to be given by Ing Sergio Pininfanna at 6p.m.

Students' Project -- presentation evening (15 February)

Lecture to be given by undergraduates from local educational establishments, organised by Derby AD Centre to be held in Room U 020, Brockington Building, University of Technology, Loughborough, commencing 5.45 for 6.15 p.m. Further information from C.E. Hunter.

Racing Jaguars (16 January)

Lecture to be presented by Mr J. Randle, Director, Product Engineering, Jaguar Cars Ltd at a meeting organised jointly between IProd E and NM Branch NP YMS by North Eastern AD Centre to be held at the Metropole Hotel, Leeds, commencing 7.15 p.m.

Formula one motor racing (25 January)

Lecture to be presented by Mr S. Hallam of Lotus Cars at a meeting organised by Western AD Centre to be held at the Queens Buildings, University of Bristol, commencing 7 p.m.

C o n v e r s a t i o n

Great Scientists

Learn to speak about great scientists. Make use of the following articles.

Mikhail Lomonosov

Mikhail Lomonosov was born in 1711 in the family of a fisherman in the northern coastal village of Denisovka not far from Archangelsk. When he was ten years of age his father began to take him sea fishing. The dangerous life of a fisherman taught him to observe the natural phenomena more closely. During the long winter nights young Lomonosov studied his letters, grammar and arithmetic diligently.

Being the son of a peasant, he was refused admission to the local school. After some years, through concealing his peasant origin, he gained admission to the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy and for five years lived a hand-to-mouth existence on three kopecks a day. The noblemen's sons studying with him made fun of the twenty-year-old giant who, in spite of the years and his own poverty, made rapid progress.

After five years came the chance of entering the Academy of Sciences, as there were not enough noble-born students to fill the quota. His ability and diligence attracted the attention of the professors and as one of three best students he was sent abroad. He spent all the time there studying the works of leading European scientists in chemistry, metallurgy, mining and mathematics. On his return to Russia in 1745 he was made a professor and was the first Russian scientist to become a member of the Academy of Sciences.

For versatility Lomonosov has no equal in Russian science. Many of his ideas and discoveries only won recognition in the nineteenth century. He was the first to discover the vegetable origin of coal, for instance, and as a poet and scientist he played a great role in the formation of the Russian literary language, eliminating distortions and unnecessary foreign words. He died in 1765. His living memorial is the Moscow University, which he founded in 1755.

Roentgen

In 1895 a German professor Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen discovered a new kind of invisible rays. These rays could pass through clothes, skin and flesh and cast the shadow of the bones themselves on a photographic plate. You can imagine the impression this announcement produced at that time.

Let us see how Roentgen came to discover these all-penetrating rays. One day Roentgen was working in his laboratory with a Crookes tube. Crookes had discovered that if he put two electric wires in a glass tube, pumped air out of it and connected the wires to opposite electric poles, a stream of electric particles would emerge out of the cathode (that is, the negative electric pole).

Roentgen was interested in the fact that these cathode rays made certain chemicals glow in the dark. On this particular day Roentgen was working in his darkened laboratory. He put his Crookes tube in a box made of thin black cardboard and switched on the current to the tube. The black box was lightproof, but Roentgen noticed a strange glow at the far corner of his laboratory bench. He drew back the curtains of his laboratory window and found that the glow had come from a small screen which was lying at the far end of the bench.

Roentgen knew that the cathode rays could make the screen glow. But he also knew that cathode rays could not penetrate the box. If the effect was not due to the cathode rays, what mysterious new rays were causing it? He did not know, so he called them X-rays.

Roentgen placed all sorts of opaque materials between the source of his X-rays and the screen. He found that these rays passed through wood, thin sheets of aluminium, the flesh of his own hand; but they were completely stopped by thin lead plates and partially stopped by the bones of his hand. Testing their effect on photographic plate he found that they were darkened on exposure to X-rays.

Roentgen was sure that this discovery would contribute much for the benefit of science. Indeed, medicine was quick to realise the importance of Roentgen's discovery. The X-rays are increasingly used in industry as well.

Tsiolkovsky - Founder of Austronautics

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, the founder of astronautics, was born in 1857, in the village of Izhevsk, in Ryazansky province. When he was ten he had scarlet fever, and was left permanently deaf. This had a great influence on his life.

Only when Tsiolkovsky reached the age of fifteen he began to study elementary mathematics. At about this time he first thought of constructing a large balloon with a metallic envelope. Realising that his knowledge was not enough, he began to study higher mathematics. The result was that he became a mathematics and physics teacher and remained so for nearly forty years.

Tsiolkovsky carried out experiments on steam engines for a time, but then he returned to the theoretical study of the metallic dirigible. In 1887, his first published paper on the dirigible appeared. Mendeleyev was interested in this work and helped Tsiolkovsky. The account of this aeronautical work was submitted to the Academy of Sciences who regarded it favourably and made Tsiolkovsky a grant of 470 roubles.

He had not given up his idea about space travel. A popular report on this subject was first published in 1895. Tsiolkovsky's idea of a spaceship was based on the use of liquid fuels.

During the next fifteen years Tsiolkovsky worked over other designs for spaceships. They were not meant to be working drawings for the construction of these vessels but as a rough guide to the equipment. Some of them are now standard practice in the guided missile field. He published several articles and books dealing with the mathematical theory of rocket flights and space travel. His calculations were used in modern theory of cosmonautics and practical space flights. They showed that it would be possible to travel out into space in rockets and even to set up manned space stations around the Earth.

Tsiolkovsky's contribution to science is so great that he is considered to be “Father of Cosmonautics”.

There is a competition among citizens of your town for the best name of a new street. You are sure that the street should be named after a scientist. Try to convince the jury in it. In your speech present information on:

The name of the scientist you'd like the street to be named after.

Where and when he/she was born and worked.

The field of science this scientist worked in.

The discovery or invention he/she made.

Where the results of his/her work are used now.

Why you have chosen this very scientist.

Discuss the traits of character of a real scientist.

Speak about any great scientific discovery.

Pretend you are an inventor. Here is your chance to make you own invention. Describe you invention. What does it look like? What does it do? How does it work? Add drawings or a diagram if you wish. Your invention can be funny or serious.

Write a short sci-fi story. The main hero wants to change the weather and the length of the days and nights on Earth.

D i a l o g u e s

Read the following dialogues. Reproduce them in pairs.

Dialogue 1

A. Whom was an automobile invented by? B. An automobile was invented by Benz. A. When was it constructed? B. The first automobile was constructed in 1855. A. What country was it built in? B. It was built in Germany.

Dialogue 2

A. What is known as a diode? B. The simplest tube with two elements is known as a diode. A. How are these elements called? B. They are named a cathode and an anode. A. Where are diodes used? B. The diodes are used as detectors, as rectifiers and as switching devices.

Dialogue 3

A. Can you tell how many generations of computers are known today? B. Certainly, I can. Five generations are known today. A. Do you know what tubes were used in the first generation? B. Let me think... It was based on vacuum tubes. Am I right? A. Certainly, you are.

Dialogue 4

A. What generations of computers are widely used now? B. Don't you know it? The fourth generation is used now! A. What are they built on? B. They are constructed on integrated circuits and chips. A. It's very interesting. Tell me, please, what are computers used for? B. They are used for solving complex problems.

Dialogue 5

A. Have you ever heard of physics of high energies? B. Certainly, I have. The particles of nuclei are being studied by it. A. What name has been given to these particles? B. They have been named high energy particles. A. Can you tell me about this discovery? B. With pleasure! The discovery has been made possible due to a new experimental technology.

Dialogue 6

A. What is going on in our laboratory? B. I think a new experiment is being carried out there. A. Whom is it being made by? B. I'm afraid I've forgotten his name. A. Let me think... Oh, it's professor Glushkov! B. Right you are! His name has been known since 1980.

HSPACE=12 height=124 width=173 align=LEFT>Just for Fun

Read this story and try to answer the questions after it.

The Scientists and the Watches

One night, a crazy scientist got involved in a rather silly argument with a fellow scientist. They were arguing about whose watch was the better, the Swiss one or the Japanese one. Being scientists, they decided to do an experiment to test the watches. The first part of the test was to see if both were waterproof. (They were both so convinced of the quality of their watches that they were willing to risk ruining them.)

They went into their laboratory looking very serious. They filled the sink with water, put the watches in, waited impatiently for ten minutes and took them out.

They could see there was something wrong with both watches, but being cautious men of science they observed them for a couple of hours before speaking to each other. The tension was unbearable. They silently realized that the Swiss watch was losing sixty minutes an hour and the Japanese one was 120 minutes slow.

The scientist with the Japanese watch then slowly raised his head and said, "Both watches are now defective but my watch is right more often than yours, so it's better." The scientist with the Swiss watch left the room without saying a word.

Was the man with the Japanese watch right? If so, how?

1. What were they arguing about at the beginning of the story?

2. Why couldn't they go on with the experiment after they took the watches out of the water?

3. What did they do for a couple of hours?

4. What did they realise the Swiss watch was doing?

5. If the Swiss watch was losing sixty minutes in sixty minutes, was it

a. going forwards?. b. stopped? c. going backwards?

6. So how often in every 12-hour periods would the Swiss watch show the right time?

a. Once. b. Twice.

7. How many minutes was the Japanese watch losing every hour?

8. If a watch loses 120 minutes every sixty minutes, is it

a. going forwards? b. stopped? c. going backwards?

9. How often in every 12-hour period will the Japanese watch show the correct time?

a. Once. b. Twice.

10. Was the scientist right when he said, "But my watch is right more often than yours"?

11. Why is this absurd?

From "Challenge to Think"

Word Bingo.

Note! Bingo is a popular gambling game played with cards on which numbered squares are covered as the numbers are called at random.

Look at the list of words given below. Write down any 5 words. The teacher is going to read the definitions of all the words in random order. If you hear the definition of one of the words you have chosen cross it out. The first student to cross all the words he or she has chosen calls out "Bingo" and reads the words to prove his claim:

foot, language, examination, physics, explanation, mathematics, traffic, invention, history, nature, achievement, time, steam, coal, tunnel, sandwich, experience, experiment, speed, accident, clay, science, discovery, railway, problem.



Unit 9

G r a m m a r: 1. Modal verbs and their equivalents 2. Functions of the verbs to be, to have T e x t s: A. British Economy B. C. The Subject of the Science of Economics D. Single Currency Not in Circulation Before 2002 C o n v e r s a t i o n: On Economics

Г р а м м а т и ч е с к и й м а т е р и а л

1. Модальные глаголы и их заменители

(Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents)

Can be able to

Present	Past	Future
Can am is able to ... are	Could was able to ... were	- will be able to ...

Возможность: могу, умею возможно Разрешение: можно Запрещение: нельзя	I can run very fast. He can speak French. Can he do sums ? You can get there by bus. You can come at any time. Can I have a cup of coffee ? You can't cross the street here.

Когда эквивалент модального глагола (can) дублирует уже имеющиеся формы (I can = I am able; He could = He was able), он имеет собственный оттенок значения am / is / are / able to - быть в состоянии, быть способным, were / were able to - смог, сумел, удалось (= manage).

Must have to be to

PRESENT	PAST	FUTURE
Must have / has to ... am / is / are to ...	- had to ... was / were to ...	- will have to ...

Долг, обязательство Приказ, настоятельный совет: должен Запрещение: нельзя, запрещено	We must study hard. I must buy some bread. You must go there at once. You must see the doctor immediately. You mustn't smoke here.

Оттенки значения эквивалентов глагола must:

1. have to - вынужден, придется (в связи с обстоятельствами).

Ann's eyes are not very good. She has to wear glasses for reading.

Jane was feeling ill last night so she had to leave the party early.

be to - долженствование, связанное с планом, договоренностью.

He is to meet us at the station at 5.

This is Dora. She is to share your room.

2. Для образования вопросительной и отрицательной формы эквивалента have to используются вспомогательные глаголы do / does / did.

Why did you have to go to hospital ?

Do you have to get up early on weekends ?

Tom doesn't have to work on Sundays.

3. Mustn't и don't have to имеют разные значения:

не должен (просьба, приказ)

You mustn't tell anyone what I said.

не нужно (отсутствие необходимости)

She stayed in bed this morning because she didn't haveto go to work.

May be allowed to



PRESENT	PAST	FUTURE
May ...

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