Английский для бакалавров

Gardening and cultivation of flowers, especially roses, is the most common hobby of all among Englishmen.

Some people are interested in photography. They like taking off old buildings: palaces, castles, churches and old houses of historical interest. And some of people like to take photos of friends when they don't know they are being photographed. Others are interested in video films and they record family events there.

Playing a musical instrument, watching TV, swimming, fishing and watching birds are also popular leisure activity in Britain.

A useful hobby is collecting tape recordings. You may have recordings of operas, light music, folk music and concerts.

It's impossible to describe all these 1000 hobbies known in the world. The main thing is that they increase your knowledge in some particular field and broaden your outlook.

? Find in the text `Hobbies' the English equivalents for the following Russian sentences.

1. Наиболее популярные виды любимых занятий - коллекционирование марок, открыток, этикеток со спичечных коробков, значков, камешков, цветов, ракушек, монет и книг. 2. Одним из полезных хобби является коллекционирование аудиозаписей. 3. Некоторые увлекаются фотографированием. 4. Некоторым нравятся видеофильмы, и они запечатлевают на видеокассетах интересные случаи семейной жизни. 5. Можно собирать записи опер, легкой музыки, народных песен и концертов.

? Answer the questions:

1. What is your hobby? Say a few words about it. 2. When did you first become interested in it? 3. Have you got any interesting collections at home? 4. What collections have you (your parents, your friends, your sisters and brothers) got? 5. What kinds of hobbies do you know? 6. What is the most popular hobby in our country? 7. What is the most popular hobby among Englishmen? 8. Do you belong to any hobby group (club)? 9. What is your favourite pastime? 10. Do you take much interest in sports? 11. Do you happen to take interest in making things? 12. Do you often take photos?

? Many English verbs and some nouns and adjectives are used with certain prepositions. Sometimes the verbs and prepositions have special idiomatic meanings, e.g. "John tried to get out of doing his homework." (avoid); and at other times they keep their usual meanings. Remember that the gerund form of a verb must be used after a preposition. Read the story carefully and look for examples of verbs, adjectives and nouns used with prepositions.

Peter's hobby

Peter is fond of listening to the short-wave bands on his radio. He likes to search for interesting foreign radio stations. When he discovers a new station he writes down the details in a notebook and marks the place on a large map of the world. Peter's cousin, Alan, is also keen on finding foreign radio stations. In fact, Alan and Peter are having a competition to see who can find the largest number of different stations.

Peter's mother occasionally complains about the noise he makes, and the other day his father turned off his radio because he was tired of the peculiar sounds that came from it.

However, Peter's hobby helped save someone's life last week. He was looking for new stations between the 19 and 16 metre bands when he came across a very faint signal in Morse Code, "SOS... SOS... SOS... Mary Jane... Position latitude 40°N, longitude 14°W. ... Sinking fast... SOS..." A yacht, the Mary Jane, was in trouble in the Atlantic. Peter wrote down the details, then rang up the police and gave them the information. The police told the Navy and the Air Force about the message, and they were able to save the man. Apparently his boat had been damaged by a large piece of wood.

The man decided to reward Peter for helping to save his life. Several days later he received a new radio, larger and more powerful than his old one.

Put the correct preposition in the spaces. Don't look at the story until you have finished, then check to see if they are correct.

1. Peter is fond ... listening to the short-wave bands. 2. He likes to search ... interesting foreign radio stations. 3. He writes ... the details in a notebook. 4. Alan is keen ... finding foreign radio stations. 5. Peter's mother often complains ... the noise. 6. His father turned ... the radio. 7. He was tired ... hearing the peculiar sounds that came ... the radio. 8. Peter was looking ... new stations. 9. He came ... a very faint signal. 10. A yacht was ... trouble. 11. Peter rang ... the police. 12. The police told the Navy and Air Force ... the message. 13. His boat had been damaged ... a large piece of wood. 14. The man rewarded Peter ... helping to save his life.

Complete these sentences by putting in the correct prepositions.

The other day Mary came 1) ... an interesting old book in a second-hand bookshop. As she didn't have enough money, she wrote 2) ... the title and author so she would remember them. She is fond 3) ... old books but her husband, Bill, is tired 4) ... them. Every time she buys a new one he complains 5) ... it. Bill is keen 6) ... collecting antique furniture, however, and he loves searching 7) ... unusual pieces in London's antique markets. A friend rang him 8) ... last night to tell him 9) ... an interesting chair he bad seen. The chair came 10) ... Japan originally. Bill has been looking 11) ... such a chair for a long time, but has not been successful. Bill told his friend he would take him to lunch to reward him 12) ... this information. Then he realised he couldn't buy the chair as he was already 13) ... trouble with his bank for writing too many cheques.

Answers: 1. across; 2. down; 3. of; 4. of; 5. about; 6. on; 7. for; 8. up; 9. about; 10. from; 11. for; 12. for; 13. in.

Now choose the best answer to each question. They are all about the story. The first five are to check that you understand it; the rest concern the vocabulary.

1. Peter listens to the short-wave bands on his radio ...

a) to save people's lives; b) as a hobby; c) to earn money; d) because he is interesting.

2. Alan listens to the short-wave bands because ...

a) he wants to annoy Peter; b) Peter has a large map of the world; c) he has a foreign radio; d) he likes looking for foreign radio stations.

3. Peter's hobby ... annoys his parents.

a) sometimes; b) never; c) rarely; d) always.

4. When Peter heard the message from the yacht he ...

a) looked at his map; b) sent a signal to the police; c) wrote a message to the man on the yacht; d) made a note of the important information.

5. The police told both the Navy and the Air Force because ...

a) the Army was busy; b) they work together when there are accidents at sea; c) the police didn't know what to do; d) the Air Force has more boats, than the police.

6. While Peter is looking for new stations his radio sometimes makes peculiar noises.

a) strange; b) pleasant; c) horrible; d) loud.

7. Peter's father turned off the radio because he was ... the noise.

a) annoyed by; b) happy about; c) furious about; d) used to.

8. While Peter was playing with his radio last week he … a very urgent signal.

a) saw; b) noticed; c) found; d) turned off.

9. He heard a faint signal in Morse code.

a) Peter couldn't understand Morse code; b) Morse code is difficult to understand; c) The signal was difficult to hear; d) Peter could hear the signal easily.

10. The man rewarded Peter for helping to save his life.

a) He sold Peter a new radio; b) He bought a yacht from Peter; c) He gave radios to Peter's parents; d) He gave Peter a present.

Answers: 1. b; 2. d; 3. a; 4. d; 5. b; 6. a; 7. a; 8. c; 9. c; 10. d.

? Speak about Peter's hobby.

? Speak about your favourite pastime.

? Make sure you can translate the following text both ways: from English into Russian and vice versa.



Leisure in Britain Watching television is certainly the most popular adult leisure activity in Britain. 97% of the people asked in the survey say they watch television at least once a month. More creative activities have much lower figures. Playing a musical instrument, for example, has only 7%. Taking part in sporting activities like swimming (22%) and fishing (8% ) comes much lower in the survey than the figures for those who say they watch sport on television. After television, the next most popular leisure activity is gardening - 64% say they do this at least once monthly. Then comes playing with children 62%, doing jobs around the house 53%. The most popular things to do outside the home are going out for a drive in the car (58%), for a walk (47%) and for a meal (32%).	ДОСУГ В БРИТАНИИ Просмотр телевизора, конечно, самый популярный вид отдыха среди взрослых в Британии. 97% опрошенных говорят, что они смотрят телевизор по крайней мере раз в месяц. Более творческие виды деятельности имеют болеенизкие цифры. Всего 7% людей, например, играет на музыкальных инструментах. Число принимающих участие в спортивных соревнованиях, таких, как плавание (22% ) и рыбная ловля (8%), среди опрошенных значительно ниже числа тех, кто смотрит спортивные передачи по телевизору. После просмотра телевизора самым популярным видом отдыха является садоводство - 64% опрошенных говорят, что занимаются этим по крайней мере раз в месяц. 62% любят играть с детьми, 53% - убираться в доме. Наиболее популярные занятия вне дома - выехать куда-нибудь на машине (58%), сходить на прогулку (47%) или сходить куда-нибудь поесть (32%).

Answer the questions:

1. What is the most popular leisure activity in Britain? And in Russia? 2. How many people watch television? 3. What do people like better: watching sport TV or taking part in it? 4. Do most of people like playing musical instruments? 5. What are the most popular things to do outside the house?

Nowadays there are a lot of debates about advantages and disadvantages of TV. Is TV doing more harm or good? Read the following arguments. Think of some more.

TV is doing more good	TV is doing more harm

1. We can be very well informed. 2. We can enjoy ourselves without leaving our homes. 3. We can study with the help of TV courses. 4. A TVset is a friend of lonely people.	1. Watching TV takes a lot of time. 2. We get very lazy and passive in our free time. 3. We prefer TV to reading books. 4. A TVset creates harmful electromagnetic radiation.

XVI. Discuss the problem of TV with your fellow-students in order to make a decision.

D I A L O G U E S

a) Read the dialogues in pairs

I.

A. What is your hobby, Henry? B. It's collecting old books. There are already six hundred of them in my library. A. Do you read them? B. Yes, … but reading is not important. It is the process of collecting them that interests me.

II.

A. Do you think Jill will come to the party tonight? B. Certainly. She is crazy about dancing. A. Do you mean to say dancing is her hobby? B. Oh, yes. She dances well and she would dance day and night.

III.

A. What a fine collection of old coins you have! Why are you so keen on collecting old coins? B. Old coins tell much of the history of human society. A. You want to become a historian, don't you? B. Oh, no! It is only my hobby.

IV.

A. What hobby group or club would you like to join? B. I'd like to attend the English-speaking club. A. Why? B. I take much interest in the English language. b) Learn the dialogues by heart. Reproduce them in the group.

JUST FOR FUN

At the Supermarket

T	I	C	E	M	T
M	E	A	C	E	A
B	U	T	R	I	C
S	E	T	E	R	E
U	G	G	S	A	M
G	A	R	B	L	T

Is going shopping your hobby?

Start at the top left-hand letter and, moving in any direction, see if you can spell the names of eight things you can buy at the supermarket

Discover the secret You

What sort of person are you? Are you active, energetic, and athletic? Or is an evening in front of the television your idea of an exciting night? Try this personality test. Answer the questions below, then check your scores in the answer box - and find out about the secret you ...

Personality Test

1. What kind of holiday do you prefer? a) a luxury cruise b) holiday on a tropical island c)climbing a mountain d) an archaeological expedition

2. What's most important when you go on holiday? a) the nightlife b) the food c) the accommodation d) the historical interest in the area

3. Which keep-fit idea most appeals to you? a) a ballet lessons b) sports c) health farm d) physical exercise

4. Which present would you most like to receive? a) a case of champagne b) a book token c) a metal detector d) a real leather sofa

5. What's your favourite colour? a) red b) black c) yellow d) green

6. Which evening class would you like to join? a) advanced cookery b) boat-building c) philosophy d) pottery

7. How do you prefer to relax? a) enjoying a good meal b) reading a favourite book c) lying in the sun d) going for a walk

8. What do you most enjoy on television? a) the news b) sports programmes c) quiz programmes d) films

9. Which car would you prefer? a) a Rolls-Royce b) a Mercedes c) a Land Rover d) a Mini Metro

Check Your Score

Check your score in the box. If you answered "A" for question 1, give yourself four points, "B" - three points, etc.

1. a-4; b-3; c-2; d-1 5. a-4; b-3; c-2; d-1

2. a-2; b-3; c-4; d-1 6. a-4; b-1; c-3; d-1

3. a-3; b-2; c-4; d-1 7. a-4; b-1; c-3; d-4

4. a-4; b-1; c-2; d-3 8. a-1; b-2; c-3; d-4

9. a-4; b-3; c-2; d-1

Over 30: You have a taste for luxury. You love to be rich and extravagant. If you were sure it was doing to make you rich, you'd be prepared to work 24 hours a day.

Over 20: You enjoy sensual experiences - exotic tastes and scents, and travelling to foreign places. Personal relationships are also important to you. Having the right partner compensates for what you can't afford.

Over 10: You are an adventurer. Perhaps you have security and a steady job, but you'd love to travel and visit new places if you had the chance.

Under 10: You're one of life's students. It may be too late to be a professor, but you can still have fun learning for its own sake. Why not enrol for an evening class? It could bring a lot of satisfaction to your life.



Unit 5

Grammar: 1. Perfect Tenses. Present Perfect Tense (Active)

2. The functions of that

3. Word-building. The suffixes of nouns

Texts: A. Your visit to England

B. Travelling

Conversation: Time off

Г р а м м а т и ч е с к и й м а т е р и а л

Perfect Tenses. Present Perfect Tense (Active)

Времена группы Perfect (Present, Past, Future) выражают действие, которое уже совершилось к определенному моменту в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем.

Времена группы Perfect образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола.

Запомните :

1.Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle) от стандартных глаголов совпадает по форме с глаголами в Past Indefinite Tense и имеет окончание - ed.

2. Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle) от нестандартных глаголов можно найти в словаре (так называемая 3 форма глагола) или в специальной таблице нестандартных глаголов (3 колонка).

Present	Past	Future
have asked has asked	had asked	shall have asked will have asked

Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect Tense употребляется для обозначения действия, которое только что (недавно) закончилось или еще продолжается в настоящем.

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I have asked He has asked	Have I asked? Has he asked?	I have not asked He has not asked

Обратите внимание !

а) При образовании вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол to have ставится перед подлежащим.

б) При образовании отрицательной формы отрицательная частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола.

Запомните основные случаи употребления Present Perfect Tense:

Действие совершилось, и результат его связан с настоящим; время не указано. Science and education have become inseparable. Наука и образование стали неразрывны.

Действие совершилось, в предложениях употребляются наречия неопределенного времени: already - уже, just - только что, ever - когда-либо, never - никогда, lately - недавно, recently - в последнее время, (not) yet - еще не.

Обратите внимание: наречия неопределенного времени ставятся между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголами, наречие yet - в конце предложения.

They have already translated this article, you may take it. Они уже перевели эту статью, вы можете взять ее.

He has not published the results of his work yet. Он еще не опубликовал результаты своей работы.

Заметьте, наречие yet употребляется только в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях.

Действие совершилось, а указанный период времени не истек. В предложениях используются обстоятельства типа: this week (month, year, summer) - на этой неделе (в этом месяце, в этом году, летом); today - сегодня. She has entered the institute this year. Она поступила в институт в этом году.

Действие началось в прошлом и продолжается в момент речи. В предложениях употреблены предлоги since - с, for - в течение. I haven't seen you for ages. Я не видел тебя целую вечность.

I have known him since childhood. Я знаю его с детства.

Запомните! Предлог for употребляется, когда речь идет о периоде времени:

for two days - два дня (в течении двух дней); for a week - неделю;

предлог since употребляется, когда обозначается начало периода времени: since Monday - с понедельника; since childhood - с детства.

После превосходной степени прилагательных. What a boring film! It is the most boring film I've seen.

С выражениями:

This is the first (the second) time ... It is the first (the second) time ... etc. This is the first time I have driven a car. Я веду машину в первый раз.

Правила перевода.

Помните!

Если в предложении говорится о действии, которое только что (уже или недавно) закончилось, сказуемое переводится глаголом прошедшего времени совершенного вида:

I have already posted the letter. Я уже отправил письмо.

She has been to England twice. Она была в Англии дважды.

Если в предложении говорится о действии, которое еще продолжается в настоящий момент, сказуемое следует перевести глаголом в настоящем времени:

We have been married for 20 years. Мы женаты 20 лет.

Сравните употребление двух времен:



Present Perfect	Past Indefinite

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Всегда связано с настоящим: today, this week, recently, lately, ever, never, just, yet. today past (unfinished present time) She has been to London this year. (this year is not finished yet). He has never played golf. (in his life; this period continues up to the present). Have you seen Nick this morning? (It is still morning) Tom hasn't written to me recently. (a period of time between a short time ago and now). I have seen a new film. (new information is announced).	Всегда связанно с законченным моментом в прошлом: yesterday, two years ago, last week, in 1981, when I was a child. yesterday past (finished present time) She was in London in 1995. (now it is not 1995, it is a finished time in the past). He didn't play golf when he was in England last summer. (a finished time in the past). Did you see Nick this morning? (It is now afternoon) Tom didn't write to me last year. (a finished time in the past). I saw a new film last week.(an action in the past, not connected with the present).

2. Функции that (The Functions of that)

Указательное местоимение	Союз	Союзное слово	Слово-заместитель (заменяет существительное во избежании повтора)
He visited that country twice. Он посетил эту страну дважды.	She says that the plane has already landed. Она говорит, что самолет уже приземлился. That London is the capital of the UK is known to everybody. То, что Лондон столица Соединенного Королевства, всем известно.	Water is one of the few substances that man knows well. Вода - одно из немногих веществ, которыечеловеку хорошо известны.	The density of the liquid air is only a little less than that of water. Плотность жидкого воздуха лишь немного меньше плотности воды.

Словообразование. Суффиксы существительных

(Word-building. The suffixes of nouns)

а) Суффиксы -er, -or образуют имена существительные, обозначающие действующее лицо: to teach - обучать; teacher - учитель to listen - слушать; listener - слушатель

б) Суффикс -ian указывает на национальную принадлежность или профессию: Russian - русский historian - историк

в) Суффикс -ist обозначает принадлежность к политическому или научному направлению, а также профессию: artist - художник specialist - специалист physicist - физик

г) Суффиксы, образующие существительные, обозначающие отвлеченные понятия: -ion, -tion, -ation, -sion, -ssion. organization - организация compression - сжатие explosion - взрыв -ment government - правительство achievement - достижение -ure lecture - лекция pressure - давление -ance, -ence dependence - зависимость resistance - сопротивление -ness (образует существительные от прилагательных) kindness - доброта -hood childhood - детство -ship friendship - дружба -th long - длинный; length - длина wide - широкий; width - ширина -dom kingdom - королевство freedom - свобода -ism capitalism - капитализм

E x e r c i s e s

Write three forms of the verbs:

to be, to become, to begin, to break, to bring, to buy, to come, to catch, to choose, to do, to drink, to drive, to draw, to eat, to fall, to feel, to forget, to give, to go, to grow, to hear, to keep, to know, to leave, to lose, to make, to pay, to read, to rise, to run, to see, to send, to show, to sit, to sleep, to stand, to strike, to take, to teach, to think, to wake, to write.

Practise all possible combinations by using the tables

а)

he she my sister Tom her friend	has (not)	written read come seen been bought booked travelled visited	a letter this book the test home a new film by plane to England the USA tickets by phone a TV set
I you they our friends	have (not)

б)

Has	he she Tom Mary	visited been travelled booked seen translated	to England? Egypt? by ship? tickets by phone? a new film? a lot? this poem?
Have	I we you they

Make up sentences. Use the Present Perfect Tense.

Model: He - /to send/ a telegram. He has just sent a telegram.

John - /to come/ home.

Jim - /to go/ to Canada.

We - /to arrive/.

I - /to see/ him.

They - /to have/ lunch.

She - /to book/ tickets.

Ann - /to phone/.

Make the following sentences a) interrogative; b) negative. Model: We have been to Greece. Have you been to England? No, we haven't been to England. We've been to Greece.

1. They have travelled a lot. 2. I have never been to London. 3. She has visited China twice. 4. This is the first time he has driven a car. 5. Tom has met many interesting people. 6. She has already translated this article. 7. Nick has just seen him.

Complete these questions. Let your fellow students answer them.

1. Have you seen ...? 2. Have you been to ...? 3. Have you written ...? 4. Have you visited ...? 5. Has he looked ...? 6. Has she travelled by ...? 7. Has Tom done ...?

Put who-questions. Model: They have sent a letter. Who has sent a letter?

1. I have written a letter to my friend. 2. They have eaten at a new English restaurant. 3. I have been to Italy this year. 4. We have had our lunch. 5. He has already booked tickets. 6. We have met a lot of interesting people. 7. She has studied very much this term.

Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

1. Nora has traveled a lot. 2. She has already booked tickets. 3. She has visited China twice. 4. I have known him since my childhood. 5. They have seen this film. 6. We have just seen him. 7. He has read a lot of English books.

Fill in the blanks with “for” or “since”.

1. He has forgotten his Spanish ... he left Cuba. 2. What have you done ... I last saw you? 3. I haven't seen him ... ages. 4. It has rained ... Monday. 5. I have known him ... childhood. 6. I've known him ... years. 7. How long have you been here? - I've been here ... two months, ... last May. 8. How long have you studied Chinese? - ... five years, ... I was eighteen. 9. How long have you been in the library? - I've been here ... ten o'clock, ... three hours. 10. Peter is hungry because he has had nothing to eat ... five hours, ... morning. 11. They have been here ... an hour. 12. It's been foggy ... a fortnight. 13. ... when has he been in love?

Put the adverbs in the right place.

1. (ever) Have you travelled? 2. (always) She has been a bright student. 3. (never) We have seen a flying saucer. 4. (just) They have had a walk in the park. 5. (yet) Have you finished your homework? 6. (always) I have wanted to meet your parents. 7. (yet) She hasn't sent a telegram. 8. (lately) Have you heard from Mary? 9. (long) He has studied the subject. 10. (ever) Has your sister had any troubles with her son?

Mary has had a day off today. Say what she has done. Use the following word combinations:

to clean the windows, to sweep the floor, to dust the furniture, to water the flowers, to wash up the dishes, to go shopping, to buy some food, to pick up the linen from the laundry, to iron clothes, to sew some buttons on the kids' jackets, to cook dinner, to bake a cake, to make coffee, to take the dog for a walk, to meet the children from school, to have a busy day.

Make up sentences using Present Perfect: Model: I am very tired. (to work) - I have worked hard.

1. She can speak English. (to learn) 2. He can share his impressions about the film. (to see) 3. I know the contents of the letter. (to read) 4. I like her husband. (to meet) 5. They may come to the party. (to return) 6. Ann isn't here. (to leave) 7. I am going to wear a new blouse tonight. (to buy) 8. She knows the truth. (to tell) 9. They can tell us a lot about London. (to visit) 10. I know how to get there. (to be) 11. She looks fresh. (to have a rest) 12. I have no money. (to spend) 13. Sue is looking for her gloves. (to lose) 14. Bill can't play football. (to break)

Make up questions. Use the model.

Model: you ever /be/ to Italy? Have you ever been to Italy?

you ever /be/ to South America?

you / read/ any English books?

you /live/ in this town all your life?

how many times / you/ be / to England?

What's the most beautiful country you /ever/ visit?

you ever /speak/ to a famous person?

Complete the sentences:

I've just умылся накрыл на стол добрался до института пообедал совершил ошибку опоздал на поезд включил телевизор поссорился с ней обсудил этот вопрос

He's (already)

посмотрел этот фильм перевел третий текст встретил их на станции проводил ее нашел книгу прибыл в город потратил деньги ушел

She's never работала на фирме

читала книги в оригинале спорила с ним переходила улицу на красный свет готовила обед мужу вставала рано путешествовала вокруг света получала любовные письма видела достопримечательности Рима брала чужие вещи

They've always покупали только дешевые вещи

обедали на кухне платили наличными жили в самых роскошных отелях приглашали гостей на Рождество делали работу по дому сами читали “Таймс” гуляли в дождливую погоду сдавали экзамены успешно любили петь громко

Have you ever

гуляли под дождем без зонта? видели семь чудес света? наблюдали сильный снегопад? слышали эту песню? влюблялись с первого взгляда? купались в реке зимой? пробовали манго? обижали своих родителей?

I haven't

сказала ему правду путешествовала по Европе видела достопримечательности Лондона видела спектакль послала ей письмо нашла свое кольцо пробовала пирог написала книгу говорила с ним звонила ей кончила читать книгу купила билеты

Use Present Perfect or Present Indefinite:

1. Helen (to be) sick since last week. She (to miss) her grammar test. 2. He (to read) a lot and (to know) a lot. 3. Bob's parents usually (to stay) in the country the whole summer. 4. We (to stay) here for a month, and it (to rain) almost every day. 5. You (to be) at home in the evening? 6. I (to be) here ever since morning. 7. He (to receive) letters from her every week. 8. He (to receive) letters from her since last year. 9. Is it the first time he (to see) a tiger? 10. That's the third time I (to phone) her today. 11. How long you (to know) each other? 12. I hardly (to hear) anything from her since that time. 13. It long (to be) my dream to visit Canada. 14. She (to dream) of becoming an actress. 15. Normally I (to have) breakfast at 8 in the morning. 16. I (to have) just my breakfast.

Translate the first part of the sentences using Present Indefinite or Present Perfect:

Мы живем в Москве now since 1960

Я изучаю английский twice a week since childhood

Он работает на фирме three days a week for two years

Они ходят в этот магазин every Saturday since they moved here

Мы встречаемся друг с другом sometimes for many years

Я знаю этого человека now since we went to school

Я здесь every day since 9 o'clock

Он играет в футбол once a week since early childhood

Он может водить автомобиль now since he got the driving license

Fill in the blanks. Use: long, long ago, for a long time, last, last time, in the last few years, lately, late in spring, this year, just, just now, for three years, three years ago, last year.

1. When did you go to the Bolshoi Theatre ...? 2. I haven't had a holiday .... 3. They got married .... 4. How often have you visited Canada ...? 5. He graduated from the university .... 6. She has ... left. 7. It happened .... 8. I saw her in the corridor .... 9. This team hasn't won a game .... 10. They started making the film .... 11. He has learned Latin .... 12. We have worked together ....

Use Past Indefinite or Present Perfect:

A. 1. When you (to go) to the cinema last? - I'm afraid I (not to be) to the cinema for a few months. 2. I (to make) a report at the seminar on Monday. You (to make) your report yet? 3. Anybody (to see) her today? - Yes, I (to see) her an hour ago. 4. Let's go home, it (to grow) dark. 5. It (to be) dark when we (to come) home. 6. You ever (to see) any plays by Alby? - Yes, I (to see) one last week. 7. Your brother (to graduate) from the University? - Yes, he (to graduate) in May. 8. I (to pass) my last examination. 9. I (to pass) my English exam last week. 10. Moscow (to change) greatly for the last few years. 11. They (to live) in Canada for a few years and then (to move) to Australia. B. 1. “You (to make) good progress in your English lately,” said the teacher. 2. It (to rain) every weekend since we arrived here. 3. The boss (to be) away the whole day today. 4. What (to happen) to him? - He (to break) his arm yesterday, that's why he (not to come) today. 5. When you (to receive) a letter from your uncle last? - I (not to hear) from him since he (to leave) three years ago. 6. He (to be) President of the company ever since its foundation. 7. There (to be) a lot of disasters this year. 8. The plane (to land)? - Yes, it (to land) just. 9. The postman (to bring) the mail? - Yes, he (to come) while you (to be) asleep as usual. 10. It's a nice dress. Where you (to buy) it? 11. I (not to hear) what you (to say). 12. You (to understand) what I (to say)?

Use the correct tense forms.

A.

Have you heard about Tom? He (be) to England. Really? When (he/go) there? - He (go) there in July.

You (see) Nora recently? - No, she (go) to Italy. - Really? But she (be) there last year. - Yes, but Italy (to be) her favourite country. She (go) there every year.

Mr. Smith (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.

Emily lives in Belfast. She (live) there all her life.

Bob and Alice (go) to Paris. - (you ever/be) to Paris?

When we were on holiday the weather (be) awful.

The weather (be) very nice recently, don't you think?

I don't know Carol's husband. I (never/meet) him.

(you/see) Ann last week?

I (play) tennis when I was on holiday.

B. Dan just (to meet) Tim who (to return) from the USA a few days ago. They (to have) a cup of coffee and (to discuss) Tim's problems. Tim (to be) unemployed now. He (to lose) his job three years ago. He (to go) to the USA because he (to hope) to find some job there. He (to be) a dentist and he (to discover) that his qualification (not to be) enough to start his own practice there.

So he (to be) out of work for three years now. He (to turn) to a number of employment agencies but he (to be) unsuccessful so far. Dan (to ask), “You (to expect) to find a job easily? I'm afraid it (not to be) so easy. The economic situation in the country (to change) for the worse this year and many companies (to close up). I (to advise) you to consider some other opportunities.” “What you (to mean)?” “Take any job you (to find), no matter how little they (to pay).” “I (to think) about it but I (to spend) all my savings and I (not to know) what tomorrow (to have) in store for me.” “All right. If you (not to find) anything else in the near future, I (to think) my father (to offer) you a job in his office.” “I (to appreciate) it.”

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Вы когда-нибудь были в Англии? - Нет. А вы? - Я был в Англии дважды. Один раз в прошлом году и второй раз в этом году. 2. Я никогда не путешествовала морем. А вы? - Я путешествовала морем несколько раз. В последний раз я плавала на корабле из Одессы в Варну два года тому назад. 3. Он ездил в Москву на этой неделе. - Когда он ездил? - В понедельник. 4. Мы встретили много интересных людей, когда были в отпуске в прошлом году. 5. Я уже купила билеты. 6. Он ведет машину в первый раз. 7. Это самая красивая страна, которую я посетил. 8. Я еще не заказал билеты, но я сделаю это сегодня. 9. Ты видел Джона сегодня? - Нет, сегодня я его не видел, но видел его вчера. 10. Николай прочитал все пьесы Шекспира.

Study the table “The Functions of that”. Translate the sentences, pay attention to the functions of that.

1. I feel that he has told the truth. 2. The territory of the Ukraine is larger than that of Byelorussia. 3. From that window you can see large buildings of the University. 4. The rivers in the western part of our country are not so long as those in the eastern part. 5. She has a feeling that she has forgotten to do something. 6. That day in the middle of August was his last day in Paris. 7. He knew that his father disapproved of his interest in natural history. 8. That man is very proud by nature. 9. Who's done that? 10. When I've finished my work will you remind me of that? 11. The fact that you denied it was unexpected. 12. That art reflects reality is known to everybody. 13. The fact that the environment influences people is no longer disputed. 14. In English there are many words borrowed from the French language. That is a result of the Norman invasion of England.

Form nouns with the given suffixes. Translate them into Russian:

-er to buy, to sell, to work, to write, to travel, to found, to make -or to direct, to invent, to translate, to visit -ment to agree, to develop, to pay, to govern, to achieve, to punish, to equip, to move -ance (-ence) to depend, to correspond, to guide, to attend, to differ -tion to emigrate, to liberate, to radiate, to examine, to prepare, to combine, to illustrate, to separate, to exhibit.

Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the underlined words.

1. She finds great enjoyment in music. 2. After a long discussion the delegations came to an agreement. 3. I haven't enough money today to make the payments. 4. A writer of plays is called a dramatist. 5. A journalist's profession is called journalism. 6. The laser measurement of distances has become a new method in the exploration of the Earth-Moon system. 7. Lomonosov was not only a talented scientist, but a materialist philosopher as well. 8. K.Tsiolkovsky was a practical inventor who made his own laboratory equipment.

Работа с текстом

Text A. YOUR VISIT TO ENGLAND

One of these days you may find it possible to visit England. From the moment you go on board the ship or the airliner you will see signs and notices that will give you useful information and warnings.

Here are some examples and explanations that will help you.

If you come by air, you will see, when you take your seat in the plane, a notice that says: no smoking; fasten seat-belts. Smoking is forbidden while the plane is on the ground, while it is taking off, and until it has risen to a good height.

When the plane is well up in the air, the light behind this notice is switched off. You are then allowed to smoke and may unfasten your seat-belt. The notice will appear again when the plane is about to touch down.



Unit 6

Grammar: 1. Perfect Tenses. Past Perfect Tense. Future Perfect Tense

2. The function of one

3. Word-building. The prefix re-

Texts: A. Once again about Ozone Holes

B. Friendly to the Environment

C. Man the Loser?

Conversation: Environment and Ecology

Г р а м м а т и ч е с к и й м а т е р и а л

Времена группы Perfect

Past Perfect Tense. Future Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I had asked He had asked	Had I asked? Had he asked?	I had not asked He had not asked

Past Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения действия, совершившегося к определенному моменту в прошлом. Этот момент может быть выражен:

а) обстоятельством с предлогом by - к (by the end of the year, by the 1-st of May, etc.) The students had passed their credit-tests and exams by January, 1. Студенты сдали зачеты и экзамены к первому января.

б) другим действием в прошлом, выраженным глаголом в Past Indefinite. She had finished school before she entered the university. Она окончила школу, прежде чем поступила в университет.

Запомните: Глаголы в Past Perfect Tense переводятся на русский язык глаголами прошедшего времени совершенного вида.



Future Perfect Tense

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I shall have asked He will have asked	Shall I have asked? Will he have asked?	I shall not have asked He will not have asked

Обратите внимание: а) при образовании вопросительной формы перед подлежащим ставится только первый вспомогательный глагол;

б) при образовании отрицательной формы отрицательная частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола.

Future Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения действия, которое завершится к определенному моменту в будущем. Этот момент может быть выражен:

а) обстоятельством с предлогом by - к (by 6 o'clock, by the beginning of the week, etс.) They will have tested this apparatus by the end of the month. Они проведут испытания этого аппарата к концу месяца.

б) другим действием, относящимся к будущему, с глаголом в Present Perfect или в Present Indefinite Tense.

Помните! В придаточных предложениях времени и условия будущее время не употребляется.

We shall have finished the experiment before you come. Мы закончим эксперимент до Вашего приезда (до того, как Вы приедете).

Запомните! Глаголы в Future Perfect Tense переводятся на русский язык глаголами будущего времени совершенного вида.

Функции слова one. (The functions of one)

Числительное - один	Неопределенно-личное местоимение	Слово-заместитель для замены упомянутого ранее существительного
There is only one solution of this problem. Существует только одно решение этой задачи.	One should take the precautions mentioned. Следует соблюдать меры указанные предосторожности.	This method is a conventional one. Этот метод является общепринятым методом.



Примечание.Слово-заместитель принимает форму ones, если заменяет существительное во множественном числе.

Словообразование. Приставка re-

(Word -building. The prefix re-)

Приставка re- указывает на повторность действия. Например: to construct - строить to reconstruct - перестраивать to produce - производить to reproduce - воспроизводить

E x e r c i s e s

I. Analyze the use of the Perfect Forms. Translate the sentences into Russian. A. 1. I was sure I had never seen that man before. 2.No one had finished his work by the appointed time. 3. When we reached the house the windows were dark as everybody had gone to bed. 4. After they had left the room together he sat in front of the fire for a long time thinking about them. 5. She opened the door only after I had told her who I was and what I wanted. 6. They had prepared everything by 4 o'clock. B. 1. Don't come for the article at 6 o'clock. We shall not have finished it by that time. 2. I am sure we shall have prepared everything when you return. 3. If you don't hurry, the train will have gone by the time you reach the station. 4. By the time you make up your mind to tell him about it he'll have heard of everything from somebody else. 5. They will have read the first chapter of the book by the end of the week.

II. Change the following sentences into interrogative and negative: 1. He had translated the article by Thursday. 2. The secretary had sent all the faxes off when he came. 3. When we got to the hall, the concert had started. 4. When I entered the room, the telephone had stopped ringing. 5. He had greatly enlarged his vocabulary by the end of the first term. 6. They had passed all the exams by January the 25th. 7. She will have done the job by the beginning of the week. 8. By the time I arrive he'll have explained the problem in detail. 9. We'll have arranged everything necessary before the delegation arrives. 10. They'll have completed the construction by the end of May.

III. Use "had" or "shall/will have". 1. When we came to the station the train ... left. 2. Her friend ... waited for her till 5 o'clock and then left. 3. When I walked in Sam ... left the room. 4. We ... finished all preparations by the time the guests come. 5. He ... had a terrible day and looked very tired. 6. We hope they ... landed safely in Paris by that time. 7. She ... forgotten all about him by the time he returns. 8. The taxi ... arrived before we were ready. 9. At last I learnt what ... happened to him. 10. By the end of last month they ... not completed the experiment yet. 11. She ... left the house before you return.

IV. Use "after," "when," "by," "by the time," "before," "until": 1. My parents had eaten the dinner ... I got home. 2. He had been a worker ... he became a businessman. 3. It will have grown completely dark ... 8 o'clock. 4. Bill had already left ... we got there. 5. ... the guests had left I went to bed. 6. ... she gets the letter, he will have been far away. 7. Where did your sister work ... she had graduated from the Institute? 8. Her eyes were red ... she had cried. 9. I had never seen any of Turner's paintings ... I visited the art museum. 10. ... the end of next year her son will have finished school. 11. The train hadn't left yet ... they came to the station. 12. Ann hadn't come to Paris ... the end of May. 13. I went to the chemist's ... I had visited my sick friend. 14. Nick had studied French ... he entered the University. 15. She hadn't been able to swim... he taught her. 16.I had seen a new Italian film ... the news. 17. He went to London... she had learned English. 18. They had been studying at the University for two years ... the war broke out. 19. They won't have left the town ... you send them a fax. 20.I hope ... the end of the winter I'll have learned to ski.

V. Combine the sentences using Past Perfect and conjunctions "after," "before," "when," "by the time," "until". Model: The librarian came back. Peter looked through the magazine. -- When (by the time) the librarian came back Peter had looked through the magazine.

1. My friend called on me. I had my breakfast. 2. We went out into the street. The rain stopped. 3. The students reached the camp. The sun set. 4. My father left for the airport. We bought the tickets. 5. Nelly arrived. I baked the cake. 6. I came to her place. She translated the texts. 7. She got home. The table was laid. 8. We got there. She left. 9. He went home. He finished work. 10. John came home. The family had supper. 11. They got married. Her parents gave their consent. 12. We did not disturb him. He finished writing his report. 13. Mother switched off the TV. The film was over. 14.I didn't answer his letter. I received another letter from him. 15.I turned on the light. It got dark. 16. The boat sailed. The lava hit the town. 17. The rescue team took the child out. The house collapsed. 18. The police came. The robber didn't leave the bank.

VI. Make up as many sentences as you can using a) Past Indefinite or Past Perfect:

Он вернулся at 6 o'clock by 6 o'clock on Saturday by Monday at that time

Я закончил работу by that time before you came while you were away

b) Future Indefinite or Future Perfect:

Он вернется

at 6 o'clock by 6 o'clock on Saturday by Monday

Я закончу работу at that time by that time before you come while you are away

VII. Open the brackets using a) Past Perfect: 1. She hoped I (to pay) for the tickets. 2. When we came the plane (to take off). 3. I went to sleep as soon as the show (to finish). 4. By the end of the year he (to complete) five courses. 5. When they came home mother (to do) everything about the house. 6. I went to see the sights after I (to buy) a map of Moscow. 7. We knew our itinerary only after the leader of the group (to tell) us. 8. After I (to spend) all the money I turned to my father. 9. She understood the letter after she (to read) it a second time. 10. We (to keep) waiting until we lost patience. b) Future Perfect: 1. When the father returns from his round the world trip his son (to become) a grown-up man. 2. By the end of this year I (to read) all the books of this writer. 3. You (to finish) typing my papers by this evening? 4. If you come late, the party (to end). 5. When you come she (to leave). 6. By the end of July you (to pass) your last entrance exam. 7. I'm not sure if I (to translate) this text by Monday. 8. By the time they return from the honeymoon trip we (to rebuild) the house for them.

VIII. Complete the sentences using Past Perfect: A. Model: I was tired (to work). -- I was tired after I had worked the whole day. 1. They started discussing their plan (to come). 2. He helped his mother about the house (to finish). 3. He invited his friends to the party (to win). 4. Her coat was wet (to walk). 5. He understood the meaning of the telegram (to read).6. She tore up the letter (to read). 7. They settled the quarrel (to talk). 8. She was very upset (to fail).

B. Model: I was tired (to work). --I was tired because I had worked the whole day. 1. She could speak Spanish fluently (to live). 2. He rang me up (to ask). 3. The cake was too sweet (to put). 4. She was crying (to lose). 5. They didn't meet (to leave). 6. I didn't want to go to the cinema (to see). 7. I couldn't get into my flat (to lose). 8. I didn't know their address (to move).

IX. Change the following sentences according to the model. Model: The student borrowed a book from the library and read it. - The student read the book he had borrowed from the library. 1.He wrote a letter and went to the post office to post it. 2. She bought a picture but didn't show it to us. 3. She wrote an exercise on the blackboard and we wrote it down in our note-books. 4. The teacher gave us some key words and we made up a story about up-to-date computers. 5. We took a final decision and let them know it. 6. We discussed the agreement but our boss disapproved of it. 7. He was asked a lot of questions on the terms of the agreement and he managed to answer them. 8. The cable was delivered yesterday and we had to reply immediately. 9. He prepared the report on the pollution of the environment and we listened to it with great interest. 10. She typed all the faxes and asked me to send them off.

X. Rewrite the sentences adding the given words. Make all necessary changes.

? She has finished the work by 3 o'clock.

? They have left before we returned.

? Everyone has had breakfast by the time she got up.

? Everything has been ready long before they came.

? We shall discuss the plan before you come.

? You will forget about you disease by then.

? I shall overcome my bad habit before it does me harm.

XI. Translate the first part of the sentences. Pay special attention to the adverbial phrases in the second part. 1. Они будут обсуждать (обсудят) проблему tomorrow. парникового эффекта. while you are writing a test. by your return. by the time you are here. before their scientific supervisor comes.

2. Он выступал (выступил) с докладом по the day before yesterday. проблеме охраны окружающей среды. before you came. while you were receiving a foreign delegation. by then. XII. Complete the following sentences: 1. By the end of October ... 2. I decided to start working after ... 3. The bell had rung before ... 4. I met my school-mate after ... 5. By the time you finish translating the article ... 6. By the end of this decade ... 7. We shall not start discussing the problem if ... 8. Before she leaves for work ... 9. He won't be able to do this work unless ...

XIV. Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense-form: 1. “You ever (to see) any plays by O. Wide?” “Yes, I (to see) one last week.” 2. He (to graduate) from the University in 1999. 3. By 5 o'clock they (to complete) their experiment and left laboratory. 4. By the end of the next week they (to receive) final results on the concentration of smoke in the air. 5. At last we managed to learn what (to happen) as a result of ozone depletion. 6. When we arrived, the conference (not to begin) yet. 7. It was five to ten a.m. The exhibition (not to open) yet but all the preparations for the opening ceremony (to be made). 8. I am sure by that time new methods of environmental protection (to be developed). 9. Before we joined “the Green Party”, many laws and decisions on this problem (to be adopted). 10. Much more people (to be involved) in various international organizations and “green parties” by the end of the century.

XV. Translate into English.

? Когда я приехал повидаться с руководителем “партии зеленых” в гостинице, он уже дал интервью журналистам и отдыхал.

? Когда я приехал к нему в гостиницу, мы связались с нашими партнерами по телефону и назначили с ними встречу.

? Когда прибыл ваш факс, мы еще не получили определенного ответа по концентрации вредных веществ в воздухе.

? Молодой ученый выполнил огромную предварительную работу по проблемам нарушения экологического равновесия перед тем, как сделал доклад на конференции.

? К концу следующего столетия большая часть проблем, связанных с истощением озонового слоя, будет решена успешнвого слоя, будет решена успешн Когда представители большинства стран присоединятся к движению по охране окружающей среды, они примут необходимые меры, чтобы защитить наши леса, реки, озера и моря.

? Мы узнали, что наши партнеры еще не приняли окончательного решения по проблеме сотрудничества.

XVI. Translate the sentences. Mind the word one. 1. One must cross a street under the green light. 2. It is one of those things that one cannot do oneself. 3. These exercises are more difficult than the ones in unit one. 4. One must always keep one's word. 5. If one can't have what one likes, one must like what one has. 6. One difference between these two dresses is cost. 7. Environmental protection is one of the most difficult and acute problems.

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