Theory of translation (english and russian)
General issues, history, grammar (finite verb forms, causative constructions etc.), semantic (translating realia and terms) and pragmatic (functional styles, etc) problems of translation. Russian-English and Russian-English-Chinese Transliteration Chart.
Ðóáðèêà | Èíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêè è ÿçûêîçíàíèå |
Âèä | ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå |
ßçûê | àíãëèéñêèé |
Äàòà äîáàâëåíèÿ | 14.04.2014 |
Ðàçìåð ôàéëà | 359,8 K |
Îòïðàâèòü ñâîþ õîðîøóþ ðàáîòó â áàçó çíàíèé ïðîñòî. Èñïîëüçóéòå ôîðìó, ðàñïîëîæåííóþ íèæå
Ñòóäåíòû, àñïèðàíòû, ìîëîäûå ó÷åíûå, èñïîëüçóþùèå áàçó çíàíèé â ñâîåé ó÷åáå è ðàáîòå, áóäóò âàì î÷åíü áëàãîäàðíû.
The next day after the reception the invitees thank the hosts in writing or by phone.
APPENDIX 1.
Russian-English Transliteration Chart
Russian letter |
BSI** British Standards Institution |
ISO*** International Organization for Standardization* |
LC**** Library of Congress** |
PCGN***** Permanent Committee on Geographical Names*** |
|
À |
a |
a |
a |
a |
|
Á |
b |
b |
b |
b |
|
 |
v |
v |
v |
v |
|
à |
g |
g |
g |
g |
|
Ä |
d |
d |
d |
d |
|
Å |
e |
e |
e |
e, ye (initially and after vowels ú and ü) |
|
¨ |
¸ |
¸ |
¸ |
¸, y¸ (initially and after vowels ú and ü) |
|
Æ |
zh |
ž |
zh |
Zh |
|
Ç |
z |
z |
z |
z |
|
È |
i |
i |
i |
i |
|
É |
i |
j |
i |
y |
|
Ê |
k |
k |
k |
k |
|
Ë |
l |
l |
l |
l |
|
Ì |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
Í |
n |
n |
n |
n |
|
Î |
o |
o |
o |
o |
|
Ï |
p |
p |
p |
p |
|
Ð |
r |
r |
r |
r |
|
Ñ |
s |
s |
s |
s |
|
Ò |
t |
t |
t |
t |
|
Ó |
u |
u |
u |
u |
|
Ô |
f |
f |
f |
f |
|
Õ |
kh |
h, (ch optionally) |
kh |
kh |
|
Ö |
ts |
c |
tˆs, ts |
ts |
|
× |
ch |
è |
ch |
ch |
|
Ø |
sh |
š |
sh |
sh |
|
Ù |
shch |
šè |
shch |
shch |
|
Ú |
'' or omitted when final |
`' |
`' or omitted when final |
`' or omitted when final |
|
Û |
y |
y |
y |
y |
|
Ü |
' or omitted when final |
` |
` |
` |
|
Ý |
é |
ë |
ë |
e |
|
Þ |
yu |
ju |
iˆu, iu |
yu |
|
ß |
ya |
ja |
iˆa, ia |
ya |
APPENDIX 2.
Russian-English-Chinese Transliteration Chart
Russian |
Pinyin |
Wade-Giles |
Russian |
Pinyin |
Wade-Giles |
||
À |
A |
A |
ÁÈ |
BI |
PI |
||
ÀÉ |
AI |
AI |
ÁÈÍ |
BING |
PING |
||
ÀÍ |
ANG |
ANG |
ÁÈÍÜ |
BIN |
PIN |
||
ÀÍÜ |
AN |
AN |
ÁÎ |
BO |
PO |
||
ÀÎ |
AO |
AO |
ÁÓ |
BU |
PU |
||
ÁÀ |
BA |
PA |
ÁÝÉ |
BEI |
PEI |
||
ÁÀÉ |
BAI |
PAI |
ÁÝÍ |
BENG |
PENG |
||
ÁÀÍ |
BANG |
PANG |
ÁÝÍÜ |
BEN |
PEN |
||
ÁÀÍÜ |
BAN |
PAN |
ÁßÍÜ |
BIAN |
PIAN |
||
ÁÀÎ |
BAO |
PAO |
ÁßÎ |
BIAO |
PIAO |
||
ÂÀ |
WA |
WA |
ÄÎ |
DUO |
TO |
||
ÂÀÉ |
WAI |
WAI |
ÄÎÓ |
DOU |
TOU |
||
ÂÀÍ |
WANG |
WANG |
ÄÓ |
DU |
TU |
||
ÂÀÍÜ |
WAN |
WAN |
ÄÓÀÍÜ |
DUAN |
TUAN |
||
ÂÀÎ |
WAO |
WAO |
ÄÓÉ |
DUI |
TUI |
||
ÂÎ |
WO |
WO |
ÄÓÍ |
DONG |
TUNG |
||
ÂÝÉ |
WEI |
WEI |
ÄÓÍÜ |
DUN |
TUN |
||
ÂÝÍÜ |
WEN |
WEN |
ÄÝ |
DE |
TE |
||
ÃÀ |
GA |
KA |
ÄÝÉ |
DEI |
TEI |
||
ÃÀÉ |
GAI |
KAI |
ÄÝÍ |
DENG |
TENG |
||
ÃÀÍ |
GANG |
KANG |
ÄÝÍÜ |
DEN |
TEN |
||
ÃÀÍÜ |
GAN |
KAN |
ÄÞ |
DIU |
TIU |
||
ÃÀÎ |
GAO |
KAO |
Äß |
DIA |
TIA |
||
ÃÎ |
GUO |
KUO, KWO |
ÄßÍÜ |
DIAN |
TIAN |
||
ÃÎÓ |
GOU |
KOU |
ÄßÎ |
DIAO |
TIAO |
||
ÃÓ |
GU |
KU |
Å |
YE |
YE |
||
ÃÓÀ |
GUA |
KUA |
ÆÀÍ |
RANG |
JANG |
||
ÃÓÀÉ |
GUAI |
KUAI |
ÆÀÍÜ |
RAN |
JAN |
||
ÃÓÀÍ |
GUANG |
KUANG |
ÆÀÎ |
RAO |
JAO |
||
ÃÓÀÍÜ |
GUAN |
KUAN |
ÆÈ |
RI |
JIH |
||
ÃÓÉ |
GUI |
KUEI |
ÆÎ |
RUO |
JO |
||
ÃÓÍ |
GONG |
KUNG |
ÆÎÓ |
ROU |
JOU |
||
ÃÓÍÜ |
GUN |
KUN |
ÆÓ |
RU |
JU |
||
ÃÝ |
GE |
KE |
ÆÓÀ |
RUA |
JUA |
||
ÃÝÉ |
GEI |
KEI |
ÆÓÀÍÜ |
RUAN |
JUAN |
||
ÃÝÍÜ |
GEN |
KEN |
ÆÓÉ |
RUI |
JUI |
||
ÃÝÍ |
GENG |
KENG |
ÆÓÍ |
RON |
JUNG |
||
ÄÀ |
DA |
TA |
ÆÓÍÜ |
RUR |
JUN |
||
ÄÀÉ |
DAI |
TAI |
ÆÝ |
RE |
JE |
||
ÄÀÍ |
DANG |
TANG |
ÆÝÍ |
RENG |
JENG |
||
ÄÀÍÜ |
DAN |
TAN |
ÆÝÍÜ |
REN |
JEN |
||
ÄÀÎ |
DAO |
TAO |
È |
YI |
I, YI |
||
ÄÅ |
DEI |
TIEH |
ÈÍ |
YING |
YING |
||
ÄÈ |
DI |
TI |
ÈÍÜ |
YIN |
YIN |
||
ÄÈÍ |
DING |
TING |
ÊÀ |
KA |
KA |
||
ÊÀÉ |
KAI |
K'AI |
ËÝÍ |
LENG |
LENG |
||
ÊÀÍ |
KANG |
KANG |
ËÞ |
LIU |
LIU |
||
ÊÀÍÜ |
KAN |
KAN |
ËÞÀÍÜ |
LUAN |
LUAN |
||
ÊÀÎ |
KAO |
KAO |
ËÞÉ |
LU |
LU |
||
ÊÎ |
KUO |
KUO |
ËÞÝ |
LUE |
LUEH |
||
ÊÎÓ |
KOU |
KOU |
Ëß |
LIA |
LIA |
||
ÊÓ |
KU |
KU |
ËßÍ |
LIANG |
LIANG |
||
ÊÓÀ |
KUA |
KUA |
ËßÍÜ |
LIAN |
LIAN |
||
ÊÓÀÉ |
KUAI |
KUAI |
ËßÎ |
LIAO |
LIAO |
||
ÊÓÀÍ |
KUANG |
KUANG |
ÌÀ |
MA |
MA |
||
ÊÓÀÍÜ |
KUAN |
KUAN |
ÌÀÉ |
MAI |
MAI |
||
ÊÓÉ |
KUI |
KUEI |
ÌÀÍ |
MANG |
MANG |
||
ÊÓÍ |
KONG |
KUNG |
ÌÀÍÜ |
MAN |
MAN |
||
ÊÓÍÜ |
KONG |
KUN |
ÌÀÎ |
MAO |
MAO |
||
ÊÝ |
KE |
KE |
ÌÅ |
MIE |
MIEH |
||
ÊÝÉ |
KEI |
KEI |
ÌÈ |
MI |
MI |
||
ÊÝÍ |
KENG |
KENG |
ÌÈÍ |
MING |
MING |
||
ÊÝÍÜ |
KEN |
KEN |
ÌÈÍÜ |
MIN |
MIN |
||
ËÀ |
LA |
LA |
ÌÎ |
MO |
MO |
||
ËÀÉ |
LAI |
LAI |
ÌÎÓ |
MOU |
MOU |
||
ËÀÍ |
LANG |
LANG |
ÌÓ |
MU |
MU |
||
ËÀÍÜ |
LAN |
LAN |
ÌÛÍ |
MENG |
MENG |
||
ËÀÎ |
LAO |
LAO |
ÌÛÍÜ |
MEN |
MEN |
||
ËÅ |
LIE |
LIEH |
ÌÝ |
ME |
ME |
||
ËÈ |
LI |
LI |
ÌÝÉ |
MEI |
MEI |
||
ËÈÍ |
LING |
LING |
ÌÝÍ |
MENG |
MENG |
||
ËÈÍÜ |
LIN |
LIN |
ÌÝÍÜ |
MEN |
MEN |
||
ËÎ |
LUO |
LO |
ÌÞ |
MIU |
MIU |
||
ËÎÓ |
LOU |
LOU |
ÍÀ |
NA |
NA |
||
ËÓ |
LU |
LU |
ÍÀÉ |
NAI |
NAI |
||
ËÓÀÍÜ |
LUAN |
LUAN |
ÍÀÍ |
NANG |
NANG |
||
ËÓÍ |
LONG |
LUNG |
ÍÀÍÜ |
NAN |
NAN |
||
ËÓÍÜ |
LUN |
LUN |
ÍÀÎ |
NAO |
NAO |
||
ËÝ |
LE |
LE |
ÍÅ |
NIE |
NIE |
||
ËÝÉ |
LEI |
LEI |
ÍÈ |
NI |
NI |
||
ÍÈÍ |
NING |
NING |
ÏÝÍÜ |
PEN |
PEN |
||
ÍÈÍÜ |
NIN |
NIN |
ÏßÍ |
PIANG |
PIANG |
||
ÍÎ |
NUO |
NO |
ÏßÍÜ |
PIAN |
PIAN |
||
ÍÎÓ |
NOU |
NOU |
ÏßÎ |
PIAO |
PIAO |
||
ÍÓ |
NU |
NU |
ÑÅ |
XIE |
HSIEH, SI'EH |
||
ÍÓÀÍÜ |
NUAN |
NUAN |
ÑÈ |
XI |
HSI, SI |
||
ÍÓÍ |
NUNG |
NUNG |
ÑÈÍ |
|
HSING, SIN |
||
ÍÓÍÜ |
NUN |
NUN |
ÑÈÍÜ |
XIN |
HSIN |
||
ÍÝ |
NE |
NE |
ÑÎ |
SUO |
SO |
||
ÍÝÉ |
NEI |
NEI |
ÑÎÓ |
SOU |
SOU |
||
ÍÝÍ |
NENG |
NENG |
ÑÓ |
SU |
SU |
||
ÍÝÍÜ |
NEN |
NEN |
ÑÓÀÍÜ |
SUAN |
SUAN |
||
ÍÞ |
NIU |
NIU |
ÑÓÉ |
SUI |
SUI |
||
ÍÞÉ |
NU |
NIU |
ÑÓÍ |
SONG |
SUNG |
||
ÍÞÝ |
NUE |
NUEH |
ÑÓÍÜ |
SUN |
SUN |
||
Íß |
NIA |
NIA |
ÑÛ |
SI |
SSU |
||
ÍßÍ |
NIANG |
NIANG |
ÑÞ |
XIU |
HSIU |
||
ÍßÍÜ |
NIAN |
NIAN |
ÑÞÀÍÜ |
XUAN |
HSUAN |
||
ÍßÎ |
NIAO |
NIAO |
ÑÞÉ |
XU |
HSU |
||
Î |
O |
O |
ÑÞÍ |
XIONG |
HSIUNG |
||
ÎÓ |
OU |
OU |
ÑÞÍÜ |
XUN |
HSIUN |
||
ÏÀ |
PA |
PA |
ÑÞÝ |
XUE |
HSUEH |
||
ÏÀÉ |
PAI |
PAI |
Ñß |
XIA |
HSIA |
||
ÏÀÍ |
PANG |
PANG |
ÑßÍ |
XIANG |
HSIANG |
||
ÏÀÍÜ |
PAN |
PAN |
ÑßÍÜ |
XIAN |
HSIAN |
||
ÏÀÎ |
PAO |
PAO |
ÑßÎ |
XIAO |
HSIAO |
||
ÏÅ |
PIE |
PIE |
ÒÀ |
TA |
TA |
||
ÏÈ |
PI |
PI |
ÒÀÉ |
TAI |
TAI |
||
ÏÈÍ |
PING |
PING |
ÒÀÍ |
TANG |
TANG |
||
ÏÈÍÜ |
PIN |
PIN |
ÒÀÍÜ |
TAN |
TAN |
||
ÏÎ |
PO |
PO |
ÒÀÎ |
TAO |
TAO |
||
ÏÎÓ |
POU |
POU |
ÒÅ |
TIE |
TIEH |
||
ÏÓ |
PU |
PU |
ÒÈ |
TI |
TI |
||
ÏÝÉ |
PEI |
PEI |
ÒÈÍ |
TING |
TING |
||
ÏÝÍ |
PENG |
PENG |
ÒÎ |
TUO |
TO |
||
ÒÎÓ |
TOU |
TOU |
ÕÓÝÉ |
HUI |
HUI |
||
ÒÓ |
TU |
TU |
ÕÝ |
HE |
HE |
||
ÒÓÀÍÜ |
TUAN |
TUAN |
ÕÝÉ |
HEI |
HEI |
||
ÒÓÉ |
TUI |
TUI |
ÕÝÍ |
HENG |
HENG |
||
ÒÝ |
TE |
TE |
ÕÝÍÜ |
HEN |
HEN |
||
ÒÝÉ |
TEI |
TEI |
ÖÀ |
CA |
TSA |
||
ÒÝÍ |
TENG |
TENG |
ÖÀÉ |
CAI |
TSAI |
||
ÒßÍ |
TIANG |
TIANG |
ÖÀÍ |
CANG |
TSANG |
||
ÒßÍÜ |
TIAN |
TIAN |
ÖÀÍÜ |
CAN |
TSAN |
||
ÒßÎ |
TIAO |
TIAO |
ÖÀÎ |
CAO |
TSAO |
||
Ó |
WU |
WU |
ÖÅ |
QIE |
CHIEH |
||
ÔÀ |
FA |
FA |
ÖÇÀ |
ZA |
TSA |
||
ÔÀÍ |
FANG |
FANG |
ÖÇÀÉ |
ZAI |
TSAI |
||
ÔÀÍÜ |
FAN |
FAN |
ÖÇÀÍ |
ZANG |
TSAN |
||
ÔÎ |
FO |
FO |
ÖÇÀÍÜ |
ZAN |
TSAN |
||
ÔÎÓ |
FEI |
FOU |
ÖÇÀÎ |
ZAO |
TSAO |
||
ÔÝÉ |
FEI |
FEI |
ÖÇÅ |
JIE |
CHIEH |
||
ÔÝÍ |
FENG |
FENG |
ÖÇÈ |
JI |
CHI, TSI |
||
ÔÝÍÜ |
FEN |
FEN |
ÖÇÈÍ |
JING |
CHING |
||
ÔßÎ |
FIAO |
FIAO |
ÖÇÈÍÜ |
JIN |
CHIN |
||
ÕÀ |
HA |
HA |
ÖÇÎ |
ZUO |
TSO |
||
ÕÀÉ |
HAI |
HAI |
ÖÇÎÓ |
ZOU |
TSOU |
||
ÕÀÍ |
HANG |
HANG |
ÖÇÓ |
ZU |
TSU |
||
ÕÀÍÜ |
HAN |
HAN |
ÖÇÓÀÍÜ |
ZUAN |
TSUAN |
||
ÕÀÎ |
HAO |
HAO |
ÖÇÓÉ |
ZUI |
TSUI |
||
ÕÎ |
HUO |
HUO |
ÖÇÓÍ |
ZONG |
TSUNG |
||
ÕÎÓ |
HOU |
HOU |
ÖÇÓÍÜ |
ZUN |
TSUN |
||
ÕÓ |
HU |
HU |
ÖÇÛ |
ZI |
TZU |
||
ÕÓÀ |
HUA |
HUA |
ÖÇÝ |
ZE |
TSE |
||
ÕÓÀÉ |
HUAI |
HUAI |
ÖÇÝÉ |
ZEI |
TSEI |
||
ÕÓÀÍ |
HUANG |
HUANG, HWANG |
ÖÇÝÍ |
ZENG |
TZENG |
||
ÕÓÀÍÜ |
HUAN |
HUAN, HWAN |
ÖÇÝÍÜ |
ZEN |
TSEN |
||
ÕÓÍ |
HONG |
HUNG |
ÖÇÞ |
JIU |
CHIU |
||
ÕÓÍÜ |
HONG |
HUN |
ÖÇÞÀÍÜ |
JIUAN |
CHUAN |
||
ÖÇÞÉ |
JU |
CHU |
ÖÇÞÍ |
JIONG |
CHIUNG |
||
ÖÇÞÍÜ |
JUN |
CHUN |
×ÀÍÜ |
CHAN |
CH'AN |
||
ÖÇÞÝ |
JUE |
CHUEH |
×ÀÎ |
CHAO |
CH'AO |
||
ÖÇß |
JIA |
CHIA |
×ÆÀ |
ZHA |
CHA |
||
ÖÇßÍ |
JIANG |
CHIANG |
×ÆÀÉ |
ZHAI |
CHAI |
||
ÖÇßÍÜ |
JIAN |
CHIAN |
×ÆÀÍ |
ZHANG |
CHANG |
||
ÖÇßÎ |
JIAO |
CHIAO |
×ÆÀÍÜ |
ZHAN |
CHAN |
||
ÖÈ |
QI |
CHI |
×ÆÀÎ |
ZHAO |
CHAO |
||
ÖÈÍ |
QING |
CHING |
×ÆÈ |
ZHI |
CHIH |
||
ÖÈÍÜ |
QIN |
CHIN |
×ÆÎ |
ZHUO |
CHO |
||
ÖÎ |
CUO |
TSO |
×ÆÎÓ |
ZHOU |
CH'OU, CHOU |
||
ÖÎÓ |
COU |
TSOU |
×ÆÓ |
ZHU |
CHU |
||
ÖÓ |
CU |
TSU |
×ÆÓÀ |
ZHUA |
CHUA |
||
ÖÓÀÍÜ |
CUAN |
TSUAN |
×ÆÓÀÉ |
ZHUAI |
CHUAI |
||
ÖÓÉ |
CUI |
TSUI |
×ÆÓÀÍ |
ZHUANG |
CHWANG |
||
ÖÓÍ |
CONG |
TSUNG |
×ÆÓÀÍÜ |
ZHUAN |
CHWAN |
||
ÖÓÍÜ |
CUN |
TSUN |
×ÆÓÉ |
ZHUI |
CHUI |
||
ÖÛ |
CI |
TS'U |
×ÆÓÍ |
ZHONG |
CHUNG |
||
ÖÝ |
CE |
TSEI |
×ÆÓÍÜ |
ZHUN |
CHUN |
||
ÖÝÉ |
CEI |
TSEI |
×ÆÝ |
ZHE |
CHE |
||
ÖÝÍ |
CENG |
TSENG |
×ÆÝÉ |
ZHEI |
CHEI |
||
ÖÝÍÜ |
CEN |
TSEN |
×ÆÝÍ |
ZHENG |
CHENG |
||
ÖÞ |
QIU |
CHIU |
×ÆÝÍÜ |
ZHEN |
CHEN |
||
ÖÞÀÍÜ |
QUAN |
CHUAN |
×È |
CHI |
CH'IH |
||
ÖÞÉ |
QU |
CHU |
×Î |
CHUO |
CH'O |
||
ÖÞÍ |
QIONG |
CHIUNG |
×ÎÓ |
CHOU |
CH'OU |
||
ÖÞÍÜ |
QUN |
CHIUN |
×È |
CHI |
CH'IH |
||
ÖÞÝ |
QUE |
CHUEH |
×Ó |
CHU |
CH'U |
||
Öß |
QIA |
CHIA |
×ÓÀ |
CHUA |
CH'UA |
||
ÖßÍ |
QIANG |
CHIANG |
×ÓÀÉ |
CHUAI |
CH'UAI, CH'WAI |
||
ÖßÍÜ |
QIUN |
CHIAN |
×ÓÀÍ |
CHUANG |
CH'UANG, CH'WANG |
||
ÖßÎ |
QIAO |
CH'IAO |
×ÓÀÍÜ |
CHUAN |
CH'UAN, CH'WAN |
||
×À |
CHA |
CH'A |
×ÓÉ |
CHUI |
CH'UI |
||
×ÀÉ |
CHAI |
CH'AI |
×ÓÍ |
CHONG |
CH'UNG |
||
×ÀÍ |
CHANG |
CH'ANG |
×ÓÍÜ |
CHUN |
CH'UN |
||
×Ý |
CHE |
CH'E |
ØÝ |
SHE |
SHE |
||
×ÝÍ |
CHENG |
CH'ENG |
ØÝÉ |
SHEI |
SHEI |
||
×ÝÍÜ |
CHEN |
CH'EN |
ØÝÍ |
SHENG |
SHENG |
||
ØÀ |
SHA |
SHA |
ØÝÍÜ |
SHEN |
SHEN |
||
ØÀÉ |
SHAI |
SHAI |
Ý |
E |
E |
||
ØÀÍ |
SHANG |
SHANG |
ÝÉ |
EI |
EI |
||
ØÀÍÜ |
SHAN |
SHAN |
ÝÍ |
ENG |
ENG |
||
ØÀÎ |
SHAO |
SHAO |
ÝÍÜ |
EN |
EN |
||
ØÅÍ |
SHENG |
SHENG |
ÝÐ |
ER |
ERH |
||
ØÅÍÜ |
SHEN |
SHEN |
Þ |
YOU |
YU |
||
ØÈ |
SHI |
SHI |
ÞÀÍÜ |
YUAN |
YUAN |
||
ØÎ |
SHUO |
SHUO |
ÞÉ |
YU |
YU |
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