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МіНіСТЕРСТВО Освіти І НАУКИ, молоді та спорту УКРАЇНи

НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ

«ХАРКІВСЬКИЙ ПОЛІТЕХНІЧНИЙ ІНСТИТУТ»

English FOR TECHNICAL STUDENTS

(Англійська мова для студентів технічних ВНЗ)

Навчальний посібник з англійської мови

для студентів 1 курсу всіх спеціальностей

Харків, 2011

ББК 81.2 Англ

Л 17

УДК 811.111:378.6

Рецензенти: В.І. Соляник, доцент кафедри практики англійського усного та писемного мовлення Харківського національного педагогічного університету ім. Г.С. Сковороди; О.Л. Шапошнікова, доцент кафедри іноземних мов НТУ «ХПІ», Лазарєва О.Я.

Л 17 English FOR TECHNICAL STUDENTS (Англійська мова для студентів техніч-них ВНЗ). Навчальний посібник з англійської мови для студентів 1 курсу всіх спеціаль-ностей / О.Я. Лазарєва, О.О. Ковтун, С.С. Мельник - Х.: НТУ «ХПІ», 2011 - c. 256.

ISBN grammar vocabulary language reading

Наведено теоретичний та практичний матеріал з граматики, лексики, усного мовлення англійською мовою. Тематика посібника відповідає вимогам навчальної програми та охоплює широке коло ситуацій, що виникають у повсякденному житті та у професійній діяльності. Кожний тематичний підрозділ містить блоки завдань з усного мовлення, читання, письма, граматики та підсумкові завдання підрозділу, а також ілюстративний мовний матеріал у вигляді прислів'їв, приказок, жартів, тощо. В окремому розділі надано низку автентичних текстів з різних галузей науки й техніки, споряджених розмовними моделями та завданнями.

Призначено для студентів 1-го курсу технічних ВНЗ усіх спеціальностей.

Табл. 6. Бібліогр. 55 назв

ББК. 81.2 Англ

ISBN © О.Я. Лазарєва,

О.О. Ковтун,

С.С. Мельник, 2011 р.

© НТУ «ХПІ», 2011 р.



Вступ

Навчальний посібник “English for Technical Students” («Англійська мова для студентів технічних ВНЗ») призначений для студентів, які починають навчання в технічному ВНЗ. Тому поряд з загальновживаною лексикою і повсякденними розмовними виразами, які, безумовно, необ-хідні фахівцям будь-якої сфери, студенти зможуть опанувати також і спеціальну лексику, набути навичок читання фахових текстів, підвищити рівень володіння усним та писемним мовленням за рахунок повторення граматичних структур і моделей.

Посібник відповідає програмі вивчення іноземної мови у технічному ВНЗ і вимогам необхідного кваліфікаційного рівня. Він складається з п'яти розділів (модулів), кожний з яких містить матеріал, об'єднаний загальною тематикою. Це «Персональна ідентифікація», «Соціальні контакти», «Україна в Європейському освітньому просторі», «Європейський та міжна-родний освітній простір», «Екологія». Кожний розділ, в свою чергу, поді-ляється на декілька занять. У кожному підрозділі, що складає одне заняття, студенти знайдуть матеріали для вдосконалення усного мовлення, читання, письма, короткий граматичний довідник з вправами, а також домашнє завдання. Структура всіх занять є однотипною, що дозволяє студентам планувати свій час і зусилля.

Для підвищення привабливості посібник споряджений численними ілюстраціями, жартами, анекдотами, прислів'ями та приказками, а також додатковими автентичними текстами, пов'язаними з темою заняття. У розділі “Supplementary Reading” зібрано низку оригінальних текстів, які можуть бути використані для опанування спеціальної лексики та розмов-них моделей студентами різних спеціальностей.



Unit 1. Personal Identification

Lesson 1.1 Personal Presentation

Усна тема. Презентація студента НТУ ХПІ

Active Vocabulary:

Mechanical Engineering Department - машинобудівний факультет; major - основна дисципліна.

I am Ivan Dmitrenko. I am 17. I am a first-year student of National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”. I study at the Department of Mechanical Engineering. My major (speciality) is the Technology of Cutting. I am from Kharkiv.

Вправа 1. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. Who are you? 2. What are you? 3. How old are you? 4. Do you work or study? 5. Where do you study? 6. What department do you study at? 7. What is your major? 8. Where are you from?

Вправа 2. Розкажіть про себе, взявши за зразок вправу 1.

I am ___ (name). I am ___ (age). I am a ___ year student of National Technical University. I study at ___ (department). My major is ___ (speciality). I am from ___ (town).

Письмові завдання

Вправа 3. Заповніть анкету

1) Surname; 2) First name; 3) Nationality; 4) Pasport number; 5) Date and place of issue; 6) Address; 7) Date of arrival; 8) Date of departure.

1) Mr/Mrs/Ms; 2) Family name; 3) First name; 4) Date of birth; 5) Nationality; 6) Languages; 7) Address in your country; 8) Occupation; 9) Reason for learning English; 10) How many hours a day do you want to study? 11) How long are you going to stay at school? 12) What date do you want to start?

O Smile!

· Teacher: “What is an autobiography?” - Pupil: “Er ... the life story of a car.”

· How old are you? - Thirty-three, but I don't look this age, do I? - No, but you used to.

Розмовна тема. Знайомство

Greetings Привітання

How do you do?	Доброго дня!
Hallo (hello, hullo)! Hi!	Привіт!
Good morning! (Morning!)	Доброго ранку!
Good afternoon!	Добрий день!
Good evening! (Evening!)	Добрий вечір!

Answers for greeting Відповіді на привітання

Haven't seen you for ages!	Давно не бачились.
It's good to see you again. Nice to see you again.	Радий Вас бачити.
I'm glad we've met!	Радий, що ми зустрілися.
How are you? How are you doing?	Як справи? Як поживаєте?

Words of parting Слова на прощання

Good-bye! Good-bye for the present!	До побачення.
Bye- bye! So long!	Бувайте.
See you soon! See you later!	Побачимось.
See you tomorrow!	До завтра.
I hope we'll see some more of you!	Сподіваюсь побачити Вас знову.
Remember me to ... Give my (kind) regards to ... Give my love to ...	Передавайте вітання ...



Introducing people Представлення людей

Let me introduce myself. My name is D.	Дозвольте відрекомендуватись. Мене звати Д.
May I introduce Mr. N.? Allow me to introduce Mr. N. to you.	Дозвольте відрекомендувати Вам містера Н.
Allow me to introduce you to my friend.	Дозвольте відрекомендувати Вас моєму другу.
Please, introduce me to your friend. Will you please introduce me to your friend?	Будь ласка, познайомте мене зі своїм другом.
Meet my friend Doctor M. I'd like you to meet Doctor M.	Познайомтесь з моїм другом доктором М.
Pleased to meet you	Радий з Вами познайомитись

Вправа 4. Вивчіть діалог напам'ять.

– Nice party, isn't it?

– Yes, it's great.

– I'm Alison. What's your name?

– I'm Steve Brown. Nice to meet you.

– Glad to meet you, too. Let me introduce my friend Ann to you.

– Pleased to meet you, Ann. How are you doing?

– I'm fine, thanks. Hope to see you again. Bye!

– So long!

Граматика. Іменники

Множина іменників

Утворення множини іменника

Закінчення -s	Закінчення -es	Інша форма
a car - cars an engine - engines a tree - trees	a watch - watches a dress - dresses a dish - dishes a box - boxes	a man - men a woman - women a child - children a tooth - teeth a goose - geese a foot - feet a mouse - mice an axis - axes a datum - data a formula - formulae a phenomenon - phenomena a nucleus - nuclei
a boy - boys	a city - cities
a piano - pianos a photo - photos	a potato - potatoes a tomato - tomatoes
a roof - roofs a cliff - cliffs a gulf - gulfs a safe - safes a chief - chiefs	a leaf - leaves a life - lives a wolf - wolves

Запам'ятайте!

Однина	Множина
a sheep	sheep
a deer	deer
a swine	swine

Запитання для самоперевірки.

1. Як утворюється множина в англійській мові? 2. Які є особливі випадки утворення множини?

Вправа 5. Поставте слова у форму множини (не забудьте вилучити неозначений артикль).

A window, a plate, a box, a classroom, a baby, a knife, a chair, a bus, a tomato, a match, a bay, a house, a family, a log, a town, a shelf, a country, a tiger, a park.

Вправа 6. Поставте слова у форму множини. Майте на увазі: в множині неозначений артикль не вживається, означений артикль залишається.

A car, a mountain, a bed, a show, a king, the waiter, the teacher, a man, the man, a woman, the woman, an eye, a wolf, a fox, the city, a boy, a goose, the watch, a mouse, a dress, a toy, the sheep, a tooth, a child, the ox, a deer, the life, a potato, the piano.

O Smile!

· How many sheep have you got? - I don't know. Every time I count them I fall asleep.

· Why does a mother kangaroo hate rain? - Because the children have to play inside.

· Snake-charmer: “Be careful with that suitcase, porter. It contains a ten-foot snake.” - Porter: “You can't kid me - snakes don't have any feet.”

Присвійний відмінок іменників

Іменник у присвійному відмінку відповідає на питання чий?

Вживання

· Живі істоти

Однина	Множина
The man's bag	The men's bags
The boy's bicycle	The boys' bicycles

· А також:

a month's holiday
today's party
the country's best opera house

Вправа 7. Запишіть речення іншим способом, використовуючи при-свійний відмінок іменників.

1. The room of my granny. 2. The questions of my teacher. 3. The wife of my brother. 4. The skates of his sisters. 5. The poems of Akhmatova. 6. The voice of this girl. 7. The new club of the footballers. 8. The letter of her friend. 9. The car of my parents. 10. The lives of these women. 11. The cars of those men. 12. The flat of my sister is large. 13. The children of my uncle are at home. 14. The classroom of the students is large. 15. The name of this girl is Jane. 16. The work of these engineers is very important. 17. The greatest singer of the country. 18. The newspaper of this week. 19. The building of UN. 20. The voice of our teacher.

Ланцюжки іменників

Іменники, що стоять перед головним іменником (останнім у ланцюж-ку), виконують функцію означення. Переклад ланцюжка почина-ється з головного іменника.

Приклади:

wheel suspension - підвіска коліс;

alternating current circuit - коло змінного струму;

world football championship - чемпіонат світу з футболу;

electric charge time constant - постійна часу електричного заряду.

Запитання для самоперевірки.

1. Як виявити іменники у функції означення? 2. З якого слова починається переклад?

Вправа 8. Перекладіть словосполучення:

spaceship design; air resistance; planet surface; space flight danger; the low temperature nitrogen adsorption measurement; control equipment; equipment control; thermoelectric generator development; fuel supply; household goods; steam engine invention; the car speed calculation problem; a proposed invention application; liquid fuel rocket reconstruction; high market priсe; improved test program; load condition.

Домашнє завдання

Запам'ятайте!

this is - these are	that is - those are	there is - there are	it is - they are

Вправа 9. Запишіть речення в множині.

1. This is a car. 2. This is a toy. 3. This is a puppy. 4. That is a plate. 5. That is a tower. 6. That is a bookcase. 7. Is this a sofa? 8. Is this an arm-chair? 9. Is this a man? 10. Is that a wall? 11. Is that a tram? 12. Is that a plane? 13. Is the window open? 14. Is the door closed? 15. Is the girl at the blackboard? 16. That is not a kangaroo. 17. That is not a garden. 18. That is not a bus. 19. That is the girl's box. 20. That isn't a goose. 21. This isn't a mouse. 22. It is a sheep. 23. It is a cigarette. 24. It is a cat. 25. It is not a boy. 26. It isn't a bag. 27. It isn't a tree. 28. It is not a bad day. 29. It is a good house. 30. This is my friend's study.

Вправа 10. Перекладіть речення письмово, звертаючи увагу на іменники в функції означення.

1. All language teaching methods must be based on some knowledge of the language taught. 2. The low temperature nitrogen adsorption measurements present the problem. 3. There are two types of discharge electron beam devices. 4. The larger the cross-section area of the wire the greater the possibility for the electron movement. 5. A direct current system has a great disadvantage. 6. There are a lot of types of special service motor cars. 7. These fuel elements consist of a large number of thin uranium dioxide rods. 8. A new hospital X-ray unit locates a bullet or shell fragment in one minute. 9. There are a lot of principal corrosion protection methods.

Вправа 11. Складіть усну розповідь про себе (7-10 речень).

Lesson 1.2 My Family

Усна тема. Моя сім'я

Active Vocabulary:

friendly - дружний; surgeon - хірург; neither ... nor - ні ... ні; handsome - красивий (про чоловіків); grey - сивий; sociable - товариський; overtime - понаднормово; nursery school - дитячий садок; nephew - племінник; separately - окремо.

Now I am going to tell you about my family. We are a family of five. We think we are a large, friendly and united family. So we are happy to be living together and getting on all right.

To begin with, I am going to talk about my dad. His name is Sergey Petrovich. He is 45. He works as a surgeon in a hospital. He is neither old, nor young. He is a good-looking man, handsome, rather thin with dark brown hair just beginning to get grey. He is a very sociable person. What I don't like about my father is that he is always busy. He works overtime very often. He is a bread-maker in our family. He is fond of going to the country on weekends, because he enjoys working in the garden.

My mother's name is Galina Nickolayevna. She is three years younger than my father. She works as a teacher at a nursery school. My mother is rather slim and pretty; she is always elegant and smart. In short, she is a pleasant-looking woman of about 40. She always has a lot of work to do at school and about the house. She is fond of her work and spends a lot of time there. But she has to cook the food for all the family at home. Shopping and cooking is nearly half a day's work for her. But my granny and I have a habit of helping her about the house.

Boris is my elder brother. He is six years my senior. So he is 23 already. He has graduated from the University and he works as an economist now. He is married. His wife is a journalist. They are three in the family. They have got a child, my nephew. It is a lovely little boy of two with golden hair and dark blue eyes. He is full of joy and gaiety. My brother's family lives separately.

And finally, a few words about my grandmother. My granny is my best friend, I must tell you. She is always ready to listen to my endless stories about my school life and my friends. She is retired now, but in her youth and her older age she worked as a teacher at school. She is a very understanding person, I must admit.

Put it into a few words, we are a united and friendly family.

Запам'ятайте!

orphan - сирота; aunt - тітка; uncle - дядько; niece - племінниця; nephew - племінник; half-sister - зведена сестра; half-brother - зведений брат; mother-in-law - теща, свекруха; father-in-law - тесть, свекор; brother-in-law - зять, шурин, дівер; sister-in-law - невістка, своячениця; stepmother - мачуха; stepfather - вітчим; widow - вдова; widower - вдівець; fiance - наречений; fiancee - наречена; housewife - домогосподарка.

Вправа 1. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. Is you family large? 2. Who does it consist of? 3. Is your father older than your mother? 4. Do you have a sister or a brother? 5. Are you fond of your sister/brother? 6. What is your father? 7. Are you great friends?

Вправа 2. Доповніть діалог інформацією про свою сім'ю.

- Now, I would like to know more about your family.

- Oh, my family is ___. I have a ___.

- Do you all live together?

- Yes, ___.

- I wonder who does the cooking and looks after the house?

- It is all in the hands of my ___.

- Do you have any relatives in the country?

- O.K. Thank you. I'll be glad to see your family on occasion.

Вправа 3. Підберіть відповідне слово з наведених нижче, щоб допов-нити речення: aunt, cousin, father, brother, sister, grandfather, grand-mother, nephew, mother, uncle, niece.

1. My father's wife is my ___. 2. My parents' son is my ___. 3. My parents' daughter is my ___. 4. My mother's husband is my ___. 5. My mother's father is my ___. 6. My father's sister is my ___. 7. My mother's brother is my ___. 8. My father's mother is my ___. 9. My mother's sister is my ___. 10. My uncle's son is my ___. 11. My aunt's son is my ___. 12. Peter is his uncle's ___. 13 Ann is her aunt's ___.

O А ще прочитайте анекдоти про родинні стосунки.

· There was an Irishman whose sister had a baby. Nobody told him if it was a boy or a girl so he didn't know if he was an uncle or an aunt.

· What did you get for your birthday? - I got a trumpet, and it's the best present I have ever got. - Why? - My Dad gives me 50p a week not to blow it.

· Neighbour: “Do you think your son will forget all that he learned at college?” Father: “I hope so - he certainly can't make a living by kissing girls.”

· Benny was listening to his sister practice her singing. “Mag,” he said, “I wish you'd sing Christmas carols.” “That's nice of you, Benny,” she replied, “But why?” Benny replied: “Because, then I'd only have to hear your voice once a year!”

Письмові завдання

Вправа 5. Прочитайте текст та заповніть пропуски.

Lorenza

My _(1)_ is Lorenza Fiore. I'm 18 _(2)_ old and I'm from Lausanne _(3)_ Switzerland. I've _(4)_ three brothers and _(5)_ sister. I'm _(6)_ youngest. One of my brothers _(7)_ married. He and _(8)_ wife live in France.

My father is _(9)_ scientist. _(10)_ works at the Polytechnic Institute _(11)_ Lausanne. My mother is a doctor. _(12)_ works in a hospital. My _(13)_ comes from Ireland. She met my father when _(14)_ were students together in Trieste. They got married and went _(15)_ live in Switzerland. My father _(16)_ born in Venice, and _(17)_ grandparents are also from Italy. That's why I've got _(18)_ Italian name.

I like riding horses, swimming, listening _(19)_ symphonic music and singing.

I learn English _(20)_ special courses. Now I want _(21)_ go to university to _(22)_ Physics. I want to be a scientist as my father. Most of all I'd _(23)_ to travel to other countries. That's why _(24)_ want to learn English.

Граматика. Артиклі

Вживання артиклів

Артикль	Вживання	Приклади
Неозначений a (an)	· Вперше йде мова про предмет. В значенні числівника one.	This is a book. Take an apple.
Означений the	· Йде мова про вже відомий предмет.	I bought a book yesterday. The book is interesting.
	· Є пояснення до предмета.	Take the book which is on the table.
	· Коли ясно з контексту, який предмет мається на увазі.	Open the window, please.
	· Перед географічними назвами (деяких країн, океанів, морів, рік, гірських масивів).	the USA, the Pacific Ocean, the Carpathians
Відсутній	· Перед власними іменами.	Kharkiv, England, Smith
	· Перед речовинними іменниками.	snow, milk
	· Перед назвами днів, місяців, пори року.	in October, in winter, on Friday
	· Якщо перед іменниками стоїть займенник чи числівник.	this student, some books, five pens, three lessons

Запитання для самоперевірки.

1. Які артиклі є в англійській мові? 2. Коли вживаються артиклі? 3. Коли не вживаються артиклі?

Вправа 6. Заповніть пропуски артиклями, якщо це необхідно.

1. He is ___ doctor. 2. ___ text-book is on ___ table. 3. Here is ___ book you want to read. 4. ___ Kyiv is ___ capital of ___ Ukraine. 5. This is ___ nice city. 6. All ___ students of our group attended ___ meeting. 7. I don't know his ___ brother. 8. This ___ article is interesting. 9. Please, give me ___ black pencil. 10. We will go to ___ theatre tonight.

Вправа 7. Вставте артиклі a, an, the або займенник some, де необхідно.

1. We have ___ large ___ family. 2. My granny often tells us ___ long ___ interesting stories. 3. My ___ father is ___ engineer. He works at ___ factory. ___ factory is large. 4. My ___ mother is ___ doctor. She works at ___ large ___ hospital. She is at ___ work now. 5. My ___ aunt is ___ teacher. She works at ___ school. ___ school is good. My ___ aunt is not at ___ school now. She is at ___ home. She is drinking ___ tea and eating ___ jam. ___ jam is sweet. I am at ___ home, too. I am drinking ___ tea. I put ___ jam into ___ tea. I am also eating ___ sandwich. ___ sandwich is tasty. 6. My sister is at ___ school. She is ___ pupil. 7. My cousin has ___ big ___ black ___ cat. My cousin's ___ cat has two ___ kittens. ___ cat likes ___ milk. ___ kittens like ___ milk, too. I will give them ___ milk. 8. ___ Dnieper is ___ longest river in ___ Ukraine. 9. There is ___ new monument in ___ square. 10. There is ___ snow on ___ top of your car.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 8. Вставте артиклі a, an, the або займенник some, де необхідно.

1. There are three rooms and ___ kitchen in our new flat. 2. My new dress is made of ___ silk. 3. If you want to write something on ___ blackboard, you must have ___ piece of ___ chalk. 4. Are there any students in ___ classroom? 5. I have ___ new English book. ___ book is very interesting. 6. There is ___ garden in ___ front of our university. ___ garden is not large, but it is very nice. 7. ___May is ___ fifth month of the year. 8. ___ Saturday is ___ sixth day of the week. 9. There is ___ coffee in the cup. ___ coffee is black. 10. My brother found out ___ interesting facts about ___ history of ___ our city.

Вправа 9. Напишіть та вивчіть розповідь про свою родину (10-12 речень).

Lesson 3. My Biography

Усна тема. Моя біографія

Active Vocabulary:

surname, favourite subject, occupation, with great interest, leave (finish) school, be born, introduce oneself, come from, be fond of, enter the university, do well at school, as well.

Let me introduce myself. My name is Ivan. My surname is Dmitrenko. I come from Ukraine. I was born on May 5, 1989 in Kharkiv. I live with my parents in a block of flats on the 9th floor. We are three in the family. Both of my parents work as engineers. That's why I entered National Technical Univer-sity “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute” to become an engineer. I am a first-year student of Mechanical Engineering Department. My major (speciality) is the Technology of Cutting. In 2006 I finished school № 51. I always did well at school and studied with great interest. My favourite subjects are Maths and Physics. I am fond of sports and active games. I like to play computer games as well.

Вправа 1. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. What is your name? 2. What is your nationality? 3. Where and when were you born? 4. Where do you live? 5. Do you work or study? 6. What are your parents? 7. Where do you study? 8. What department do you study at? 9. What is your major? 10. What were your favourite subjects at school? 11. What do you like doing?

Вправа 2. Розкажіть про себе, взявши за зразок текст “My Biography”.

O Smile!

· What is your date of birth? - July fifteenth. - What year? - Every year.

· I do wish I could tell you my age but it's impossible. It keeps changing all the time.

Прочитайте, як розповідають про свої сім'ї люди з різних країн (див. Appendix I).

Читання

Talented Teens

Young Organist

Back in 2002, when former church organist David Christianson purchased an Oberlinger practice organ for his home, he thought maybe he would play from time to time to relax. But, as it turns out, he can't do it. That's because his then 7-year-old daughter Karen liked this impressive instrument and devoted her life to classical music. Now, after hours of practice during eight years, 15-year-old Karen is one of the youngest organ virtuosos in the country. She recently made her radio debut on National Public Radio's “From the Top” show.

Karen's parents, David and Anastasia, said they had known since a very early age that Karen was musically inclined. “She was very skilled on the piano, even at the age of six,” said Anastasia. According to Karen, she was first interested in music while watching the organ being assembled in her home. But once she tried her hand - and feet - at it, she was hooked.

At first, she learned to play from her father. But within a year, Karen started studying under Alan Morrison, chair of the organ department at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia.

At the age of 8, she gave her first public performance at the historic Christ Church in Philadelphia. Soon after, she performed her first solo recital, playing a selection of Bach in honor of his birthday. By the age of 9, she was composing original works.

In the sixth-grade, she played in Notre Dame de Paris for acclaimed organist Olivier Latry. In 2010 alone, she performed in Atlanta, San Francisco, Athens, the Netherlands, New York and Abilene. And she's got a full calendar already for 2011.

In the summer of 2009, Karen had a recital in Rhode Island. Her younger brother, Nicholas, an accomplished cellist in his own right, had a recital in Washington, DC, on the same day.

Despite her practice between 8-10 hours a week and tight schedule, she has a full load of academic and extracurricular activities without missing them.

And on top of all that, she still finds time to be a pretty normal teenager. She loves sailing and soccer. She is never far from her iPod, which holds an eclectic mix of Rock, Pop, Country and, of course, classical. And, as she looks toward her critical junior year at Episcopal Academy, her thoughts are turning to college and beyond.

She is currently at work transcribing the theme music from “The Simpsons” for the organ, just for kicks. And though she is still debating whether she'll pursue music therapy or teaching, she knows that touching others with music will definitely be a part of her future.

Teen Scientist Gets High Honor from Obamas

Li Boynton, 18, a senior at Bellaire High School, says meeting the president and first lady in White House will top the stack of academic honors she has accumulated.

In the fifth grade, Li Boynton, inspired by the hardships of the shipwrecked protagonist of Yann Martel's novel “The Life of Pi”, built a device that removed salt from seawater. In the 11th grade she created a cheap method of testing for water contaminants.

Along the way, the Bellaire High School senior racked up $50,000 in college scholarships, won top honors in the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, became a semifinalist in Intel's Science Talent Search and was accepted to Yale University.

Biology teacher Anna Loonam, who taught Boynton as a freshman and again as a junior, called her “a top science student.” Art teacher Jo Zider has described her as “one who looks deeply into the mystery of life.” An entire class of younger science students appreciates her, too.

Boynton's premier achievement as a young scientist was creation of a method to test for water pollutants by using light-generating bacteria. The student found that the microscopic organisms generated less light as the water's toxicity grew.

By placing a bacterial culture in a light-tight box with a digital camera and processing the results through a free computer program, Boynton was able to reliably and cheaply test for half a dozen common pollutants. The technology, which won top science and engineering fair honors, has potential for testing water purity in developing countries where more costly testing procedures are not an option.

Boynton, who hopes to become a medical doctor or researcher or both, credits her mother, Laura Luo, a financial manager; her father, John Boynton, an aeronautical engineer; and her stepfather, Robert Pearson, a computer science expert, for supporting her academic interests.

Accepted by Yale, Boynton recently also applied to Harvard University.

Outside the classroom, Boynton enjoys socializing on Web social sites and shopping. Sports, she said, hold little charm. “I tried to make the tennis team,” she said, grimacing. “Physical education is one of my worst classes. I failed pushups.”

Вправа 3. Дайте відповіді на запитання про обох дівчаток-підлітків:

1. What is her name? 2. How old is she? 3. Does she go to school? 4. What is she famous for? 5. When did she begin her career? 6. Who does she live with? 7. What do her parents and other relatives do? 8. What are her achievements? 9. Is she a normal teenager? 10. What is she going to do in future? 11. What does she do in her free time? 12. Is she good at sports?

Письмові завдання

Вправа 4. Складіть розповіді про різних людей, користуючись інфор-мацією з таблиці. Наприклад: Jean Lacroi is a taxi driver. He comes from France and lives in Paris. He works ...

Name	Jean Lacroi	Tisato Greenwood	Sean O'Ranfey
Age	28	34	46
Occupation	taxi driver	dance teacher	journalist for “The Irish Examiner”
Origin	France	Japan	Ireland
Town	Paris	Boston	Dublin
Place of work	in the centre of Paris	high school	in an office
Languages	French	Japanese, English	English, French, and German
Family	a cat	married to an American, two sons	married, two daughters
Free time	computer games and singing	travelling	golf, yachting

Граматика. Типи речень. Дієслова to be, to have

Типи речень. Порядок слів в англійському реченні.

Прямий порядок слів у розповідному реченні в англійській мові зумовлений відсутністю відмінків.

Розповідне (стверджувальне) речення.

Прямий порядок слів розповідного речення означає:

Підмет (S) +	присудок (P) +	додаток (O)
He	studies	Physics.

Розповідне (заперечне) речення.

Якщо присудком виступає сильне дієслово, то при утворенні заперечної форми допоміжні слова не потрібні:



Підмет (S) +	присудок (P) +	not +	додаток (O)
He	is	not	my friend.

Сильні дієслова:

· be (am, is, are, was, were);

· have (has, had) - для Present та Past Perfect Tense;

· will (shall); should, would;

· модальні дієслова: can, may, must.

Для інших дієслів (слабких) заперечна форма утворюється з викорис-танням допоміжного дієслова do:

Present Indefinite	dodoes	+ V (дієслово-присудок у формі інфінітиву без частки to)
Past Indefinite	Did

Підмет (S) +	do not +	Присудок (P) +	Додаток (O)
They	do not	speak	English.
My friend	does not	speak	English.
She	did not	speak	English.

Питальне речення

Англійське загальне питальне речення для сильних дієслів утворю-ється без допоміжних дієслів. Порядок слів - зворотний.

Присудок (P) +	Підмет (S) +	Додаток (O)?
Is	He	your friend?

Слабким дієсловам знову потрібна допомога: do (does - для 3-ї особи однини (Present Simple) і did - для минулого часу (Past Indefinite)):

Do +	Підмет (S) +	Присудок (P) +	Додаток (O)?
Do	You	like	to read
Does	He	like	to read
Did	He	like	to read



Спонукальне (окличне) речення

Присудок (P) +	Додаток (O)
Open	the window, please.

Для ввічливої форми

Will / Would / Could +	Підмет (S) +	Присудок (P) +	Додаток (O)
Will / Would / Could	you	open	the window?

Запитання для самоперевірки.

1. Чим відрізняється англійське стверджувальне речення від питального? 2. Яким чином класифікують речення за метою висловлювання?

Вправа 5. Висловіть своє здивування згідно з прикладом.

Example: His son takes after him. - Does his son really take after him?

1. He goes to art school. 2. His friend likes watching TV in the evening. 3. They like to spend their free time together. 4. We speak English and French well. 5. Ann works as an interpreter at the Foreign Office. 5. He is a handsome man. 6. They are afraid of snakes and spiders. 7. They go to the swimming-pool every Sunday.

Вправа 6. Поставте загальні запитання до кожного речення.

1. John Smith gives lectures at the University twice a week. 2. His wife is an engineer. She works at a large plant. 3. Her parents live in a village. 4. On Sunday they usually visit their parents. 5. They like to spend their day-off in the park.

Дієслова to be, to have

Дієслово to be

Функції та значення	Приклади
1. Смислове дієслово із значенням «бути», «знаходитись». У реченні після нього вживається іменник з прийменником або прислівник.	Our institute is in the center of the city. - Наш інститут знаходиться у центрі міста. He is here. - Він тут.
2. Дієслово-зв'язка. Після нього можуть вживатися іменник або прикметник	My friend is a designer. - Мій друг - конструктор. She is beautiful. - Вона вродлива.
3. Допоміжне дієслово: а) для формування часів групи Continuous; б) для формування пасивного стану.	He is making an experiment. - Він проводить експеримент. This book was published last year. - Ця книга була опублікована у минулому році.
4. Модальне дієслово у значенні «повинен»: to be to	He is to come at 7. - Він повинен прийти о сьомій.

Відмінювання дієслова to be (бути) в Present Indefinite Tense
Число Особа	Однина	Множина
І	I am	We are
ІІ	You are	You are
ІІІ	He, she, it is	They are

Приклади.

1. He is a student. 2. He is not a student. 3. Is he a student?

Відмінювання дієслова to be (бути) в Past Indefinite Tense
Число Особа	Однина	Множина
І	I was	We were
ІІ	You was	You were
ІІІ	He, she, it was	They were

Приклади.

1. He was a student. 2. He was not a student. 3. Was he a student?

Відмінювання дієслова to be (бути) в Future Indefinite Tense
Число Особа	Однина	Множина
І	I shall (will) be	We shall (will) be
ІІ	You will be	You will be
ІІІ	He, she, it will be	They will be

Приклади.

1. He will be a student. 2. He will not be a student. 3. Will he be a student?

Запитання для самоперевірки.

1. Скільки форм має дієслово to be у простому теперішньому часі? 2. Скільки форм має дієслово to be у простому минулому часі? 3. Чи потрібно вживати допоміжні дієслова для побудови питального і заперечного речень з дієсловом to be?

Дієслово to have

Відмінювання дієслова to have (мати) в Present Indefinite Tense
Число Особа	Однина	Множина
І	I have	We have
ІІ	You have	You have
ІІІ	He, she, it has	They have

Приклади

1. He has a dog. 2. He does not have a dog. 3. Does he have a dog?

Past Indefinite Tense - had

Приклади

1. I had a bicycle. 2. Did you have a pet when you were a child? 3. They didn't have any time to meet us.

Future Indefinite Tense - will have

Приклади

1. I will have time to help you tomorrow. 2. Will you have musicians at your party? 3. They will not (won't) have much money.

Запам'ятайте!

to have = to have got

Приклади

1. He has got a dog. 2. He has not got a dog. 3. Has he got a dog?

Запам'ятайте!

to have dinner (breakfast, lunch, supper) to have a cup of tea (a cigarette, a meal, a drink) to have a shower (a bath, a sleep, a rest, a talk, a chat) to have a good time

Вправа 7. Поставте дієслово to be в Present Indefinite Tense.

1. I ___ a pupil. 2. My father ___ not a teacher, he ___ a scientist. 3. ___ your aunt a doctor? - Yes, she ___. 4. ___ they at home? - No, they ___ not at home, they ___ at work. 5. My brother ___ a worker. He ___ at work. 6. ___ you an engineer? - Yes, I ___. 7. ___ your sister a typist? - No, she ___ not a typist, she ___ a student. 8. ___ your brother at school? - Yes, he ___. 9. ___ your sister at school? - No, she ___ not at school. My sister ___ at home. 10. ___ this your watch? -- Yes, it ___. 11. She ___ an actress. 12. This ___ my bag. 13. My uncle ___ an office-worker. He ___ at work.

Вправа 8. Поставте дієслово to be в Past Indefinite Tense.

1. They ___ absent at the institute on Friday. 2. We ___ busy all day yesterday. 3. Yesterday the weather ___ very cold. 4. All the exercises at the last lesson ___ easy. 5. My English teacher ___ not satisfied with my answer. 6. Last month you ___ ill. 7. I ___ very tired when I came home yesterday. 8. Max ___ pleased to receive the first prize. 9. She ___ afraid to go through the woods alone. 10. Peter and Leo ___ at home when I called on them the other day.

Вправа 9. Заповніть речення відповідними формами дієслова to have.

1. My brother ___ dark hair now, but when he was a child he ___ rather fair hair. 2. Let's go to the party. We ___ a good time there. 3. I want to call him. ___ you ___ his telephone number? 4. I ___ a terrible headache. 5. We couldn't get the concert tickets yesterday because we ___ (not) enough money.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 10. Складіть речення з поданих нижче слів.

1. in, Were, ago, a, London, you, year? 2. abroad, Your, live, parents, don't they? 3. you, Can, describe, of, your, living, way? 4. the, doesn't, The, rise, in, sun, west. 5. you, Do, in, country, live, the, in, city, the, or. 6. Where, you, last, did, Sunday, go?

Вправа 11. Поставте дієслова to be, to have в Present, Past або Future Indefinite.

1. My father ___ a teacher. 2. He ___ a pupil twenty years ago. 3. I ___ a doctor when I grow up. 4. My sister ___ not ___ at home tomorrow. 5. She ___ at school tomorrow. 6. ___ you ___ at home tomorrow? 7. ___ your father at work yesterday? 8. My sister ___ ill last week. 9. She ___ not ill now. 10. Yesterday we ___. at the theatre. 11. Where ___ your mother now? -- She ___ in the kitchen. 12. Where ___ you yesterday? - I ___ at the cinema. 13. When I come home tomorrow, all my family ___ at home. 14. We ___ a really good time yesterday. 15. ___ you ___ time to go to the stadium with me tomorrow? 16. We usually ___ lunch at the canteen. 17. He ___ three lessons every day.

Вправа 12. Напишіть та вивчіть свою автобіографію (7-10 речень).

Lesson 1.4 Outstanding Scientists

Усна тема. Біографія видатної людини

D.I. Mendeleyev (1834-1907)

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev is a famous Russian chemist. He is best known for his development of the periodic table of the properties of the chemical elements. This table displays that elements' properties change periodically when they are arranged according to atomic weight.

Mendeleyev was born in 1834 in Tobolsk, Siberia. He studied chemistry at the University of St. Petersburg, and in 1859 he was sent to study at the University of Heidelberg. Mendeleyev returned to St. Petersburg and became Professor of Chemistry at the Technical Institute in 1863. He became Professor of General Chemistry at the University of St. Petersburg in 1866. Mendeleyev was a well-known teacher, and, because there was no good textbook in chemistry at that time, he wrote the two-volume “Principles of Chemistry” which became a classic textbook in chemistry. In this book Mendeleyev tried to classify the elements according to their chemical properties. In 1869 he published the first version of his periodic table of elements. In 1871 he published an improved version of the periodic table, in which he left gaps for elements that were not known at that time. His table and theories were proved later when three predicted elements: gallium, germanium, and scandium were discovered.

Mendeleyev investigated the chemical theory of solution. He found out that the best proportion of alcohol and water in vodka is 40%. He also investigated the thermal expansion of liquids and the nature of petroleum.

In 1893 he became the director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures in St. Petersburg and held this position until his death in 1907.

Вправа 1. Знайдіть у словнику переклад слів і словосполучень:

to classify; two-volume; gap; to investigate; germanium; expansion; to prove; to improve; to predict; liquid; solution; Bureau of Weights and Measures.

Вправа 2. Викристовуючи моделі, складіть розповідь про Менделєєва.

___ was born in ___ (year) in ___ (place) in the family of ___.

He studied ___ (subject) at ___ (institution).

He worked as a ___ (position) at ___ (institution).

He invented ___.

He discovered ___.

He is also famous for ___.

He died in ___.

O З великими людьми теж трапляються кумедні історії.

· Charlie Chaplin had invited Albert Einstein to the premiere of “City Lights”. When the public cheered them both, Chaplin remarked: “They cheer me because they all understand me, and they cheer you because no one understands you”.

· In the period that Einstein was active as a professor, one of his students came to him and said: “The questions of this year's exam are the same as last years'!” “True,” Einstein said, “but this year all answers are different.”

· Albert Einstein, who fancied himself as a violinist, was rehearsing a Haydn string quartet. When he failed for the fourth time to get his entry in the second movement, the cellist looked up and said, “The problem with you, Albert, is that you simply can't count.”

· One student in Rutherford's lab was very hard-working. Rutherford had noticed it and asked one evening:

- Do you work in the mornings too?

- Yes, - proudly answered the student sure he would be commended.

- But when do you think? - amazed Rutherford.

· If it wasn't for Thomas Alva Edison, we'd all be watching TV to the light of a candle.

Прочитайте біографії інших видатних людей (див. Appendix I).

Письмові завдання

Вправа 3. Запишіть декілька фактів з біографії будь-якого вченого. Приклади виконання завдання.

___ was born in ___ (city/country) in ___ (year) / on ___ (date). He studied at ___ (school). He was good at ___ (subjects). At the age of ___ he entered ___ (institute). His greatest discovery was ___ . He was also interested in ___ (fields of science). He was married to ___ (name). He had ___ (children). He died in ___ (year).

Граматика. Числівники. Прийменники

Числівники

Утворення кількісних числівників

Другий десяток: закінчення -teen - 13 - 19 (thirteen ... nineteen).

Десятки: закінчення -ty - 20 - 90 (twenty ... ninety).

Тризначні числівники утворюються за зразком: 356 - three hundred and fifty-six.

Кожні три розряди чисел (справа наліво) відокремлюються комою:

2,437; 5,789,240.

Утворення порядкових числівників

Закінчення -th - sixth, thirteenth, twenty-fourth

Виняток: 1st - the first, 2nd - the second, 3rd - the third

Запам'ятайте!

У числівників five and twelve букви ve змінюються на f - fifth, twelfth; до числівника eight додається лише буква h - eighth; у числівнику nine пропускається остання буква -e - ninth; у числівників, що позначають десятки, кінцева буква y змінюється на -ie - twenty - twentieth, fifty - fiftieth.

Роки читаються так:

1989 - nineteen eighty-nine

1905 - nineteen [ou] five

1700 - seventeen hundred

2005 - two thousand five (twenty hundred and five)

Дати: 14 січня - the fourteenth of January, January the fourteenth

14-го січня - on the fourteenth of January

Запитання для самоперевірки.

1. Які числівники називаються простими? 2. Які числівники називаються складними? 3. Які числівники називаються складеними?

Запам'ятайте як читаються дати та час!

1.01.1984 - on the first of January nineteen eighty four;

в 1741 году - in seventeen forty one;

о 5-30 - at half past five;

о сьомій годині дванадцять хвилин - at twelve minutes past seven;

без п'ятнадцяти шість - at a quarter to six.

Запам'ятайте як читаються дробові числа!

1/2 - a half; 1/3 - one third (of an apple); 2/5 - two fifths (of an apple).

Запам'ятайте як читаються деякі математичні операції та функції!

+ - plus	- n-th root of
- - minus	- square root of
* - times; multiplied by	- cube root of
/ - divided by	52 - five squared
= - is; equals; is equal to	53 - five cubed
f(x) - f of x	75 - seven to the fifth power

Вправа 4. Запишіть англійською мовою.



1.	243	11.	дванадцятого січня
2.	1,673,019	12.	у 1992 році
3.	7 автомобілей	13.	пів на третю
4.	18 відсотків	14.	без п'ятнадцяти дев'ять
5.	перший	15.	$100
6.	другий	16.	7+8=15
7.	п'ятий	17.	3*9=27
8.	тридцять дев'ятий	18.
9.	двісті сорок шостий	19.	210=1024
10.	двадцять третього вересня	20.	0.0312 метра

Вправа 5. Запишіть числівники англійською мовою.

9, 11, 20, 33, 45, 89, 100, 400, 721, 999, 1535, 276498, 3100001.

Вправа 6 . Перекладіть словосполучення англійською мовою.

третій рік; дев'ятий день; тринадцята школа; тридцять друга книга; сорок третій дім; сьоме березня 1900р.; двадцяте січня 2000р.; двадцять третє грудня 2002р.; він народився 1 лютого 1985р.; вiн приїхав 21 травня 2003р.

O Smile!

· Teacher: Name 6 animals which live specifically in the Arctic.

Pupil: Two polar bears and four seals.

· What is the difference between an amateur programmer and a professional one? - An amateur thinks that 1 kilobyte is 1000 bites. A professional thinks that 1 kilometer is 1024 meters.

Прийменники

Передача українських відмінків за допомогою англійських прийменників

Відмінок в українській мові	Прийменники в англійській мові
Називний	Хто? Що? Мій друг багато читає	(у реченні завжди підмет стоїть перед присудком) My friend reads much.
Родовий	Кого? Чого? Сестра мого друга в кімнаті. Я отримав листа від свого друга	of; from The sister of my friend is in the room. I have received a letter from my friend.
Давальний	Кому? Чому? Я завжди даю свої книги моєму другові.	to I always give my books to my friend. Або: -I always give my friend my books
Знахідний	Кого? Що? Я зустрів свого друга вчора.	-(у реченні завжди додаток стоїть після присудка) I met my friend yesterday.

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