English for technical students

Вправа 4. Розкрийте дужки та перекладіть речення.

1. They are not (smaller, the smallest) particles, but they are very small. 2. This discovery is much (more important, the most important) than the previous one. 3. It is (easier, the easiest) to manufacture parts of plastics than of metal or wood. 4. This is (better, the best) laboratory in our Institute. 5. Aluminum is (lighter, the lightest) known metal. 6. Hydrogen is (lighter, the lightest) of the elements.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 5. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи потрібну форму прикметника. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. Mike is (tall) than his brother. 2. Are you (young) in your group? 3. This book is (interesting) than that one. 4. That exercise is (easy) of all. 5. Lenin Avenue is (wide) than Pushkinskaya Street. 6. February is (short) of all the months of the year. 7. Her pronunciation is (good) than Nick's. 8. Our house is (large) than your house. 9. These roses are (beautiful) than those. 10. Russia is a very (large) country.

Вправа 6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи потрібну форму прикметника.

1. Which is (large): the United States or Canada? 2. What is the name of the (big) port in the United States? 3. Kiev is the (large) city in Ukraine. 4. The London underground is the (old) in the world. 5. There is a (great) number of cars in the streets of Kharkiv than in any other neighbouring town. 6. Paris is one of the (beautiful) cities in the world. 7. The rivers in America are much (long) than those in England. 8. The island of Great Britain is (small) than Greenland. 9. What is the name of the (high) mountain in Asia? 10. The English Channel is (wide) than the Strait of Gibraltar.

Вправа 7. Складіть розповідь про свій факультет з використанням активних слів та виразів (7-10 речень).

Lesson 3.6 The City of Science and Education

Розмовна тема. Місто науки та освіти

Active Vocabulary:

crossroads - перехрестя; route - шлях; civil engineering - громадянське будівництво; jet aircraft - реактивний літак; control system - система керування; carrier rocket - ракета-носій; vehicle - транспортний засіб; to constitute - становити; core - ядро; solid-state physics - фізика твердого тіла, labour pool - трудовий резерв.

Industry, Science and Education in Kharkov

The city of Kharkiv was founded over 350 years ago at the crossroads of major transportation routes. It has now become one of Ukraine's largest centres for science, industry and culture.

There are about 250 large industrial enterprises in the city, the most important of which are in mechanical engineering and metal working, electrical power engineering and construction materials industries. The chemical, printing and woodworking industries are also well developed, and the city has a highly developed civil engineering industry.

The products of Kharkiv companies are well known in Ukraine and abroad. They include tractors and turbines, jet aircrafts, automated machine tools, electrical motors and engines for agricultural machinery, TV sets and electrical devices, medical equipment and pharmaceuticals.

Specialists from Kharkiv have contributed greatly to rocket engineering and space exploration. Control systems for carrier rockets and space vehicles, as well as several generations of rocket systems, have been developed by research and engineering specialists from Kharkiv. These systems constitute the core of the CIS space program.

The research and development potential of the city is represented by its research and design institutes and design offices. Kharkiv is the largest regional centre for the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, and over 150 institutions in Kharkov deal with science and research work.

Fundamental research schools and universities in Kharkiv are leaders in the country. Investigations by Kharkiv scientists in the fields of solid-state physics, cryobiology and cryomedicine, radio electronics, crystal synthesis, low temperature physics, genetics and selection are known worldwide.

Specialists in various fields of knowledge are trained in Kharkiv state institutions including 6 academies, 10 universities and 8 institutes. Institutions such as Kharkiv National University, NTU “KhPI”, State Law Academy, Engineering and Pedagogic Academy, and Pharmaceutical Academy are well known and respected. There is also a growing number of private educational institutions.

The high educational level of the population is a major factor of the city's progress.

The city has 193 elementary, middle and high schools, 8 college preparatory high schools, 37 vocational schools and 4 junior colleges. The students of these schools provide a highly qualified labour pool for business enterprises and institutions.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. When was Kharkiv founded? 2. Is Kharkiv the largest Ukrainian industrial centre? 3. How many industrial enterprises are there in Kharkiv? 4. What industries are presented in Kharkiv? 5. What products do Kharkiv enterprises manufacture? 6. What is Kharkiv's contribution to the space exploration? 7. How many institutions in Kharkiv deal with science and research work? 8. What fields of science are the most developed in Kharkiv? 9. How many and which state institutions of higher education are there in Kharkiv?

Письмове завдання

Вправа 1. Заповніть пропуски в тексті такими словами та словосполученнями: leading, Peninsula, based on, education, city, globally, school, England, center, population, students, the United States, tourists.

Boston is the capital of and largest ___ in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in ___. The city has a ___ of about 618,000 people. In 1630, Puritan colonists from ___ founded the city on the Shawmut ___. Its rich history now helps attract over 20 million ___ every year. The city was the site of several “firsts”, including America's first public ___, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first subway system in the United States (1897). With many colleges and universities within the city and surrounding area, Boston is an international ___ of higher ___ and a center for medicine. More than 100 colleges and universities are located in the Greater Boston Area, with more than 250,000 ___ attending college in Boston and Cambridge alone. The city's economy is also ___ research, electronics, engineering, finance, and high technology - principally biotechnology. Besides, the city is a ___ finance center. The city was also ranked number one for innovation, both ___ and in North America.

Читання

Прочитайте текст.

What is Fiber Optics?

Fiber optic technology allows humans to control the path of a beam of light by confining it within ductile, transparent materials, like cords of plastic and glass. These transparent materials function as pipelines for light, and with their help, light, which usually moves in straight lines, can be sent along curved trajectories or around corners. Optical fibers of very pure glass have a surprisingly massive range, having been observed to carry light across distances greater than 100 miles (160 km) with only slight dimming. Some individual fibers measure less than 0.00015 inches (0.004 mm) wide, which makes them thinner than human hair. The light transmitted by optical fibers can be used for simple illumination, or to transmit signals and data. Though there was some practical application of fiber optic technology as early as the 1950s, major commercial implementation began in the 1980s.

Виберіть правильний варіант.

1. In fiber optics technology, such materials as ___ are used to transmit light.

a) wood b) plastic c) metal

2. Optical fibers can carry light over the distances of ___.

a) 1,000 km b) 100 km c) 10,000 km

3. The thickness of a single fiber is ___.

a) that of a match b) less than that of a human hair c) 3 inches

4. The commercial application of fiber optic began in ___.

a) 1950s b) 1980s c) the 21^st century

Граматика. Порівняльні конструкції as ... as, not so ... as, the ... the та інші

The more, the better. - Чим більше, тим краще.

It is as cold today as it was yesterday. - Сьогодні так само холодно, як і вчора

It is not so cold today as it was yesterday. - Сьогодні не так холодно, як учора.

He did more than she did. - Він зробив більше, ніж вона. (Він зробив більше від (за) неї).

OSmile !

Did you hear about the man who went to see the optician because he saw spots in front of his eyes?

The optician gave him glasses, and now he can see the spots much better.

Вправа 2. Використайте порівняльну конструкцію as ... as або so ... as.

1. Mike is ___ tall ___ Pete. 2. Kate is not ___ nice ___ Ann. 3. My room is ___ light ___ this one. 4. This book is not ___ thin ___ that one. 5. Sergei is ___ old ___ Michael. 6. She is ___ young ___ Tom's brother. 7. Nick's English is not ___ good ___ his friend's. 8. This woman is ___ young ___ that one. 9. I am ___ thin ___ you. 10. Kate is ___ lazy ___ her brother. 11. This child is not ___ small ___ that one.

Вправа 3. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на порівняльну конструкцію the ... the.

1. The shorter the half-life period of an element, the greater its radioactivity. 2. The faster the object moves, the greater the air resistance. 3. The higher the temperature of a metal, the higher its resistance. 4. The more you read, the more you learn. 5. The larger the water-pipe, the more water passes through it. 6. The shorter the wire, the less its resistance to current flow. 7. The greater the number of free electrons in a substance, the better that substance conducts electricity.

Вправа 4. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. The less you say, the better. 2. Unfortunately I couldn't come as early as I had promised. 3. The cat fell off the roof but it feels none the worse for it. 4. The room is nice, but not as nice as I should like. 5. The more one has, the more one wants. 6. He is not as experienced as you are. 7. The weather is changing for the better. 8. The window is as narrow as the door. 9. The soup smells good, but it tastes better. 10. How can I get to the nearest post-office? 11. If he helps us, so much the better. 12. If he doesn't do his home tasks, so much the worse for him. 13. The sooner you do it, the better. 14. He is getting still weaker. 15. This time you've made fewer mistakes. 16. The more we study, the more we know. 17. He is not so industrious as his brother. 18. My train starts in a minute. I can't wait for him any longer.

Вправа 5. Вставте as ... as, so ... as або than.

1. Our house is not ___ big ___ yours. 2. The new cinema in our district is much bigger ___ the old one. 3. We are ___ proud of our district ___ you are of yours. 4. The house I live in is ___ old ___ the one my sister lives in. 5. Exercise 2 is easier ___ exercise 3. 6. This song is more beautiful ___ that one. 7. My composition is not ___ long ___ yours.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 6. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на контрукцію the ... the.

1. The nearer the Earth, the denser the atmosphere. 2. The more experiments scientists make, the greater is their knowledge of the structure of matter. 3. The bigger the mass, the bigger the weight of the body. 4. The nearer the centre of the Sun, the higher the temperature. 5. The more the scientist studied the problem, the better he understood its importance for man. 6. The stronger the magnet, the greater the distance through which it acts.

Вправа 7. Перепишіть речення як показано у прикладі: Jack is younger than he looks. - Jack isn't as old as he looks.

1. It's warmer today than yesterday. It isn't ___. 2. The station was nearer than I thought. The station ___. 3. The hotel is cheaper than I expected. The hotel isn't ___. 4. There were fewer people at this meeting than at the last one. There weren't ___. 5. The maths test was easier than we expected. The maths test wasn't ___. 6. My brother is taller than me. My brother isn't ___. 7. Ice is harder than show. Ice isn't ___.

Вправа 8. Складіть розповідь про своє місто або будь-який інший науковий та промисловий центр з використанням активних слів та виразів (7-10 речень).

Unit 4. European and International Educational Environment

Lesson 4.1 Great Britain

Розмовна тема. Велика Британія

Прочитайте текст та знайдіть переклад підкреслених слів у словнику.

Great Britain, formally known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of Great Britain, Ireland and some 5,500 smaller islands. The total area of the United Kingdom is 244,027 square kilometres. It is seventy-fifth in size among the countries of the world and it is less than two percent of the world's land area. The population of Great Britain is over 58 million people. About four fifths of the population is urban. The largest island in north-west Europe - Great Britain - is separated from Ireland by the Irish Sea and from the Continent by the English Channel (La Manche) and the Strait of Dover (Pas de Calais).

The surface of England and Ireland is rather flat. The highest mountain in the United Kingdom is Ben Nevis in Scotland (1343 m). There are many rivers in Great Britain but they are not very long. The rivers are deep and do not freeze in winter. The chief rivers are the Severn (220 miles) and the Thames (215 miles). Great Britain is known for its typically maritime climate with frequent rains, strong winds and continuous fogs.

Great Britain consists of four administrative parts: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. England is the heart of Britain. It is the richest, the most fertile and most populated in the country. The north and the west of England are mountainous, but all the rest of the territory is a vast plain. In Northwest England, there are many beautiful lakes with green, wooded or grassy shores and grey mountains all around. It is called Lake District. The national symbol of England is red rose.

Wales is the smallest land of the United Kingdom. The capital of Wales is Cardiff, an important industrial centre and port. Most people in Wales live in the costal plains. The national symbol of Wales is a leek or a daffodil.

Scotland is a land of mountains, wild moorlands, narrow valleys, famous lakes and no end of large and small islands off the coast. The Highlands of Scotland are among the oldest mountains in the world. One-third of the people in Scotland live in or near its capital, Edinburgh, and its great industrial centre, Glasgow. The national symbol of Scotland is a thistle.

Northern Ireland was a part of Ireland as a whole before the early 20th century. The territory is small. It is a land of lakes, rivers and a varied sea coast. The capital city is Belfast. The national symbol of Ireland is shamrock.

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of the state. In practice she reigns but does not rule. The country is governed in her name by the Government. Parliament is the supreme legislative body. It consists of two Houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The Prime Minister is usually the head of the party which is in power.

The UK's flag is often called the Union Jack.

Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. Shipbuilding is one of the principal industries of Great Britain. For centuries Britain has been the leading shipbuilder in the world.

Coal is the main source for the development of British industry. The biggest centres of iron and steel industries are situated in the neighbourhood of coal basins. They are Newcastle, Cardiff, Glasgow, and Sheffield. The district around Birmingham is a land of factories and mines. Coal-mining, metallurgy, textile, shipbuilding are the older branches of industry. The new industries are the chemical, electrotechnical, automobile, aviation, and electronics. The new industries have developed hand in hand with science and technology and are equipped to meet present technical demands. London, Liverpool and Glasgow are the biggest English ports. The products of Britain's economy, e.g. automobiles, textile, machinery, electronic equipment and many others, are exported to many countries of the world.

Agriculture is one of the largest and most important activities in Great Britain. The greater part of the land here is used for sheep-, cattle-, and dairy farming. Vegetables are grown in all parts of the country. The chief grain crops are wheat and barley.

Great Britain is a country of high culture. There are many universities, colleges and scientific institutes here. Such English scientists of the past as Newton, Faraday, Darwin, Rutherford and others greatly contributed to world science. English writers Shakespeare, Byron, Dickens, B. Shaw and many others enriched world literature.

Визначте, чи правильні висловлювання. Якщо дані не відповідають наведеним у тексті, дайте правильний варіант.

1. The total area of the United Kingdom is more than 200,000 square kilometres. 2. Great Britain is separated from the continent by the Suez Canal. 3. The highest mountain in the United Kingdom is Everest. 4. England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland are the parts of Great Britain. 5. The population of Great Britain is greater than that of Ukraine. 6. All the territory of England is flat. 7. The capital of Wales is Cardiff. 8. Highlands is the name of the group of lakes in Northern Ireland. 9. The national symbol of Scotland is red rose. 10. The head of the state is Queen Margaret II. 11. British Parliament consists of two Houses: the House of Commons and the White House. 12. The UK's flag is called the Black Jack.

Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Заповніть пропуски в реченнях.

Great Britain ___ by the Atlantic Ocean. Great Britain ___ from Europe by the North Sea and the English Channel. The British Isles are known to have ___ climate. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of England, Wales, ___. The British Isles ___ Great Britain and Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. Scotland ___ an area of 78,800 square kilometers and has ___ of 5.2 million. The oldest industries are ship-building and ___. The political party, which wins popular ___ to the House of Commons, forms the government. There are two main parties in the UK, they are ___. Such English scientists of the past as ___ greatly contributed to the world science.

Читання

Australia

Active Vocabulary:

the Dutch - голандці; couple - пара; arid - дуже сухий; convict - засуджений; to hack away - “вгризатися”; barren - безплідний; gorgeous - чудовий; to deport - висилати.

Ann and Pete are students of a university in England. They are going to Australia on holidays, so Pete has been reading up some interesting facts about the country.

A.: Pete, have you any idea what the word `Australia' means? It sounds Latin to me.

P.: That's because it's Latin. It means southern. Scholars used to call it Terra Australia Incognita (the unknown southern land). This name was used until the Dutch arrived a couple of hundred years ago. They went to lots of different places mostly along the coast and some of the islands, too.

A.: Why did they settle only there?

P.: Because in other places of the country it seemed too arid. You couldn't grow anything - or so they thought. Immigration didn't get going on a large scale till the end of the 18^th century.

A.: It was a sort of British Siberia where they deported lots of their convicts, wasn't it?

P.: Yes, some of those people were a pretty rough lot - like Ned Kelly. Have you heard of him? He was an armed robber, a pretty ruthless character, a real legend in his own lifetime. He gave the aborigines a hard time, to put it mildly! But they weren't all like him. There were quite a few pretty hard working people among the European settlers. It's incredible to think of them hacking away all that barren land and turning it into a land of plenty. Before long they were exporting to the old world things like wheat and wool. And then, of course, don't forget all Australia's mineral resources. They had everything they needed for industrial development. It was all there, waiting to be dug up.

A.: And now Australia is waiting for us! It's supposed to be a great place for tourism, isn't it? I can't wait to see the desert! - and then all those eucalyptus forests with their wonderful blue leaves! - and kangaroos and those gorgeous koala bears!

P.: Australians love all of that. They're crazy about wildlife and love picnicking in the bush. I hope we'll manage to meet some of them and to know them. They take having a good time very seriously. That's why they fought hard for a shorter working week and won!

A.: They've obviously got their priorities right! And they're great drinkers, too, aren't they? Was it an Australian who said, “Work is the curse of the drinking classes”?

P.: No, that was Oscar Wilde!

Визначте, чи правильні висловлювання.

1. The name “Australia” means “eastern” in Latin. 2. Australia has rich deposits of mineral resources. 3. Australians don't take care of nature and hate wildlife. 4. Immigrants have come to Australia on a large scale since the end of the 18^th century. 5. There were a lot of hard working people among the settlers.

Граматика. Модальні дієслова can, may та їхні еквіваленти на позначення можливості, дозволу, здатності

CAN (COULD) Можливість щось зробити (можу, вмію)
Ствердні речення
I can play the piano. Я вмію грати на піаніно. He can answer the question. Він може відповісти на запитання. He could play chess when he was five. Він вмів грати у шахи, коли йому було п'ять років.
Could you help me? Не могли б ви мені допомогти?
Питальні речення
Can you sing? Ви вмієте співати? Can you help me? Ви можете мені допомогти? Could you show me the way to the University? Не могли б ви мені показати дорогу до університету?
Заперечні речення
I cannot swim. Я не вмію плавати. He cannot understand the rule. Він не може зрозуміти правила. I could not ski when I was little. Я не вмів кататись на лижах, коли я був малим. She could not jump so high. Вона не могла стрибнути так високо.

ТО BE ABLE ТО (Еквівалент дієслова CAN)
Не is able to do it. Він взмозі це зробити. Не was able to do it yesterday. Він міг зробити це вчора. He will be able to do it tomorrow. Він зможе це зробити завтра. He has been able to swim since childhood. Він вміє плавати з дитинства.

MAY (MIGHT) Дозвіл (можна)
You may take my pen. Ви можете взяти мою ручку. You may not touch it. Не можна торкатися цього. May I come in? Можна увійти?
У непрямій мові: Mother said that I might play. Мати сказала, що я можу пограти.
Припущення (можливо)
It may rain soon. Можливо (мабуть), скоро піде дощ. Take care, you may fall. Обережно, ви можете впасти.

ТО BE ALLOWED TO (Еквівалент дієслова MAY)
We are allowed to stay at home. Нам дозволяють залишитись вдома. We were allowed to stay at home. Нам дозволили залишитись вдома. We will be allowed to stay at home. Нам дозволять залишитись вдома.

Запам'ятайте прислів'я з модальними дієсловами!

Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. What is done cannot be undone. Little bodies may have great souls.

Вправа 2. Вставте модальні дієслова may (might) або can (could).

1. ___ I use your pen? 2. ___ I take the pen from that table! 3. You ___ read this book: you know the language well enough. 4. You ___ take this book: I don't need it. 5. ___ I help you? 6. ___ I ask you to help me? 7. ___ you help me to move this suitcase? 8. I ___ not imagine her speaking in public: I knew that she was so shy. 9. Something was wrong with the car: he ___ not start it. 10. A fool ___ ask more questions than a wise man ___ answer. 11. She asked me if she ___ use my telephone. 12. The school was silent: nothing ___ be heard in the long dark corridors. 13. Waiting ___ be endless, you know. 14. ___ you tell me the nearest way to the city museum?

Вправа 3. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи модальні діє-слова.

1. Я вмію розмовляти англійською мовою. 2. Ти вмієш розмовляти фран-цузькою? 3. Моя сестра не вміє кататися на ковзанах. 4. Ти вмів плавати минулого року? 5. Місяць тому я не вмів кататися на лижах, а зараз вмію. 6. Ви не могли б мені сказати, де метро? 7. Ти зможеш зробити цю роботу завтра? 8. Я думаю, вона не зможе вирішити цю задачу без допомоги. 9. Завтра я вільний і зможу допомогти тобі. 10. Вчора я не зміг побачити директора, оскільки він був на конференції, але сьогодні після роботи я зможу це зробити. 11. Можна, я ввімкну телевізор? 12. Якщо твоя робота готова, можеш іти додому. 13. Лікар каже, що я вже можу не приймати ліки. 14. Якщо ви натиснете цю кнопку, програма може запинитись. 15. Будь обережним: ти можеш впасти. 16. Розмовляти по мобільному телефону на борту літака не дозволяється. 17. Вчора студентам дозволили самостійно провести експеримент. 18. Коли йому дозволять водити автомобіль?

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 4. Доповніть слова і знайдіть їхні визначення у правому стовп-чику.

a	l_ke	1	to be made up of
b	capit_l	2	well known
c	to d_vide	3	Inhabitants
d	to cons_st of	4	a city where the government seats
e	mount__n	5	mass of very high land rising to a peak
f	c__st	6	surface measurements
j	gover_ment	7	to separate
h	ar_a	8	a large area of water surrounded by land
i	pop_lation	9	a land adjacent to the sea
j	fam__s	10	an executive body

Вправа 5. Вставте модальні дієслова may (might), can (could), to be allowed to.

1. Elephants ___ live for up to 70 years. 2. When I was 18, I ___ take my parents' car whenever I wanted. 3. Jane's children ___ to watch the film on TV last night. 4. Temperature near South Pole ___ reach minus 43 degrees Centigrade. 5. ___ I ask you a personal question? - Sure, you ___. 6. A hundred years ago ships ___ cross the Atlantic in 10 days. 7. There is somebody knocking at the door. - It ___ be a postman. 8. Anyone ___ make mistakes. 9. Look at these terrible clouds! It ___ start raining any moment. 10. Dinosaurs ___ grow up to 5 metres long. 11. Camels ___ survive for up to 17 weeks in the desert without water. 12. Why hasn't she come to the party? - She ___ be busy with her diploma project.

Вправа 6. Складіть розповідь про Велику Британію з використанням активних слів та виразів.

Lesson 4.2 London

Розмовна тема. Лондон

Active Vocabulary:

observation - спостереженя; proximity - близькість; medieval - середньо-вічний; landmark - архітектурна пам'ятка; renowned - відомий; wealth - багатство; celebrated - славетний; pageantry - урочиста церемонія; fasci-nating - чарівний.

London is one of the world's greatest capital cities, with so much to see and do that Samuel Johnson's observation that “When a man is tired of London he is tired of life” is just as true today as it was 200 years ago.

London was founded in AD 60 by Romans soon after they invaded Britain and was called Londinium. Remains of the wall Romans built around the city can still be seen today. Ever since its foundation nearly 2,000 years ago, London has been the capital of Britain and, because of its location on the Thames and its close proximity to the continent, it has been an important trading centre. Today it is still a great financial centre, attracting important businesses from all over the world.

London's historic past can still be seen in its busy streets, from Roman walls, medieval churches and Tudor palaces to Georgian squares, Victorian railway stations and modern hi-tech office blocks. Landmarks such as Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace, St. Paul's Cathedral, the Tower of London and the Houses of Parliament are high on every visitor's list of places to see, but there is so much more to do.

London is renowned as a world-class cultural centre, with some of the finest museums and art galleries to be found anywhere in the world, including the British Museum and the National Gallery. Londoners and visitors alike enjoy all that the West End has to offer, with its many fine shops, restaurants and clubs, as well as the wealth of plays and musicals offered by its many celebrated theatres.

Another huge draw is the traditional and colourful pageantry London is so good at, including the Changing the Guard ceremony and the Lord Mayor's Show, two of London's best free shows. But London is also a modern, forward-looking city, and many major new landmarks, such as the London Eye (a 137 meter observation wheel) and the Tate Modern (an exhibition centre of modern arts housed in a converted 1960s power station) take the capital well and truly into the twenty-first century. It is this mix of the traditional and modern which makes London such a fascinating and exciting place to visit.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. How old is London? 2. Who founded London? 3. On what river does London stand? 4. What are the main historical landmarks to see in London? 5. In what part of London are most shops situated? 6. What is the London Eye? 7. In what building is the Tate Modern housed?

Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Вставте артиклі, де потрібно. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.

London, ___ capital of Great Britain, is one of ___ largest cities in Europe and the world. ___ population of London is about nine million. London is also one of ___ oldest cities in Europe. London lies in ___ valley of ___ Thames. Most of ___ streets are narrow. Oxford and Regent Streets are ___ busiest streets: there are ___ lots of shops, department stores and offices there. There are many beautiful old buildings in ___ centre of London. There are also ___ modern buildings there. Most of ___ buildings house ___ offices and hotels.

Londoners are fond of ___ beautiful parks of their city. They spend their week-ends in ___ parks. They come there with ___ children and take ___ lunch baskets with them.

Читання

London Museums and Art Galleries

Active Vocabulary:

a fortress - фортеця; a manuscript - рукопис; contemporary - сучасний; armour - лати; twofold - подвійний; garrison - гарнізон; custody - зберігання.

The best London museums and art galleries are in the West End.

The British Museum in Russel Square comprises the National Museum of Archeology and Ethnography, the richest collection of prints and drawings and the National Library. It was founded in 1753 and opened to the public on the 15^th of January, 1759. The Library of the British Museum is one of the largest collections of books and manuscripts in the world.

The National History Museum in Cromwell Road is the home of the national collections of animals and plants, and of minerals and rocks from which the Earth is built up. It has a twofold function: to increase man's knowledge of the animal, plant and mineral Kingdom as an institution for scientific research, and to spread knowledge of natural history as widely as possible.

The Tower of London was once a fortress. Kings of England, when the battle turned against them, often found safety in the Tower. From Norman days the Tower had been a state prison; it had been a place of torture and execution. Continuously from the 11^th century the Tower has held a military garrison. Arms and armour have always been stored there and today it contains the National Collection of them. Nowadays the Tower is a museum visited by tourists. As it was the strongest fortress in the land, the safe custody of the Crown jewels has been entrusted to it since the time of Henry III.

The National Gallery offers a wonderful variety of pictures. Everyone can find some kind of picture to enjoy. It was opened to the public in 1824 and in 1836 after series of troubles the collection of pictures of the National Gallery was established at Trafalgar Square.

The Tate Gallery from the very beginning was intended as a collection of contemporary British painting only. It became the national collection of British painting of all periods, and in addition - the national collection of modern foreign painting and of modern sculpture, both British and foreign.

The Science Museum exhibits machinery, scientific instruments and devices for research and educational purposes.

Вправа 2. Згадайте, в якому музеї знаходяться такі об'єкти:

1) the collection of the Crown jewels; 2) the collection of prints and drawings; 3) the collection of pictures; 4) the collection of books and manuscripts; 5) the collection of contemporary British painting; 6) the collection of animals, plants and minerals; 7) the collection of arms and armour; 8) the collection of machinery and scientific instruments.

Граматика. Модальні дієслова must, should, ought to, need та їхні еквіваленти на позначення необхідності, обов'язку, поради тощо

MUST Обов'язок
You must respect your parents. Ви повинні поважати своїх батьків. You must not go there. Не можна ходити туди. Must I learn it by heart? Чи повинен я вивчити це напам'ять?
Припущення (мабуть, напевно)
It must be cold outside. Напевно, на вулиці холодно.

ТО HAVE TO (Еквівалент дієслова MUST)
I have to go there. Мені треба туди йти.	I don't have to go there. Мені не треба йти туди.
I had to go there. Мені довелось піти туди.	I didn't have to go there. Мені не довелось йти туди.
I will have to go there. Мені доведеться піти туди.	I won't have to go there. Мені не доведеться йти туди.
Do you have to go there? Вам треба йти туди? Did you have to go there? Вам довелось йти туди? Will you have to go there? Вам доведеться йти туди?

SHOULD, OUGHT TO Порада, рекомендація (слід, краще)
You ought to be more attentive. Вам слід бути більш уважними. You should go to bed early. Вам слід йти спати рано.

NEED? Needn't Питання про необхідність, відсутність необхідності (чи треба? не треба)
Need I learn this poem by heart? Мені треба вчити цей вірш напам'ять? You needn't come so early. Вам не обов'язково приходити так рано.

Запам'ятайте прислів'я з модальними дієсловами!

Everything must have a beginning. If two men ride on a horse, one must ride behind. Books and friends should be few but good. Those (people) who live in glass houses should not throw stones. Love is like the measles; we all have to go through it. (K. Jerome)

Вправа 3. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. You must work hard at your English. 2. You must learn the words. 3. Must we learn the poem by heart for the next lesson? 4. It must be very difficult to learn Chinese. 5. You must not talk at the lessons. 6. Everybody must come to work in time. 7. Don't ring him up: he must be very busy. 8. You must not make notes in the books. 9. I must help my mother today.

Вправа 4. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. According to the law of conservation of energy, the energy spent in starting the body must be equal to that derived from the body when it is stopped. 2. The wire used should have as large a cross-section аs possible when it is desirable to keep resistance аs low as possible. 3. We will have to work out an experiment in which we will be able to keep the particles in the plasma, that is deprive them of the possibility of transmitting the heat to the walls of the container. 4. You ought to stay longer: the most interesting things are still to come. 5. You needn't shout, I can hear quite well. 6. One shouldn't swap horses in midstream. 7. With his voice he ought to try out for radio. 8. You must check in at the airport an hour before your plane leaves.

Вправа 5. Вставте модальні дієслова must, have to, should, need.

1. He was sleeping heavily and didn't hear the alarm clock. So to be in time for the train he ___ call a taxi. 2. If you want to drive a car you ___ get a driving license. 3. You ___ not be in a hurry. The train starts in an hour. 4. You ___ listen to the advice of your parents. 5. On Sundays I ___ not get up early. 6. The performance is great. You ___ go and see it. 7. My sister has got a job in Kiev, so she will ___ leave Kharkov soon.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 6. Заповніть пропуски модальними дієсловами can, may, must.

1. What ___ we see on this map? 2. ___ you speak Spanish? - No, unfortunately I ___. 3. At what time ___ you come to school? 4. Dear aunt, ___ we stay at your place for another week? We would like to see more sites of your beautiful city. 5. You ___ not smoke here. 6. ___ take your book? - I am afraid not: I need it. 7. He ___ not speak English yet. 8. I have very little time: I ___ go. 9. They ___ not go to the park today because they are busy. 10. You ___ read this text: it is easy enough.

Вправа 7. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи модальні діє-слова.

1. Усі повинні виконувати закони. 2. Вам не потрібно перекладати цей текст. 3. Він, напевно, все ще в бібліотеці. 4. Вам не слід їсти так багато цукерок. 5. Вам необхідно відправити лист негайно. 6. Вам не слід говорити йому про це. 7. Вам доведеться переписати контрольну. 8. Я поспішав, і мені довелось взяти таксі. 9. Потяг повинен прийти через п'ять хвилин. 10. Мені потрібні кольорові олівці.

Вправа 8. Заповніть пропуски у реченнях словами: is situated, commer-cial, places of interest, educational, a seaport.

1. There are very many famous ___ in London. 2. The capital of Great Britain is not only a large city but also ___. 3. One of the districts in London, the City, is a business and ___ centre of the country. 4. London ___ on the Thames. 5. London is also a large ___ and scientific centre of the country.

Вправа 9. Складіть розповідь про Лондон з використанням активних слів та виразів.

Lesson 4.3 Education in Great Britain

Розмовна тема. Освіта у Великобританії

Прочитайте текст і знайдіть підкреслені слова у словнику.

School Life for a British Boy (Written by Erik)

My School is a mixed 11-18 school. There are about 1,150 students in my school, including 200 in the sixth form. It is called a Technology College and specializes in Computers and Maths. My school has over 1200 computers (including over 400 tablet PC's)

I am in Year 8. I am presently having to decide what GCSEs I would like to start working towards. I am sitting for my GCSE exams next year instead of the year after when most other people of my age will be doing them.

Some subjects are compulsory like Maths, English, Science and a foreign language. I am not sure what other GCSEs I will be taking. I will have to decide soon.

My School Day

I leave home at 6:45 and walk 20 minutes to catch a bus to school. The bus is a special one just for kids going to my school. The journey on the bus takes an hour because it has to keep stopping to pick up other students along the way.

When I arrive at school, I collect my Tablet PC from the Flexi (Flexiable Learning Centre). Then I go to my Tutor Room for Registration at 8:30.

What is Registration?

The attendance of every child attending school each morning and afternoon is recorded in a special book. The teacher reads out each child's name in turn. On hearing his/her name, the child replies `yes Mrs. (teacher's name)' and the teacher notes down in the book whether the child is in school or not.

We listen to announcements to see what special things are happening at school today or this week.

At about 8:50 we leave Tutor Room to go to our First Period. Every day I have a different Lesson the first period. Normally it is Humanities but I also have Maths, Drama and Music, and French on the other days. Each period lasts an hour.

All my lessons are in different rooms and places around the school. Each Room either has a three digit number or a name. The numbers are very hard to remember! I have different teachers for each lesson. I have a locker where I can store some of my stuff but otherwise I have to carry it all around with me in my bags.

Swipe Cards

Every Student carries a swipe card. We swipe into every lesson to let the school know that we have attended that certain lesson and where we are in case of emergencies.

There are two stripes, a black and a brown, on the Swipe Card. The brown is to swipe into lessons and the black is to get into the toilets and buildings.

We can put money on our Swipe cards instead of carrying cash around. When we want to pay for snacks at the shop or the canteen we just hand over our cards and they deduct the money.

Subjects

Maths, English, Science, ICT, Drama, Music, Art, PE.

Humanities (History, Geography, and Religion), French or Spanish.

Time Table

9:00 1st Period

10:00 2nd Period

11:00 - 11:20 Break

During the break, I have a snack and play and chat with my friends. Usually we play a chasing game. Snow ball fight when it snows is dead fun.

11:20 3rd Period

12:30 4th Period

1:30 - 2:10 Lunch

I bring a packed lunch to school but occasionally I have school dinners in the School Canteen. School lunches are priced at Ј1.60.

2:10 5th Period

3:10 End of School

Sometimes I stay after school for clubs.

Canteen

The Canteen is open at Lunch Time and Break Time. Most hot food is served only at lunch time. Chips are only available on Mondays and Fridays.

Tablet PC

We don't use our Tablet PCs in all lessons because some rooms do not have enough power sockets. We use the Tablets to do our work on and to search the Internet. Our Tablet PCs are connected to a Network so we can send our work straight to our teachers, and they can send them back with their comments.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. How old is Eric? 2. What subjects are compulsory for GCSE? 3. What do pupils do in Tutor room before lessons? 4. What is a Swipe Card used for at school? 5. How many lessons a day do British pupils have? 6. Where do the pupils take a Tablet PC? 7. How do they use the computer at school? 8. How do British pupils address their teacher?

Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Знайдіть закінчення речень.

1.	Children's education in England is normally divided into	a	Christmas - 2 weeks, Spring - 2 weeks, Summer - 6 weeks.
2.	Most schools in England require children	b	by the local authority or the governing body of a school, or by the school itself for independent schools.
3.	Full-time education is compulsory	c	General Certificate of Secondary Education exams.
4.	6 per cent of pupils attend	d	to wear a school uniform.
5.	All government-run schools, state schools, follow	e	for all children aged between 5 and 16.
6.	The school year runs	f	the same National Curriculum.
7.	The dates for school terms and holidays are decided	g	leave school, others go onto technical college, whilst others continue at high school for two more years.
8.	The main school holidays are:	h	in English and mathematics at the ages of 7, 11 and 14.
9.	At the age of 16, students in England, Wales and Northern Ireland take	i	primary education (age 5 - 11) and secondary education (age 11 - 16).
10.	After completing the GCSE, some students	j	which determine whether a student is eligible for university.
11.	At 18, a student takes A-level exams in three or four subjects,	k	from September to July and is 39 weeks long.
12.	All children in state schools are tested	l	independent fee paying schools or homeschooling.

Читання

Прочитайте текст і знайдіть підкреслені слова у словнику.

Universities in Great Britain

There are 46 universities in Britain. The oldest and best-known universities are located in Oxford, Cambridge, London, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Bristol, and Birmingham. Oxford & Cambridge Universities date back from the 12th and 13th centuries. They are known all over the world and are the oldest and most prestigious universities in Britain. They are often called collectively Oxbridge, but both of them are completely independent.

Good A-level results in at least 2 subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. However, good exam passes alone are not enough. Universities choose their students after interviews.

After three or four years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc. Later he may continue to take Master's Degree and then a Doctor's Degree.

There are about 30 Polytechnics in Great Britain. The Polytechnics, like the universities, offer first and higher degrees. Some of them offer full-time and sandwich courses (for working students).

Some school leavers at the age of 16 may go to a further education college where they can follow a course in typing, engineering, town planning, cooking, or hairdressing, full-time or part-time. Further education colleges have strong ties with commerce and industry.

There's an interesting form of studies which is called the Open University. It has a correspondence system and is particularly designed for adults who missed the opportunity to study earlier or who are interested in some particular subjects. The Open University is free of charge.

Вправа 2. Заповніть пропуски словами з тексту.

1. There are ___ universities in Britain. 2. Oxford University was founded in the ___ century. 3. Oxford & Cambridge Universities are often called collectively ___. 4. To enter a university it is necessary to have good results of ___ exams in at least ___ subjects. 5. You can receive the Degree of Bachelor after ___ years of study. 6. Some of higher educational institutions offer full-time and ___ courses (for working students). 7. The Open University has a ___ system and is particularly designed for adults who missed the opportunity to study earlier.

Граматика. Вживання модальних дієслів з Perfect Infinitive

Вправа 3. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. He must have translated that article yesterday. 2. They must have forgotten all about it. 3. The discussion must have been very interesting. It's a pity I could not stay. 4. The students may have translated these articles last month. 5. They may have returned home already. 6. My friend may have left two days ago. 7. They could have taken their exam in English yesterday. 8. She could have arrived some days ago. 9. He might have left his book in some other place. 10. She might have come if you had asked her. 11. I should have done it before. 12. You should have translated those articles long ago. 13. You could have informed me in time. 14. A specially designed computer should have been used in the equipment of the meteo probe. 15. You might have known that to stop the flow of electricity you have to use a switch. 16. The article should have been translated long ago, where is the translation?

Вправа 4. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи модальні діє-слова з перфектним інфінітивом.

1. Не може бути, щоб він сказав це. 2. Чому ви так рано пішли? Ви могли б залишитись довше. 3. Можливо, ви залишили вашу парасольку в магазині. 4. Певно, він не чув будильника. 5. Мабуть, я забув виключити світло в лабораторії. 6. Вам не слід було пити так багато вина. 7. Вчора було дуже холодно. Вам слід було вдягнути більш тепле пальто. 8. Невже він відмо-вився вам допомогти? 9. Вам можна було не приїжджати так рано. Поїзд вирушає тільки через годину.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 5. Прокоментуйте наступні дії, вживаючи модальні дієслова should, shouldn't or needn't. Examples:

1) A boy was impolite to a girl and did not apologize. - You should have apologized to the girl.

2) A pupil did all the exercises in writing, even those which were meant for oral practice. - You needn't have done all the exercises in writing.

3) Your aunt is running a temperature. - You should consult the doctor.

What will you say to the person who:

1) bought bread which was not necessary?

2) was not present at the meeting?

3) sent a telegram which was quite unnecessary?

4) went out without his coat and caught cold?

5) apologized for asking you a question?

6) didn't attend a very important lecture?

7) got up at six o'clock on Sunday morning, which was not at all necessary?

read till two o'clock in the morning?

8) copied the whole text into his exercise-book?

9) watered the garden, and it is raining now?

10) hasn't returned the books to the library?

11) crossed the street under the red light?

12) doesn't cross the street when the lights are green?

Вправа 6. Заповніть порівняльну таблицю систем освіти у Велико-британії та Україні.

Вправа 7. Складіть розповідь про типовий день британського школя-ра з використанням активних слів та виразів.

Lesson 4.4 The United States of America

Розмовна тема. Сполучені Штати Америки

Прочитайте текст і знайдіть підкреслені слова у словнику.

The United States of America popularly called “The States”, “the USA”, “The Land of Liberty” is one of the most powerful countries in the world. Since 1492, when Columbus discovered America, people from every country of the world have come to make their homes in America. Besides, the USA is often called “a nation of immigrants” because the country was settled, built, and developed by generations of immigrants and their children.

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about 9.5 (nine and a half) million square kilometers. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea-boarder with Russia. The population of the country is more than 270 million.

The geography and the climate of the US is so varied that you can find there any landscape and weather. You can see enormous forests, snow-topped mountain peaks, gently rolling meadows with many streams, sea cliffs, wide grass savannas and even deserts there. The country can be nominally divided into three areas: Eastern area is a highland, central area is a plain and Western area is mountains including the Rocky Mountains, the Cordilleras and the Sierra Nevada.

There are five Great Lakes in the northern part of the USA. They are: Huron, Michigan, Superior, Ontario and Erie. The world-famous water-fall called Niagara Fall is situated there. There are a lot of rivers in the US. The Mississippi together with its tributary the Missouri is one of the longest rivers in the world.

The USA is among the greatest industrial nations. Large deposits of oil, coal, iron and other minerals are solid base for the development of American industry. The US produces about 25% of the world's industrial products, agricultural goods, and services. The US is the world's leader in many branches, e.g. biochemical and genetic engineering, aerospace research, communications, computer and information services, and similar high-tech fields. The USA is also the world's leading agricultural nation, which not only feeds her own people but exports the products abroad.

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