English for technical students

“Yes Sir! Class of `94!” they answered proudly.

Then the cab driver turned back to shake their hand, “Class of `58.”

Читання

STUDENT'S WORKING DAY

Hi ! As you know, I am a first-year student of the University.

Now, let me describe my usual working day. My classes begin at eight thirty. So, on weekdays I have to get up at half past seven. My alarm clock usually wakes me up and my working day begins. I turn on the radio, do my morning exercises, take a shower and brush my teeth. After that I get dressed and comb my hair. Then I have breakfast. I love to listen to the latest news on the radio while I am eating.

I leave the house at ten minutes to eight and walk to the nearest bus stop. I live rather far from the University and it usually takes me about a quarter of an hour to get there by bus. Sometimes when the weather is fine and I have enough time I walk to the University.

As a rule we have three or four classes a day. We have lectures in different subjects. Usually I don't miss my classes because I want to pass my examinations successfully. But sometimes I do, especially when the weather is fine and the classes are boring.

At twelve o'clock we have a big break for lunch. That's my favourite time. That is the time to share the latest news with my friends. I prefer not to go to the canteen and we often have lunch in a small cafe not too far from the University. At one o'clock we have to be back to our classes. During the working day we also have several short breaks that last for ten minutes.

From time to time I have to stay at the University till late evening because I go to the library to get ready for my practical classes or to write a report. As a rule I have no free time on weekdays. So, by the end of the week I get very tired.

I come home at about 6 o'clock in the evening. My parents are already at home. We have supper together. After supper we wash up, have coffee or tea and watch TV. I prefer old comedies and serials or films about travelling. Sometimes I go for a walk in the park or visit my friends.

At about eleven p.m. I go to bed. I like to read something before going to bed or to listen to some music. Sometimes I fall asleep while I am reading.

Вправа 3. Знайдіть відповідності у списках словосполучень.

1.	Бути студентом першого курсу	a	on weekdays
2.	По буднях	b	take a shower
3.	Прокидатися о 7.30 ранку	c	to pass examinations successfully
4.	Приймати душ	d	to get somewhere by bus
5.	Чистити зуби	e	from time to time
6.	Одягатися	f	to be over at 5 o'clock
7.	Слухати останні новини	g	to get ready for practical classes
8.	Діставатись кудись автобусом	h	to get tired
9.	Велика перерва на обід	i	to be at home
10.	Закінчуватися о 5 годині вечора	j	to fall asleep
11.	Пропускати заняття	k	to go to bed
12.	Успішно складати іспити	l	to come home
13.	Час від часу	m	as a rule
14.	Готуватися до практичних занять	n	to be a first-year student
15.	Як правило	o	to get dressed
16.	Втомлюватися	p	to get up at half past seven
17.	Приходити додому	q	to brush teeth
18.	Бути вдома	r	to listen to the latest news
19.	Засинати	s	a big break for lunch
20.	Лягати спати	t	to miss classes



Письмові завдання

Вправа 4. Заповніть пропуски у тексті словами і словосполученнями:

11 p.m., a glass of orange juice and an sandwich, on his homework, at 8.30 a.m., local bus, first-year student, suburb near Chicago, team-mates, one day, finishes with, in the canteen, 7.30 a.m.

Dan Lions lives in a __(1). He is a __(2). Every morning he gets up at __(3). He has __(4) for breakfast and leaves the house __(5). He goes to his Technical School by bus. He doesn't take a packed lunch from home and prefers to eat __(6). After classes he usually plays basketball with his __(7). Dan is a promising basketball player and he dreams that __(8) he will be invited to play for “Chicago Bulls”. After his training he takes a __(9) home and has dinner at about 7 o'clock. Dan doesn't spend much time __(10) and it is usually ready by 9 o'clock. His usual evening __(11) watching TV or playing his favourite computer games. He goes to bed at __(12).

Граматика. Займенники

Особові, присвійні, зворотні та підсилюючі займенники

Особові	Присвійні	Зворотні та підсилюючі (-ся, себе, сам)
Називний відмінок (хто?)	Об'єктний відмінок (кого? кому?)	І форма (чий? чия?)	ІІ форма (абсолютна)
І (я)	me (мене, мені)	my (мій)	mine (мій)	myself
You (ти)	you (тебе, тобі)	your (твій)	yours (твій)	yourself
He (він)	him (його, йому)	his (його)	his (його)	himself
She (вона)	her (її, їй)	her (її)	hers (її)	herself
It (воно)	it (його, йому)	its (його)	its (його)	itself
We (ми)	us (нас, нам)	our (наш)	ours (наш)	ourselves
You (ви)	you (вас, вам)	your (ваш)	yours (ваш)	yourselves
They (вони)	them (їх, їм)	their (їх)	theirs (їх)	themselves

Приклади: I work in an office. My office is in the centre of the city. This office is mine. Call me to my office. I will come to your office myself.

Зворотні займенники вживаються також як підсилювальні слова і відповідають українському сам. У цьому значенні зворотний займенник стоїть у кінці речення або безпосередньо після підсилювального слова:

I have seen it myself. - Я бачив це сам.

I myself did not want to sleep. - Я сам не хотів спати.

Запитання для самоперевірки.

1. Чим відрізняється вживання І і ІІ форми присвійних займенників? 2. Чим відрізняється утворення однини і множини зворотних займенників?

Вправа 5. Замініть виділені іменники займенниками у називному та об'єктному відмінках.

1. The girls are playing tennis. 2. I saw the girls in the park. 3. Put the books on the shelf. 4. The books are on the shelf. 5. We have seen the film. 6. The film is very interesting. 7. My sister went to the post-office. 8. I am waiting for my sister. 9. We listened to the teacher with great interest. 10. The teacher explains a new grammar rule.

Вправа 6. Заповніть пропуски особовими займенниками у необхідному відмінку.

1. On my way home I met Peter and told ___ about the trip. 2. I need this book badly. I can't prepare my report without ___. 3. I don't know the way to the railway station. Couldn't you show it to___? 4. We are going to spend the summer in the country. Will you join ___? 5. Wait for us at the bus stop. ___ will be back in no time. 6. If you give me your home address, ___ will write to ___. 7. I know this woman. ___ works at the factory with my mother. 8. If I see Helen, I'll ask ___ to ring ___ up tomorrow. 9. I like this radio set very much. Where did you buy ___? 10. You are to be here at 7. We'll be waiting for ___.

Вказівні займенники

Однина	Переклад	Множина	Переклад
this	це, цей	these	ці
This man	Цей чоловік	these men	Ці чоловіки
This is a desk	Це - парта	These are desks	Це - парти
that	то, той	those	ті
That man	Той чоловік	Those men	Ті чоловіки
That is a desk	То - парта	Those are desks	То - парти

Кількісні займенники

Займенники many, few вживаються перед злічуваними іменниками у множині, а також замінюють їх, наприклад: There were many (a lot of) students in the room. She has few books.

Займенники much, little вживаються перед незлічуваними іменни-ками, а також замінюють їх, наприклад: There is much (a lot of) snow on the ground. I have very little time.

багато	much	мало	Little	небагато	a little
	many
	a lot of		Few		a few

Запитання для самоперевірки.

1. Чи можна вживати у множині вказівні займенники? 2. З якими іменниками вживається кількісний займенник little?

O Smile!

Teacher (on the telephone): “So you say John is too ill to come to school?”

Voice at other end: “That's right.”

Teacher: “Who am I talking to?”

Voice at the other end: “This is my father.”

Вправа 7. Запишіть речення у множині.

1. This is an apple. 2. That is a house. 3. That is a car. 4. This is a chair. 5. Is this a table? 6. Is that a star? 7. Is this a garden? 8. Is that a bus? 9. That is a classroom.

Вправа 8. Заповніть пропуски займенниками few, little, a few, a little.

1. I couldn't buy the coat because I had ___ money left. 2. Let us buy some ice-cream, I have ___ money left. 3. ___ pupils speak English as fluently as she does. 4. There were very ___ people in the streets. 5. We can't play because we have too ___ time. 6. Give me ___ apples. 7. They spent ___ days in the country and then returned to Kharkiv. 8. Ask Ann to help you to translate the letter; she knows French ___. 9. Mary works hard at her English. She makes ___ mistakes in her speech. 10. Can you lend me ___ money?

Неозначені займенники

Займенники some та any використовуються для позначення невизна-ченої кількості: some letters, some people, some sand.

Some використовується в стверджувальних реченнях, а any - в питаль-них та негативних:

Any використовується, як правило, в загальних питаннях (так - ні), а в спеціальних питаннях і питаннях-проханнях чи пропозиціях використо-вується some: Do you have any ideas where to go tonight? (загальне питання); Where can I get any information on the exhibition? (спеціальне питання до обставини місця); Would you add some salt to the salad? (питання-прохання); Do you want some more coffee? (питання-пропозиція).

У стверджувальних реченнях any означає будь-який: Any help will be welcome.

No означає ніякий, ніякі: I have no ticket. No comments.

Похідні займенники від some, any, no мають аналогічні значення:

something - щось;

somebody = someone - хтось;

somewhere - десь;

anything - щось (у питальних та негативних реченнях); що-завгодно (в стверджувальних реченнях);

anybody = anyone - хтось (у питальних та негативних реченнях); хто-завгодно (в стверджувальних реченнях);

anywhere - десь (у питальних та негативних реченнях); де-завгодно (в стверджувальних реченнях);

nothing - ніщо, нічого;

nobody = no one - ніхто;

nowhere - ніде.

Вправа 9. Заповніть пропуски займенниками some, any, no або їх похідними.

1. There were ___ of my friends there. 2. Well, anyway, there is ___ need to hurry, now that we have missed the train. 3. Have you ever seen ___ of these pictures before? 4. There is ___ water in the kettle: they have drunk it all. 5. We could not buy cherries, so we bought ___ plums instead. 6. Can I have ___ milk? -- Yes, you can have ___. 7. Have you bought ___ cheese? 8. Give me ___ books, please. I have ___ to read at home. 9. Put ___ sugar in her tea: she does not like sweet tea. 10. Is ___ the matter with you? Has ___ offended you? I see by your face that ___ has happened. 11. We did not see ___ in the hall. 12. ___ was present at the lesson yesterday. 13. He is busy. He has ___ time to go to the cinema with us. 14. Do you need ___ books to prepare for your report? 15. Do you have ___ questions? Ask me ___ you like, I will try to answer ___ of them. 16. ___ liked that play: it was very dull.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 10. Перефразуйте речення відповідно до зразків.

Model 1. This is my coat. - This coat is mine.

1. This is our university. 2. This is my note-book. 3. This is your desk. 4. This is his bicycle. 5. This is her bag. 6. This is their classroom. 7. This is our tram. 8. This is her idea.

Model 2. Your room is large. Jane's room is larger. - Jane's room is larger than yours.

1. My watch is good. Your watch is better. 2. My pen is bad. His pen is worse. 3. Their house is old. Our house is older. 4. His camera is dear. Nick's camera is dearer. 5. Her story is interesting. Her friend's story is more interesting. 6. Our teacher is young. Your teacher is younger.

Вправа 11. Доповніть речення зворотними займенникам.

Model. I've repaired my TV set. - I've repaired my TV set myself.

1. I'll go to the post-office ___. 2. She cooks breakfast ___. 3. We'll water the flowers ___. 4. The soldiers built the bridge ___. 5. Mother said to the boy, “You must always make the bed ___.” 6. If I were you, I would go there ___. 7. The chief engineer went to the conference ___.

Вправа 12. Замініть українські слова словами many, much, few, little, a few, a little.

1. There is (мало) meat in the soup. 2. I do not eat (багато) bread. 3. I have (небагато) money. 4. There is (мало) salt in the salad. 5. There is not (багато) fish on the table. 6. There is (мало) ink in the ink-stand. 7. There is not (багато) air in the room. 8. Are there (багато) cups on the table? 9. We do not eat (багато) meat at supper. 10. Is there (багато) coffee in the cup? 11. There are (небагато) things in my back-pack. 12. He has not (багато) friends. He has only (декілька).

Вправа 13. Заповніть пропуски займенниками some, any, no або їх похідними. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. Virtual visitors of the exhibition can navigate through different booths ___ time of the day. 2. Fear of having a bad time is enough to make ___ people stay at home. 3. At the party John didn't recognize ___. 4. Chimpanzees know when ___ else's thinking is wrong. 5. ___ who can ride a bicycle can understand how it works. 6. Are there ___ letters for me? 7. If ___ is done to check the problem, one in three adults will be obese by 2020. 8. You look worried. Has ___ happened? 9. Bicycles generate ___ air or noise pollution and do not require huge paved roads. 10. Would you like ___ milk to your coffee? 11. I haven't got ___ money at the moment. Would you lend me ___? 12. Let's go ___ for dinner this evening.

Вправа 14. Складіть розповідь про своє студентське життя, використо-вуючи активні слова та словосполучення.



Lesson 1.6 Hobby

Усна тема. Моє хобі

Знайдіть у словнику підкреслені слова та словосполучення і прочи-тайте текст.

MY HOBBY

Hobby is a person's favourite occupation, something that he likes doing in his free time. Is it necessary for a person to have a hobby? I think so. It is very important for us to do what we are really interested in and what we are good at. It lets us show our worth and become aware of the importance and usefulness of our life.

It's clear that people usually choose hobbies according to their interests. That's why there're so many ways of spending leisure time. Many people are fond of collecting things. They collect stamps, postcards, badgers, toys, coins, cassettes and CDs. I've a friend collecting toy pigs. She has already got about 150 specimens in her collection.

As far as my interests are concerned, my favourite occupation is drawing. In my early childhood I could be sitting for hours at a stretch filling my albums with fancy flowers, animals, people and houses. I drew on everything (including wallpaper, furniture, sand and asphalt) and with everything (with pencils, felt-pens, water-colors, chalks and slicks on the sand or ground). My room is full of my drawings. There're cartoon characters, faces of my friends, parents and teachers, scenery sketches in it. I used to dream of becoming a painter, but I see no sense now in combining career and hobby. It simply became my favourite activity in my leisure time and is helping me to relax.

My younger brother, on the opposite, is hoping to make his computer hobby his future profession. Playing computer games he became seriously interested in computers and now he uses a computer in his everyday life. It's on the PC that he usually writes his school reports, listens to CDs and invents programs and quests of computer games. His choice is sure to be both interesting and useful. But in my opinion, having an interesting profession as well as an interesting hobby makes our life twice more exciting.

Вправа 1. Складіть розповідь про своє хобі, використовуючи активні слова та словосполучення з тексту.

Читання

Прочитайте текст зі словником:

An Unusual Hobby

Hi, I'm Ron Hawker. I started riding the unicycle when I was 11 years old. My mother gave me a unicycle as a Christmas present. I have never been a good athlete, so it took me a long time to learn how to ride. At first, my mother used to fight me because all the walls of my house were decorated with my fingerprints.

In a month, I could ride around the block (about half a mile) falling about 3 times. It took me several weeks to learn how to freemount. I taught my brother and a couple of my friends unicycling. Since the first day, my father was extremely supportive and always found ways to keep me involved in different unicycling activities.

Training for my first unicycling competition was interesting. My coach David used to wake me up at 5:00 a.m. every morning, to run 5 miles. At first it was very hard and even I was not sure if the whole thing was worth it ... now I know that it definitely was.

A few months later, I went with my father to Nassau County, in Long Island, New York. I never thought I was good enough to compete in an international competition. When the race started, I decided to do what my trainer, David, told me: I had to follow the first rider in order to have him (her) cut the wind. At the end of the race, I discovered that I could go faster than the first rider and I decided to pass her. As I was passing her, I fell from my unicycle but I managed to get back on and still win the race. I was VERY excited. That was my first international race and I won!!!

Письмові завдання

Вправа 2. Складіть заперечні речення до тверджень щодо прочитаного тексту “An unusual hobby” за зразком: The text is about the weather. - The text is not about the weather. The text is about a hobby.

1. The boy's name is John Brown. 2. His hobby is riding a bicycle. 3. He started riding at the age of 13. 4. This strange vehicle was his father's New Year present. 5. Ron has a sister. 6. Ron's trainer is Thomas. 7. While training Ron had to get up at 7 o'clock in the morning. 8. Ron went to competitions to New York city. 9. He was sure he would win. 10. Ron was following the first rider, who was an old man. 11. Ron lost the competitions.

O Smile!

You are an Internet Addict if ...

· Your nightmares are in HTML and GIFS.

· You start introducing yourself as “Jim at net dot com.”

· Your heart races faster and beats irregularly each time you see a new WWW site address on TV.

· All of your friends have an @ in their names.

· Your dog has its own home page.

Граматика. Багатофункціональні слова. Словотвір

Багатофункціональні слова that, one та інші

as

as (прислівник) - як, у якості: He works as a doctor. as (сполучник) - коли: as (сполучник) - оскільки: as to, as for - щодо, що стосується: As for me, I like bananas. as a rule - як правило: As a rule I get up early. as usual - як завжди: She was late as usual. as ... as - такий ... як: He is as strong as his brother.

for

for (прийменник) - для, заради: He bought flowers for his granny. for (прийменник) - протягом: I have been studying English for 10 years. for (сполучник) - тому що: He has missed the train for got into a traffic jam.

it

it (особовий займенник) - він, вона, воно (про речі): I have a car. It is red. it (неособовий займенник) - не перекладається: It is raining. it is (was) ... that - саме:

one

one (кількісний числівник) - один one (замість раніше згаданого іменника) - не перекладається, або перекладається словом, яке замінює one (неозначений займенник) - вживається в неозначено-особових реченнях, не перекладається

since

since (прийменник) - після, з since (сполучник) - відтоді, оскільки

that

that (вказівний займенник) - той that (займенник) - заміняє іменник, щоб уникнути повторення that (відносний займенник) - який, той хто that (сполучник) - що, щоб

Вправа 3. Перекладіть речення.

1. As a rule one may determine the applied forces from the conditions of the problem. 2. Space flights prove that. 3. As I didn't have enough money for a taxi, I went home on foot. 4. Jane dropped her bag as she was getting out of the car. 5. The work of the new device is much more efficient than that of the old one. 6. It is physics that has given us countless inventions. 7. By the street of by-and-bye one arrives at the house of Never. 8. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy is uncreatable and indestructible; it states that in everything that occurs in the world a transformation of energy is all that takes place. 9. The transfer of heat from one region to another occurs in many commonplace processes.

Вправа 4. Вставте for, that, it, one, since, as.

1. ___ part of atmosphere which is higher than seven miles over the Earth is called stratosphere. 2. ___ is water ___ is the most common substance in our life. 3. Magnesium is a very light metal, ___ which we find more and more applications. 4. I haven't seen him ___ that time. 5. A kettle half full of water can be boiled in half the time required for a full ___. 6. ___ mercury is commonly used in barometers, air pressure is often recorded in centimetres of mercury.

Словотвір

Утворення прикметників

іменник + суфікс
-al formal	-ful useful	-ous dangerous	-y Rainy	-less з заперечним відтінком useless	-ic magnetic

дієслово + суфікс
-able, -ible changeable	-ant, -ent Different	-ive attractive

префікс + прикметник
im- impossible	un- unexpected

Утворення прислівників

Іменник + -ly	Прикметник+-ly	Числівник+ -ly
weekly	highly	firstly

Запам'ятайте! Буква у перед суфіксом -lу змінюється на і:

happy - happily.

Деякі прислівники в англійській мові збігаються за формою з прикметниками: fast - швидкий, швидко; early - ранній, рано; loud - голосний, голосно. У реченні їх легко відрізнити від прикметників, тому що прислівник, як правило, відноситься до дієслова або прикметника, а прикметник - до іменника.

Запитання для самоперевірки.

1. За допомогою яких суфіксів можна утворити прикметник від дієслова? 2. Що ви знаєте про місце прикметника у реченні? 3. Чи збігаються за формою прикметники з прислівниками?

Вправа 5. Утворіть прикметники за допомогою суфіксів.

To change, comfort, agriculture, history, biology, centre, nature, geography, industry, post, to type, talent, gift, skill, beauty, care, event, joy, peace, to act, atom, electron, history, hero, to create, to express, end, friend, hope, help, danger, victory, noise, cloud, wind, rain.

Вправа 6. Утворіть прикметники з протилежним значенням за допомогою префіксів.

Possible, mobile, probable, comfortable, expected, happy, healthy, important, interesting, usual, skilled, known, legal, polite, regular.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 7. Знайдіть у списку Б переклад слів із списку А.

А. Distant, independent, mathematical, scientific, creative, physical, universal, practical, planetary, peaceful.

Б. Планетарний, математичний, творчий, науковий, незалежний, фізичний, віддалений, практичний, мирний, універсальний

Вправа 8. Перекладіть речення англійською. Зверніть увагу на переклад багатозначних слів.

1. Дайте мені той підручник, будь ласка. Він поряд з вашим портфелем. 2. Неможливо жити без води. 3. Хімія - такий же цікавий предмет, як і математика. 4. У мене немає словника. Я повинен його купити. 5. Саме енергія руху часток у випадковому напрямку утворює (constitute) тепло.

Вправа 9. Складіть розповідь про своє хобі, використовуючи активну лексику.

Unit 2. Social Contacts

Lesson 2.1 Asking the Way

Розмовна тема. Орієнтування в місті

Active Vocabulary:

to cross - переходити; crossing - перехрестя; block - квартал; traffic lights - світлофор; subway - метро; subway station - станція метро; right down the street - в кінці вулиці; 1 (2, 3) blocks from here - 1 (2, 3) квартали звідси; at the second corner - через квартал; at the next corner - на найближчому розі; round the corner - за рогом; right across the square (street) - прямо через майдан (вулицю); to turn - повернути; to turn left (right) - повернути ліворуч (праворуч); to get to the post-office - потрапити на пошту; within walking distance - дістатися пішки; terminal - вокзал.

Прочитайте та перекладіть діалоги.

1. V. - visitor; Mr. S. - Mr. Smith

V.: I beg your pardon. Where's the nearest subway station?

Mr. S: It's right down the street.

V.: Thank you. You've been very helpful.

Mr. S: That's all right.

2. V. - visitor; Miss P. - Miss Parker

V.: Excuse me, please. What's the way to the post office?

Miss P.: It's two blocks from here. Go straight on, then turn right at traffic lights.

V.: Thanks a lot.

Miss P.: You are welcome.

3. P. - Passer-by; Mr. B. - Mister Baker

P.: Excuse me, sir. Could you tell me how to get to the bus terminal?

Mr. B: Turn round the corner.

4. Mr. B. - Mary Barton; P. - Passer-by

M.B.: How can I get to the British Museum?

P.: Cross the street and keep to the left.

Вправа 1. Уявіть, що Ви потрапили у незнайоме місто. Зверніться до перехожого, використовуючи словосполучення, що наведені у таблиці.

Запитання	Відповідь
Excuse me, please Pardon me, sir Could you tell me I beg your pardon	is it far from how to get to how can I get to is this the right way to where is the nearest what's the way to	shop university Oxford street post-office library cafe bus stop supermarket	Cross the street Go straight on Right down the street Across the square Keep to the left (right)

Читання

Прочитайте та перекладіть текст рідною мовою.

Travelling by Air

Active Vocabulary:

to travel - подорожувати; to fly - літати; a flight - peйc; to catch a plane - встигнути на літак; to miss a plane - запізнитись на літак; to board a plane - сідати на літак; a boarding card - посадочний талон; a handbag - ручний багаж; an airhostess (stewardess) - бортпровідниця; seat belts - пристібні ремені; to take off - злітати; to land - приземлятися; to go down - знижу-ватись; to be air-sick - страждати від повітряної хвороби; to arrive at one's destination - прибувати до місця призначення; a porthole - ілюмінатор літака; visibility - видимість.

Modern life is impossible without traveling. To understand whether it is really true, you only have to go to a railway station, a port or an airport. There you will see hundreds of people hurrying to catch a train, a ship or a plane, all wanting to go somewhere and to get there as quickly as possible. For us, there is nothing like travel by air: it is more comfortable and far quicker than any other means of traveling. When you board a plane with your handbag and boarding card, the airhostess greets you and shows you to your seats. She asks the passengers to fasten their seats belts and not to smoke when the plane is on the ground, while it is taking off or landing. She gives information about the flight (speed, altitude, t° outside and so on) and offers the passengers some mineral water, lemonade or pepper mints if you are air-sick. The seats on the plane are comfortable, and you can relax either reading or looking through the window, or watching films on TV, if you don't want to sleep. When there is a long-distance flight, you'll be provided with excellent meals. Thus, the Airline Service does its best for you to enjoy the flight. Look onto the ground when the plane is going down. On and on you fly with the ever-changing scenes below - villages, fields and hills, rivers and valleys, each following the other with great speed, till you arrive at your destination and safely land at an airport. In fact, there's no better way of traveling than by air.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. Is modern life possible without traveling? 2. Which is the fastest way of traveling? 3. What information does a stewardess (air-hostess) give passengers on a plane board? 4. What does the ground look like from a flying plane? 5. Why don't some people like to travel by planes?

O Smile!

Some Murphy Laws For Frequent Flyers

· No flight ever leaves on time unless you are running late and need the delay to make the flight.

· If you are running late for a flight, it will depart from the farthest gate within the terminal.

· If you arrive very early for a flight, it inevitably will be delayed.

· Flights never leave from Gate #1 at any terminal in the world.

· If you must work on your flight, you will experience turbulence as soon as you touch pen to paper.

· The crying baby on board of your flight is always seated next to you.

· The less carry-on luggage space is available on an aircraft, the more carry-on luggage passengers will bring aboard.

Письмові завдання

Вправа 2. Уявіть, що ви зустріли іноземного студента, який приїхав на студентську конференцію. Дайте відповіді на його запитання.

1. Could you tell me how to get from Pushkinskaya metro station to Shevchenko garden? 2. What's the shortest way from NTU “KhPI” to the Historical Museum? 3. Where is the nearest I? 4. Would you show me the way to the Students' Palace?

Граматика. Система видових та часових форм англійського дієслова. Present Simple Tense. Формування та вживання

Основні форми англійського дієслова	Приклади
Інфінітив (Infinitive)	to work; to write
Минулий неозначений час (Past Simple)	worked; wrote
Дієприкметник минулого часу (Past Participle)	worked; written
Дієприкметник теперішнього часу (Present Participle)	working; writing

Дав види стану дієслова	Приклади
Активний стан (Active Voice)	He often opens the window.
Пасивний стан (Passive Voice)	The window is opened very often.

Present Simple

Випадки вживання	Приклади
Загальновідомі факти та істини	The sun rises in the east. - Сонце підіймається на сході.
Повсякденні дії, що повторюються	I wake up at 7.00 every morning. - Я прокидаюся кожного ранку о сьомій.
В умовних реченнях після if - якщо, in case - у випадку, when - коли	I'll help you if I have time. - Я допоможу тобі, якщо матиму час.

Відмінювання дієслова to work (працювати) у Present Simple Tense (дія, яка відбувається звичайно)
I work He works She works It works We work You work They work	I do not work He does not work She does not work It does not work We do not work You do not work They do not work
Do I work? Does he work? Does she work? Does it work Do we work? Do you work? Do they work	Yes, I do Yes, he does Yes, she does Yes, it does Yes, we do Yes, you do Yes, they do	No, I don't No, he doesn't No, she doesn't No, it doesn't No, we don't No, you don't No, they don't

Вправа 3. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова у Present Simple.

1. My little sister (to go) to bed at nine o'clock every day. 2. We (to wash) our faces every morning. 3. She (not to have) maths lessons every day. 4. Your sister (to go) to school every day? -- Yes, she ___. 5. My brother (not to like) drinking coffee. 6. My mother always (to take) a bus to get to work. 7. My friend (to live) near his office, he usually (to walk) there. 8. You (to talk) to the members of your family every day? -- Yes, I ___. 9. I (to be) very tired, I (not to want) to have dinner. 10. You (to come) home at six o'clock? -- No, I ___.

Вправа 4. Запишіть речення у питальній та заперечній формах. Перекладіть речення.

1. The students usually greet this famous lecturer warmly. 2. When I fall ill, my mother sends for the doctor. 3. She looks after the patients well. 4. My father looks through newspapers every morning. 5. He gives my brother English lessons. 6. We turn on the light when it is dark. 7. Betty often takes her younger brother for a walk. 8. One uses chalk for writing on the blackboard. 9. Nina mispronounces a lot of words. 10. I finish my work at about seven o'clock.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 5. Підберіть відповіді до запитань, наприклад: 1 - і.



1	Do you change for the subway?	a	Not, yet. I have no small change.
2	Where can I take a bus?	b	No, just on the contrary, you should turn left.
3	Will you go home on foot?	c	Take bus number 3 and get off at the second stop.
4	Will you please change me a dollar?	d	The tram stop is just round this corner.
5	Where shall I change for tram number 2?	e	At Lincoln Center, not far from here.
6	Has she got on a bus?	f	Yes, certainly. I'm not a bit tired.
7	Shall I keep to the right?	g	With pleasure, I have a lot of change.
8	How can I get to the zoo?	h	No, I'm getting off here.
9	Have you paid your fare?	i	Yes, I do. I can get to the university only by the subway.
10	Will you get off at the next stop?	j	Yes, she has just engaged a seat.

Вправа 6. Поставте дієслова в дужках у потрібній формі Preset Simple.

1. My sister (to get) up at eight o'clock. 2. She (to be) a school-girl. She (to go) to school in the afternoon. 3. Jane (to be) fond of sports. She (to do) her morning exercises every day. 4. She (to have) two eggs, a sandwich and a cup of tea for breakfast. 5. After breakfast she (to go) to school. 6. It (to take) her two hours to do her homework. 7. She (to speak) French well. 8. My working day (to begin) at seven o'clock. I (to get) up, (to switch) on the radio and (to do) my morning exercises. It (to take) me fifteen minutes. At half past seven we (to have) breakfast. My father and I (to leave) home at eight o'clock. He (to take) a bus to his factory. My mother (to be) a doctor, she (to leave) home at nine o'clock. In the evening we (to gather) in the living-room. We usually (to watch) TV and (to talk). 9. My grandma (to live) in the country. She (to be) a pensioner.

Вправа 7. Складіть розповідь про те, як ви дістаєтесь з дому до свого ВНЗ, використовуючи активні слова та словосполучення.

Lesson 2.2 Travelling

Розмовна тема. Подорожі

Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.

Active Vocabulary:

vehicle - транспортний засіб; traffic jam - затор на дорозі; alert - пильний; in advance - заздалегідь; discount - знижка; journey - подорож; ticket office - білетна каса; fine - штраф; to board - сідати у вагон; accommodation - розміщення; coach - вагон; affordable - доступний за ціною; compartment - купе; luggage - багаж; lodging - тимчасове житло; berth - полка в купе; facilities - обладнання; full-fledged - повноцінний; sink - раковина.

Travelling by Train

Travelling by train can really be a fun and a memorable experience. Trains are considered one of the safest and most economical means of travelling. Trains are one of the oldest means of travelling dating back to the 17th century. Since the day they were first used, trains have become an essential means of travelling.

Travelling by train is generally much cheaper than any other fast means of travelling. Moreover, train is one of the most efficient and reliable vehicle in which you don't have to go through any traffic jams. Travelling by train may be a quite unique and leisurely experience, as you can do so many things while travelling such as: making new friends, taking a walk, chatting with other travelers, playing cards, looking at the views, reading or just sleeping. In short you can have a lot more fun in train than you would have if you were travelling by car which requires you to be alert all the time.

These are some tips for rail travel.

Ticketing

· Be aware that it can be very expensive in some countries to travel by train. Especially high speed trains can be as expensive as - but more convenient than - flying.

· If you can, book in advance. In many countries you may benefit from a substantial discount.

· Many countries offer passes, allowing several journeys to be made within a region. Inter Rail (for Europeans) and Eurail (for others) are good value for those who qualify and wish to travel extensively through Europe.

· Please buy your ticket through the Internet, in a ticket office or a ticket machine before joining the train or otherwise you may have to pay a higher price or a fine.

Boarding and accommodation on board

· Find out if the class of the car you are boarding is in the front, middle or rear of the train and stay on the platform accordingly. Ask the staff on the platform. In some countries, stations are divided into zones and diagrams show you what zone your coach number corresponds to.

· Many trains have first class accommodation. This can be available in some cases, or very expensive in others. You are paying (typically) for a wider seat and a much emptier compartment. Do not, under any circumstances, travel in first class unless you have a ticket or other permission to do so.

· Normally, the doors of a train do not open automatically. So to enter or exit a coach you have to push a button on the door or turn a handle.

· Tuck away your luggage as much as you can. Don't let it block the way or the seats for other passengers.

· For overnight journeys, consider investing in a couchette or sleeper compartment, which are often cost-competitive with lodgings for the night. A couchette cabin has 6 berths for sleeping and no other facilities around, while a full-fledged sleeper will have two to four berths and possibly bathing facilities like a sink or a shower.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. When did trains appear? 2. Why travelling by train is sometimes more preferable than by plane or by car? 3. What trains can be more expensive than a plane? 4. Where can you buy a train ticket? 5. In some countries, stations are divided into zones. What do they correspond to? 6. Where do passengers sleep during overnight journeys? 7. How many berths are there in a compartment?

Вправа 1. Висловіть свою думку про подорожі різними видами транспорту, використовуючи такі фрази.

To start with ___; I think (I believe) ___; As far as I know ___; The thing is ___; I doubt that ___; To tell the truth ___; As for me___; The trouble is___; I'm afraid___; I must confess___.

Читання

The Benefits of a Cruise Holiday

Active Vocabulary:

to be faced - стикатись; prospect - перспектива; quandary - скрутне стано-вище; available - що є в наявності; span - короткий відрізок часу; itinerary - маршрут; cabin - каюта; ashore - на березі; to dock - причалювати; arcade game - гральний автомат; to be likely - скоріш за все; like minded people - однодумці; to encourage - заохочувати; mingling - змішування.

More often than not, when you are faced with a prospect of planning a vacation, you find yourself in a quandary. A lot of options are available to you, whether these are railroad trips, vacations in hilly stations, beaches or trekking or even spending time at your parents'. Here, I am going to tell you what you will gain if you choose a cruise above all these. It offers you a big opportunity to go to a large number of places in a short span of time which you otherwise cannot visit. Often it depends on what the itinerary is and what cruise liner you choose.

The best thing is that a cruise package comes with food and it's especially good for people who tend to eat “more”. In a cruise, you also need to get settled at one place only, in your cabin. You can go ashore to all places from here, and finally at the end of the day come back and rest here. There is no need to go and try to settle yourself at various hotels.

A lot of cruises also come with packages that plan your onshore activities, places you visit and your guides. Before you dock at a place, it tells you of the importance of the place you are going to visit, and the places recommended to visit. You can pre-book an excursion till the night before you are scheduled to dock at a place, depending upon the availability. Once you are on the shore, there will be people present to guide you through the whole excursion. This tends to make your experience a pleasant and memorable one.

On board time also can be spent in a variety of wonderful ways. There will be different types of activities for people with a wide range of interests. It may be arcade games and libraries for the quiet, or pools and parks for the more active ones. There are also special 24-hour bars and clubs for young people and all day activity packages suitable for them. Golf, aerobics, theater, comedy, shopping - you get them all here.

Finally, you are likely to spend the time in your cruise with like minded people and you have a great opportunity to make lifelong friends. Most of the activities are tailored to let people come closer to each other and encourages “social mingling” among the people.

You have the option of choosing the route, cruise liners and even the type of a cruise! A cruise guarantees a great experience for you.

Вправа 2. Знайдіть слова в тексті, що відповідають таким визначен-ням:

1) a period in which a break is taken from work or studies for rest, travel, or recreation; 2) a trip by sea in a liner for pleasure, usually calling at a number of ports; 3) a plan or line of travel; 4) a room used as an office or living quarters in a ship; 5) a short outward and return journey, esp. for relaxation, sightseeing, etc.; 6) a structure that has been built and filled with water for people to swim in; 7) a particular incident, feeling, etc., that a person has undergone.

O Smile!

From a passenger cruise ship, everyone can see a bearded man on a small island who is shouting and desperately waving his hands. “Who is it?” a passenger asks the captain. The cruise ship captain replied, “I've no idea. Every year when we pass, he goes nuts.”

Письмові завдання

Вправа 3. Підберіть відповіді до реплік, що наведені нижче.

1. - Can I help you? - ___ - Single or return? - ___ - Here you are. And your change, please.

2. - Would you like sleepers, sir? - ___ - Upper or lower berths? - ___ - Here you are.

3. - When do you want to go, sir? - ___ - When are you going to come back? - ___ - Here you are. Have a nice trip.

a) Single, please. b) I'd like to book 2 train tickets to Paris. c) On September, 15th. d) Yes, please. e) Lower, please. f) On August, 19th.

8.4. Граматика. The Past Simple Tense. Regular and Irregular Verbs. Формування та вживання. The Future Simple Tense. Формування та вживання.

The Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense

Випадки вживання	Приклади
Дії, що відбувалися у минулому, або факт, що мав місце в минулому (показники минулого часу: last year, in 1999, yesterday, etc.)	I was awarded a Bachelor's degree in 2000. - Я отримав диплом бакалавра в 2000 році.

Форма минулого часу для правильних дієслів утворюється додаванням закінчення -ed.

Відмінювання дієслова tо work (працювати) у Past Indefinite Tense правильні дієслова (дія відбувалася в минулому)
I worked Не worked She worked It worked We worked You worked They worked	I did not work He did not work She did not work It did not work We did not work, You did not work They did not work
Did I work? Did he work? Did she work? Did it work? Did we work? Did you work? Did they work?	Yes, I did Yes, he did Yes, she did Yes, it did Yes, we did Yes, you did Yes, they did	No, I didn't No, he didn't No, she didn't No, it didn't No, we didn't No, you didn't No, they didn't



Форма минулого часу для неправильних дієслів утворюється різними способами (див. таблицю неправильних дієслів (Appendix III) - другий стовпчик).

Відмінювання дієслова to write (писати) у Past Indefinite Tense неправильні дієслова (дія відбувалася в минулому)
I wrote Не wrote She wrote It wrote We wrote You wrote They wrote	I did not write He did not write She did not write It did not write We did not write You did not write They did not write
Did I write? Did he write? Did she write? Did it write? Did we write? Did you write? Did they write?	Yes, I did Yes, he did Yes, she did Yes, it did Yes, we did Yes, you did Yes, they did	No, I didn't No, he didn't No, she didn't No, it didn't No, we didn't No, you didn't No, they didn't

The Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense

Випадки вживання	Приклади
Дія відбудеться у майбутньому (tomorrow, in a few days, next week, one day, etc.)	One day I'll get married. - Колись я стану одруженим.

Відмінювання дієслова to work (працювати) у the Future Indefinite Tense (дія відбувається у майбутньому)
I shall work He will work She will work It will work We shall work You will work They will work	I shall not work He will not work She will not work It will not work We shall not work You will not work They will not work
Shall I work? Will he work? Will she work? Will it work? Shall we work? Will you work? Will they work?	Yes. I shall Yes, he will Yes, she will Yes, it will Yes, we shall Yes, you will Yes, they will	No, I shan't No, he won't No, she won't No, it won't No, we shan't No, you won't No, they won't

Увага! В сучасній англійській мові для формування майбутнього часу дієслів у першій особі частіше використовується допоміжне слово will, а не shall. Наприклад: I will see him next week. We will join you soon.

O Smile!

· A rich London banker asked a well-known painter to do a little thing for his album. The painter did it and asked one hundred pounds. “Why?” cried the banker, “it took you only five minutes to do it.” “Yes,” answered the painter, “but it took me twenty years to learn how to do it in five minutes.”

Вправа 4. Перепишіть текст у минулому (майбутньому) часі.

Boris wakes up when it is already quite light. He looks at his watch. It is a quarter to seven. Boris jumps out of bed and runs to the bath. He has just time to take a cold shower and a cup of tea with bread and butter. He is in a hurry to catch the eight o'clock train. At the railway station he meets three other boys from his group. They all have small backpacks and fishing-rods. In less than an hour they get off the train at a small station near a wood. They walk very quickly and soon find themselves on the shore of a large lake. The boys spend the whole day there fishing, boating and swimming. They return home late at night, tired but happy.

Вправа 5. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present, Past або Future Indefinite.

1. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock every day. 2. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock yesterday. 3. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock tomorrow. 4. I (not to go) to the cinema every day. 5. I (not to go) to the cinema yesterday. 6. I (not to go) to the cinema tomorrow. 7. You (to watch) TV every day? 8. You (to watch) TV yesterday? 9. You (to watch) TV in the evening? 10. When you (to leave) home for institute every day? 11. When you (to leave) home for institute yesterday? 12. When you (to leave) home for institute tomorrow? 13. My brother (to go) to work every day. He (to leave) home at a quarter past eight. As the office he (to work) at (to be) near our house, he (to walk) there. He (not to take) a bus. Yesterday he (not to go) to work. so he (to get) up at half past nine. 14. You (to have) a PT lesson yesterday? No, I ___. 15. What you (to buy) at the shop yesterday? - I (to buy) a book. 16. Yesterday my father (not to read) newspapers because he (to be) very busy. He (to read) newspapers tomorrow.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 6. Визначте часові форми дієслова в реченнях. Запишіть речення у питальній та заперечній формах. Перекладіть речення.

1. At last he gave the last kiss to well-wishers and got on deck. 2. These boys and girls will study at an English technical college in a year. 3. I will test the device tomorrow. 4. Teachers sometimes hang tables and diagrams before their lectures. 5. The students will go to the institute on the first of September. 6. He always waits for his girl-friend. 7. I translated this article 2 days ago. 8. My daughter left France at the age of 5. 9. The scientist made a very interesting experiment last week. 10. My father usually stays at this hotel.

Вправа 7. Дайте відповіді на запитання, користуючись зразками.

1. I like travelling by sea, and you? - So do I.

2. He can't stand sea voyages, and you? - Neither сan I.

1. I don't know our ports of call, and you? - І я також. 2. A friend of mine enjoys travelling by sea, and you? - І я також. 3. I had a nice trip last summer, and you? - І я також. 4. I am a poor sailor, and you? - І я також. 5. We'll go sightseeing at every port of call, and you? - І я також. 6. I think a sea voyage is rather boring, and you? - І я також. 7. My brother prefers to travel by sea, and you? - І я також.

Вправа 8. Складіть розповідь про подорож одним з видів транспорту, використовуючи активні слова та словосполучення.



Lesson 2.3 At the Customs

Розмовна тема. На митниці

Прочитайте та перекладіть наступні д...