English for technical students

- Ти часто перекладаєш тексти? - Так.

- Як часто ти робиш переклади? - Я звичайно перекладаю один текст на день.

- Як давно ти робиш переклади з іноземної мови? - Я перекладаю тексти з того часу, як почав учити англійську.

- Ти сьогодні переклав які-небудь тексти? - Так, я сьогодні переклав один текст і завтра збираюсь перекласти ще один.

- Коли ти завтра будеш робити переклад? - Завтра я буду перекладати текст з другої до третьої години.

Вправа 7. Складіть листа з розповіддю про свою країну, використову-ючи активні слова та вирази (7-10 речень).

Lesson 3.2 Education in Ukraine

Розмовна тема. Освіта в Україні

Active Vocabulary:

Pre-school education; compulsory education; fee-paying education; obligatory subjects; slant; optional courses; gymnasium; lyceum; extra-curricular activities; vocational training school; postgraduate education; applicant.

Present day independent Ukraine has a well-developed system of education which matches the standards of the developed countries. Pre-school education is not compulsory and is fee-paying. Most parents take their children to nursery schools or kindergartens at the age of 3. Up to the age of 5 children mostly eat, sleep and play there, but in senior groups they are taught the basics of arithmetic, reading, writing, and arts and foreign languages in some schools.

Compulsory secondary education begins at the age of 6-7 and is free in state schools and fee-paying in private ones. Some schools, especially those with language slant, have preparatory classes. Secondary education includes three stages: primary (1^st - 3^rd grades), basic (4^th - 9^th grades) and senior (10^th - 11^th grades). In regular secondary schools children start learning foreign languages from the 5^th grade and have fewer lessons of language a week than schools with profound learning of languages that start teaching languages from the 1^st grade. Recently new types of schools have appeared: gymnasiums and lyceums. In addition, there are schools with technical, computer, mathematical, law, pedagogical and art slant. All the subjects in the secondary schools are obligatory but there are optional courses that students of senior grades can take in addition to the required ones.

Extra-curricular activities usually include a variety of sports and drama clubs, interest groups and various school parties.

Those senior students, who want to get qualification alongside the secondary education, can go to vocational training school. Post-secondary education is provided by technical schools and colleges of 1^st and 2^nd Level of Accreditation that train young specialists in different trades.

Institutions of higher education (higher educational establishments) include universities, academies, institutes and conservatories. They all hold entrance examinations to select the best applicants to be their students. There are Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Kyiv Polytechnic University, Inter-national Independent University, Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, Kharkiv State Polytechnic University and many others among the best known higher educational establishments.

Postgraduate education begins after the last year of studies and usually results in theses on the chosen scientific theme and the degree of the Candidate of Sciences. Doctorate Degree is awarded for an outstanding scientific research.

Вправа 1. Доповніть речення інформацією з тексту.

1. There are some stages of education in Ukraine, they are: ___. 2. Compulsory secondary education begins ___ and is ___ in state schools but ___ in private schools. 3. Vocational schools provide ___ education and train specialists in different ___. 4. Institutions of higher education include ___. 5. The most famous higher educational establishments are ___. 6. ___ begins after the last year at University.

Письмове завдання

Вправа 2. Перекладіть англійською.

1. Більшість вищих навчальних закладів пропонують п'ятирічну програму навчання. 2. Учні не повинні носити шкільну форму. 3. Приватна освіта - платна. 4. Обов'язкова середня освіта представлена державними загально-освітніми школами та приватними школами. 5. Дошкільну освіту малята отримують у дитячих садочках, за які батьки мають платити. 6. Освіта в незалежній України добре розвинена і відповідає стандартам країн Західної Європи.

Розмовні формули. Agreement - Disagreement

Прочитайте зразки розмовних формул і складіть коротенькі діалоги.

Table 1 - Positive requests (Ввічливі запитання)

№	Pattern	Example	Translation
1.	Will you + Infinitive	Will you open the window, please?	Відкрийте, будь ласка, вікно.
2.	Would (could) you +Infinitive	Would you translate the letter for me?	Чи не могли б Ви перекласти цей лист для мене?
3.	Would you mind + Gerund?	Would you mind going to the movies tonight?	Чи не хотів би ти сходити в кіно сьогодні ввечері?
4.	Would you be so kind as + Infinitive	Would you be so kind as to close the window?	Чи не будете Ви так люб'язні закрити вікно?

Table 2 - Positive replies (Позитивні відповіді)

№	Pattern	Translation
1.	OK (O.K. / Okay)	Добре, згода, все в порядку
2.	Good	Добре
3.	All right	Добре
4.	Sure	Звичайно
5.	(Yes,) certainly	Так, звичайно
6.	(Yes,) of course	Так, звичайно
7.	By all means	Безперечно
8.	Here you are	Візьміть, будь ласка (коли щось дають)
9.	No problem	Нема проблем
10.	With pleasure	Із задоволенням

Table 3 - Negative replies (Негативні відповіді)

№	Pattern	Translation
1.	Sorry, I can't	Пробачте, не можу
2.	I'm afraid I can't	Боюсь, що не можу
3.	Sorry, but ...	Пробачте, але ...
4.	I wish I could but ...	Прикро, але ...
5.	By no means	Ні в якому разі
6.	Never	Ніколи (Ні за що)



Examples

1. Will you help me to move the table? - Yes, of course. - Sorry, I can't.

2. Could you lend me 5 bucks till Saturday? - Sure. - Sorry, but I'm rather short of money at the moment.

3. Would you fill in this form, please? - All right. - I'm afraid I can't. I'm illiterate.

4. Would you be so kind as to show me the way to the railway station? - No problem. You should go straight on and in five minutes you'll be there. - I wish I could but I'm a foreigner myself.

5. Will you call him tomorrow? - OK. - Never. We fell out with him.

Читання

Прочитайте текст без словника.

What are the Smallest Particles We Know about?

For many years, the only known subatomic particles were protons, neutrons and electrons. By the 1960s, however, advancements in particle accelerator technology had shown evidence of hundreds of smaller constituent particles.

These particles fall into several main categories.

Fermions are the building-block particles. There are two types of material fermions: quarks, which work to hold the nucleus of an atom together, and leptons, which do not.

Hadrons are composite particles made of smaller particles. A proton, for example, is a hadron made from a combination of different quarks.

Bosons are subatomic particles that carry force.

Виберіть правильний варіант.

1. The existence of great amount of elementary particles was proved in ___.

a) the middle of the 20^th century b) in the 18^th century c) last year

2. There are ___ of fermions.

a) hundreds of types b) two types c) five types

3. Bosons are elementary particles that carry ___.

a) light b) mass c) force

OSmile!

One student in Rutherford's lab was very hard-working. Rutherford had noticed it and asked one evening: - Do you work in the mornings too? - Yes, - proudly answered the student sure he would be commended. - But when do you think? - amazed Rutherford.

Граматика. Пасивний стан дієслова груп Indefinite

Пасивний стан (Passive Voice)

Стан - це категорія дієслова, яка демонструє відношення дії до суб'єкта чи об'єкта дії.

Пасивний стан показує, що дія направлена на предмет або особу, які є підметом (статтю перекладено, дім будується).

Наприклад:

Popov invented the radio. - активний стан (Active Voice) - Попов винайшов радіо.

The radio was invented by Popov. - пасивний стан (Passive Voice) - Радіо було винайдено Поповим. Пасивний стан - це складна аналітична форма, яка утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be у відповідному часі, особі та числі та дієприкметника минулого часу (Participle II):

to be + Participle II

Запам'ятайте! Вживання часів пасивного стану відбувається за такими ж правилами, як і часів активного стану.

Відмінювання дієслів групи Indefinite (Simple) Passive Voice

Стверджувальна форма

Present	Past	Future
I am asked	I was asked	I shall be asked
The letter is written	The letter was written	The letter will be written
The letters are written	The letters were written	The letters will be written



Питальна форма

У питальній формі змінюється порядок слів: перед підметом ставиться перше допоміжне дієслово.

Present	Past	Future
Am I asked?	Was I asked?	Shall I be asked
Is the letter written?	Was the letter written?	Will the letter be written?
Are the letters written?	Were the letters written?	Will the letters be written?

Заперечна форма

Заперечна частка not ставиться після першого допоміжного дієслова.

Present	Past	Future
I am not asked	I was not asked	I shall not be asked
The letter is not written	The letter was not written	The letter will not be written
The letters are not written	The letters were not written	The letters will not be written

Запам'ятайте! У пасивному стані лише допоміжне дієслово змінюється за часом.

Запитання для самоперевірки.

1. Як утворюється Participle II? 2. Коли вживається Present Indefinite Passive Voice? 3. Чим відрізняється Passive Voice від Active Voice?

Запам'ятайте прислів'я з Passive Voice!

Marriages are made in heaven. The road to hell is paved with good intensions.

Вправа 4. Уважно прочитайте речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад. Визначте стан та час присудка у реченнях.

1. The Earth attracts the Moon. - The Moon is attracted by the Earth. Земля притягає Місяць. - Місяць притягається Землею. 2. Shevchenko wrote “Kateryna” - “Kateryna” was written by Shevchenko. Шевченко написав «Ка-терину». - «Катерина» написана Шевченком. 3. They will build the palace. - The palace will be built by them. Вони збудують палац. - Палац буде збудо-ваний ними. 4. Students translated texts at home. - The texts were translated by student at home. Студенти переклали тексти вдома. - Тексти були перекладені студентами вдома. 5. The teacher asked me some questions. - I was asked some questions. Викладач задав мені декілька запитань. - Мені було задано декілька запитань.

Вправа 5. Заповніть пропуски дієсловом to be у потрібній формі та перекладіть речення.

1. Our laboratory ___ provided with all necessary equipment next year. 2. These modern houses ___ built last year. 3. My friend ___ asked at the lesson yesterday. 4. The old houses ___ reconstructed in our city now. 5. We ___ offered an interesting work tomorrow. 6. This novel ___ written by Charles Dickens. 7. The shop ___ closed at eight yesterday. 8. When ___ Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute founded? 9. The newspapers ___ usually brought in the morning. 10. An interesting problem ___ discussed at the last lecture. 11. The academic year ___ divided in two terms. 12. The experiments ___ completed by the end of the week. 13. Metallic objects ___ attracted by a magnet. 14. Ukraine ___ subdivided into 24 regions.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 6. Поставте заперечення та усі можливі запитання до речень.

1. I am asked by my teacher at every lesson. 2. These trees were planted by the students of our University in 1990. 3. Many books for children will be published in our country next year.

Вправа 7. Розкрийте дужки та поставте дієслова у потрібній формі пасиву.

1. Those books (to return) to the library yesterday. 2. The patient (to take) to the hospital last week, and (to operate) on tomorrow morning. 3. This room (to use) only on special occasions. 4. Litter must not (to leave) here. 5. This newspaper (not to read) because the pages (not to cut). 6. Dictionaries may not (to use) at the examination. 7. Usually the experiments (to carry out) every day, but they (not to make) yesterday. 8. Thousands of new houses (to build) every year. 9. These methods often (to use) in production.

Вправа 8. Складіть розповідь про освіту в Україні, використовуючи активні слова та словосполучення.

Lesson 3.3 Our Alma Mater

Розмовна тема. Наш університет

National Technical University “KhPI”

Active Vocabulary:

respectively - відповідно; outstanding scientist - видатний вчений; to admit - приймати; Academic Council - вчена рада; employee - робітник; design - проектування; to contribute - робити внесок; to appoint - призначати; position - посада; to grant - надавати; recognition - визнання; contribution - внесок; development - розвиток; extramural department - заочне відділення; alumnus (pl. alumni) - випускник; thin film - тонка плівка; strength of materials - опір матеріалів.

The history of National Technical University “KhPI” goes back to the year of 1885. It is that year when Kharkiv Institute of Technology, or KhIT (the original name of our University), was founded. The KhIT was the first technical higher educational institution in the south of the Russian Empire. When the Institute was opened it had only two faculties: mechanical and chemical and 125 students (85 at the mechanical and 40 students at the chemical faculties respectively). The founder and the first director of our Institute was Professor V.L. Kirpichov, an outstanding scientist in the field of mechanics.

By the beginning of the 20^th century the students' body of the KhIT had already numbered 1,000 students and 250 students were admitted each year. A lot of outstanding scientists whose names are known all over the world worked in KhIT at that time. They were: A.M. Lyapunov, V.A. Steklov, N.N. Beketov, K.A. Zvorikin, N.D. Pilchikov and many others. The Institute also had close contacts with such great world known scientists as D.I. Mendeleyev and N.A. Zhukovsky who were elected Honorary Members of the Academic Council of our Institute in 1904 and in 1911 respectively.

In 1930 five independent higher educational institutions for mechanical engineering, electrical technology, chemical technology, engineering & construction and aviation were set up on the basis of five separate faculties of the institute.

During the years of the World War II over three thousand professors, students and employees of the institute joined the Army. Evacuated to the cities of Krasnoufimsk and Chirchiq, the institute not only continued training engineering staff, but also solved urgent scientific problems related to strengthening the defense of the country (such as contributing to the tank design work led by Alexander Morozov, one of the key experts in the development of T-34 tank).

In 1949 four higher educational establishments, namely the institutes for mechanical engineering, chemical technology, electrical technology and the institute of the cement industry reunited into the V.I. Lenin Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute. Professor Mikhail Semko was appointed its rector and stayed at this position for 30 years.

In April 1994 the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine granted Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute the university status, so it was renamed to Kharkiv State Polytechnic University (KhSPU).

On the 11^th of September 2000 (two thousand) our Institute was given the name of National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”. The status of “National” is a recognition of our Institute contribution to the development of national higher education, science and economy.

NTU “KhPI” is one of the leading higher educational establishments of Ukraine. It is also one of the largest and oldest not only in our city but in our country as well. There are more than 20 departments training students for more than 90 specialities (at day-time and extramural departments). During its glorious history our Polytechnic has trained more than 130,000 specialists. Among them are such noted alumni and employees as Lev Landau, Soviet physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1962); Nikolay Beketov, Russian physical chemist; Mikhail Gurevich, Soviet aircraft designer; Anton Valter, Soviet nuclear physicist, one of the founders of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology and many others.

Scientific schools well-known all over Ukraine and the world are developed in the fields of physics of thin films, dynamics and strength of materials, cutting machinery, design and production of turbines etc.

Many University departments cooperate with foreign countries: Germany, Hungary, Austria, France and America in various fields of modern technology and business.

Вправа 1. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. When was our university founded? 2. Who was the founder and the first director of our university? 3. What outstanding scientists worked at our university at the beginning of the 20^th century? 4. When was our Institute given the name of National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”? 5. How many departments are there in NTU “KhPI”? 6. What scientific schools are developed in our university? 7. What foreign countries does our University cooperate with?

Вправа 2. Доповніть діалоги, розіграйте їх у парах.

1. - I am going to be a/an ___ - Why? - For a number of reasons. - What reasons? - The main one is ___. - Where are you going to study? - I am going to study ___.

2. - Have you passed your exams? - Yes, it was not very difficult. - It is because you worked ___. - Well, it was all right in ___, but I did not do so well in ___. - And what about your ___? - Not so bad, ___.

Письмове завдання

Вправа 3. Поставте запитання до стверджувальних речень за темою «Наш університет».

1. The history of National Technical University “KhPI” goes back to the year of 1885. 2. A lot of outstanding scientists worked in the KhIT. 3. By the beginning of the 20^th century the students' body of the KhIT had already numbered 1,000 students. 4. The KhIT was the first technical higher educational institution in the south of Russian Empire. 5. Professor M.F. Semko was appointed the Rector of the Polytechnic Institute. 6. The Institute had close contacts with such great world known scientists as D.I. Mendeleyev and N.A. Zhukovsky.

Вправа 4. Заповніть пропуски у тексті (лист до друга з розповіддю про навчання в НТУ „ХПІ”).

September, ___, 20___

My dear friend ___,

I want to tell you a few words about my university.

I am a first-year student of ___ University. My University is in ___ street / highway next to the ___ Metro station / bus / tram stop. My University is / is not large. There are few / quite a few lecture halls, rooms for studies and laboratories there. Its research laboratories are / are not provided with the most up-to-date equipment. The scientists of our University carry out research in various fields such as ___. There are very many / some / no well-known scientists working at our University.

My major is ___. As a first-year student I am not doing any research yet but I am planning to take part in the research activities of our department next year /in a year / in the third year. I am going to graduate from the University in ___.

Now I live in a hostel quite near to / rather far away from the University. I share the room with first year / graduate students. They are quite / not really friendly. Along with studying I am also interested in ___. We have all the opportunities to train any kind of sports at our sports grounds and special facilities.

I would like to know about your student's life and your educational establishment.

I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.

Love.

Your friend ___.

Розмовні формули. Approval

Прочитайте зразки розмовних формул і складіть коротенькі діалоги.

We may agree or disagree when somebody states something. E.g.:

This is an interesting book. The weather is bad today.

Table 1 - Agreement (Згода)

№	Patterns	Translation
1.	Yes, of course	Так, звичайно
2.	You are (quite, absolutely) right	Ви абсолютно праві
3.	It goes without saying	Безперечно
4.	It's (absolutely) true	Абсолютно правильно
5.	I agree with you	Я з вами згоден
6.	I think so	Думаю, що так
7.	I believe so	Надіюся, що так
8.	Exactly	Звичайно, саме так
9.	Just so!	Цілком правильно
10.	Quite so!	Цілком правильно

Table 2 - Disagreement (Незгода)

№	Patterns	Translation
1.	Certainly not	Звичайно, ні
2.	I can't agree with you	Я не можу з Вами погодитись
3.	I don't think so	Я так не думаю
4.	Not exactly	Це не зовсім так
5.	I think you are not right	Я думаю, ви неправі
6.	It may not be true	Можливо, це не так
7.	It's not absolutely true	Це не зовсім так
8.	Nothing of the kind	Нічого подібного
9.	Nonsense	Маєчня, дурня
10.	Stuff and nonsense!	Маєчня, дурня
11.	Rats!	Маєчня, дурня

Our emotional reaction to some statement may be also as follows:

We age going to London in two days. There will be no English lesson next week.



Table 3 - Emotional replies (Емоційні відповіді)

Positive	Negative
Good	Добре	I don't like the idea	Мені це не подобається
Nice	Чудово	I hate the idea	Мені це дуже не подобається
I like the idea	Мені подобається ідея	It's awful!	Жахливо!
Excellent!	Відмінно	It's terrible!	Жахливо!
Marvelous!	Пречудово	Can it be true?	Невже це правда?
Superb!	Неперевершено	It's a pity!	Як жаль!
Fantastic!	Фантастика	It's too bad!	Погано!
Incredible!	Неймовірно
Unbelievable!	Неймовірно
I can't believe it!	Не можу повірити	I can't believe it!	Не можу повірити

Вправа 5. Складіть короткі діалоги, використовуючи вирази згоди - незгоди та емоційного ставлення до тверджень.

Читання

Прочитайте текст зі словником.

What's a Neutrino?

A neutrino, an elementary particle whose existence was first suggested by physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1930, is electrically neutral and can pass through ordinary substances intact, rarely interacting with other particles. Neutrinos are believed to have a very small mass or possibly no mass whatsoever.

Neutrinos are one of the fundamental particles which make up the universe. They are also one of the least understood.

Neutrinos are similar to the more familiar electron, with one crucial difference: neutrinos do not carry electric charge. Because neutrinos are electrically neutral, they are not affected by the electromagnetic forces which act on electrons. Neutrinos are affected only by a “weak” sub-atomic force of much shorter range than electromagnetism, and are therefore able to pass through great distances in matter without being affected by it. If neutrinos have mass, they also interact gravitationally with other massive particles, but gravity is by far the weakest of the four known forces.

Three types of neutrinos are known; there is strong evidence that no additional neutrinos exist, unless their properties are unexpectedly very different from the known types. Each type of neutrino is related to a charged particle (which gives the corresponding neutrino its name). Hence, the “electron neutrino” is associated with the electron, and two other neutrinos are associated with heavier versions of the electron called the muon and the tau (elementary particles are frequently labelled with Greek letters, to confuse the layman).

Виберіть правильний варіант.

1. The existence of a neutrino was predicted by physicist ___.

a) Enrico Fermi b) Niels Bohr c) Wolfgang Pauli

2. Neutrinos are ___.

a) electrically neutral b) positively charged c) negatively charged

3. There are ___ types of neutrinos.

a) seven b) two c) three

4. It is considered that a neutrino has a very small ___.

a) mass b) energy c) size

OSmile !

- How many programmers does it take to change a light-bulb?

- None. It's a hardware problem.

Граматика. Пасивний стан дієслова груп Continuous, Perfect.

Continuous Passive Voice.

Стверджувальна форма

Запам'ятайте! В Passive Voice не використовується форма Continuous у майбутньому часі. Замість Future Continuous вживається Future Indefinite

Present	Past
I am being asked.	I was being asked.
The letter is being written.	The letter was being written.
The letters are being written.	The letters were being written.



Питальна форма (Загальні запитання)

Запам'ятайте! У питальній формі змінюється порядок слів: перед під-метом ставиться перше допоміжне дієслово.

Present	Past
Am I being asked?	Was I being asked?
Is the letter being written?	Was the letter being written?
Are the letters being written?	Were the letters being written?

Заперечна форма

Запам'ятайте! Заперечна частка not ставиться після першого допоміж-ного дієслова.

Present	Past
I am not being asked.	I was not being asked.
The letter is not being written.	The letter was not being written.
The letters are not being written.	The letters were not being written.

Perfect Passive Voice

Стверджувальна форма

Present	Past	Future
I have been asked.	I had been asked.	I shall have been asked.
The letter has been written.	The letter had been written.	The letter will have been written.
Letters have been written.	Letters had been written.	Letters will have been written.



Питальна форма (Загальні запитання)

Present	Past	Future
Have I been asked?	Had I been asked?	Shall I have been asked?
Has the letter been written?	Had the letter been written?	Will the letter have been written?
Have letters been written?	Had letters been written?	Will letters have been written?

Заперечна форма

Present	Past	Future
I have not been asked.	I had not been asked.	I shall not have been asked.
The letter has not been written.	The letter had not been written.	The letter will not been written.
Letters have not been written.	Letters had not been written.	Letters will not have been written.

Запитання для самоперевірки.

1. Як утворюється запитання, коли є декілька допоміжних дієслів? 2. Коли вживається Continuous Passive Voice? 3. Коли вживається Perfect Passive Voice?

Вправа 6. Перекладіть речення. Визначте час та стан присудка у кожному реченні.

1. The Nobel Prize has been awarded to British scientists for this outstanding discovery. 2. Lasers have been used by communication and building workers, drillers etc. They have been made to help doctors and scientists in their research. 3. Experts believe that by the end of the decade lasers will have been used in many fields of technology. 4. When modern computers had been designed they found wide application in industry. 5. Polypropylene resins are being used in films, tubes and hundreds of other industrial articles. 6. Polymers are machined much better and easier than wood, stone or metal, therefore so much attention is being paid to these man-made materials at present. 7. The construction of the road was being completed when the commission arrived. 8. When I come home the family will be watching TV.

Вправа 7. Перетворіть речення із активного стану у пасивний.

1. We use these clothes only on special occasions. 2. He published the book last year. 3. Somebody has opened the door and switched on the light. 4. They will answer you in some days. 5. Who wrote this novel? 6. They showed her the easiest way to do it. 7. We have looked for the wallet everywhere. 8. Nobody has visited him. 9. They will have finished the work by twelve. 10. Students are taking the exams now.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 8. Поставте присудок у реченнях в усі форми пасивного стану. Виберіть необхідний індикатор часу: always, often, in 2001, yesterday, at five o'clock tomorrow, in a week, today, by the end of the month, when I came in, by the time of our arrival, at the moment, during the break, just.

1. The articles are translated by Peter. 2. The devices are constructed by our engineers.

Вправа 9. Визначте часову форму пасивного стану дієслова у кожному реченні.

1. Interesting and important research works are made all over the world. An interesting research in the field of power engineering is being currently made at our Institute. 2. Weather conditions in the North were studied by meteo-rologists daily. The information about these conditions was being studied by our group during a week. 3. The accuracy of machine-tools will be improved from year to year. Only one machine-tool is being worked at in our laboratory. 4. The advantages of solar energy use are understood by everybody. Now solar energy and its application are being studied by lots of research groups. 5. New methods of obtaining polymers have been applied lately. 6. The flexible line that has been recently developed at our plant. It has greatly improved the production process. 7. A great number of experiments at the research institute had been made before the flood defense system was worked out. 8. Our workshop will have been equipped with new multipurpose machine-tools by the time when the reconstruction of the plant is over.

Вправа 10. Складіть розповідь про свій вищий навчальний заклад з використанням активних слів та виразів.

Lesson 3.4 My Department

Розмовна тема. Мій факультет

Вправа 1. Доповніть текст даними про ваш факультет.

The department of ___ was founded in ___.

It trains specialists for ___ industry.

It closely cooperates with industrial enterprises such as ___.

Besides training specialists our department conducts research and scientific work.

Many well-known scientists such as ___ worked at our department.

At present time the department trains specialists in ___ specialities. These specialities are: ___.

Graduates of our department work at ___.

Departments and specialities of the NTU “KhPI”

1.	Mechanical and Technological Faculty (Механіко-технологічний факультет) · Foundry and foundry equipment (Ливарне виробництво та ливарне обладнання) · Applied materials science (Прикладне матеріалознавство) · Pressurized metal forming equipment (Обладнання для обробки металів тиском) · Computer-aided and integrated technologies, processes and production (Комп'ютерно-інтегровані технології, процеси та виробництва) · Computer-aided design and information technologies (Інформаційні технології проектування)
2.	Mechanical Engineering Faculty (Машинобудівний факультет) · Mechanical engineering technology (Технологія машинобудування) · Mechanical handling machinery (Підйомно-транспортне обладнання) · Metal cutting machine-tools (Металоріжучі верстати) · Hydraulic and pneumatic machinery and hydraulic drive (Гідро- пневмоавтоматика та гідропривід) · Computer-aided control of the technological processes (Комп'ютерне управління технологічними процесами) · Automation of technological process and production (Автоматизація технологічних процесів та виробництв)
3.	Power-Plant Engineering Faculty (Енергомашинобудівний факультет) · Heat and power engineering (Теплоенергетика) · Boilers and reactors (Котли і реактори) · Hydraulic and pneumatic machines (Гідравлічні та пневматичні машини) · Hydro-power engineering (Гідроенергетика) · Power management (Енергетичний менеджмент) · Turbines (Турбіни) · Thermal physics (Термофізика) · Gas and oil-mining equipment (Обладнання газових і нафтових промислів)
4.	Transport Engineering Faculty (Факультет транспортного машинобудування) · Internal combustion engines (Двигуни внутрішнього згоряння) · Military wheel and caterpillar vehicles (Військові колісні та гусеничні машини) · Electric systems and vehicle complexes (Електричні системи і комплекси транспортних засобів) · Urban electric transport (Міський електротранспорт) · Rolling stock and special technical equipment of railway transport (Рухомий склад і спеціальна техніка залізничного транспорту) · Motor-car- and tractor building (Автомобіле- та тракторобудування) · Automobiles and automobile industry (Автомобілі та автомобільне господарство) · Computer-aided design of vehicles (Комп'ютерне проектування транспортних засобів)
5.	Faculty of Physics and Technology (Фізико-технічний факультет) · Physical materials science (Фізичне матеріалознавство) · Alternative power sources (Нетрадиційні джерела енергії) · Cryogenic engineering (Кріогенна техніка і технології) · Technical equipment and high voltage electrophysics (Техніка і електрофізика високих напруг) · Nano- and micro-technologies (Нано- і мікротехнології)
6.	Electric Machine-Engineering Faculty (Електромашинобудівний факультет) · Devices and systems of nondestructive testing (Прилади і системи неруйнівного контролю) · Automated electromechanical systems and electric drive (Електромеханічні автоматизовані системи і електропривід) · Electric machines and equipment (Електричні машини і прилади) · Electronic systems (Електронні системи) · Home appliances (Електропобутові прилади) · Scientific, analytical and ecological devices and systems (Наукові, аналітичні прилади та системи) · Physical and biomedical electronics (Фізична і біомедична електроніка)
7.	Electric Power Engineering Faculty (Електроенергетичний факультет) · Power plants (Електростанції) · Electric systems and networks (Електричні системи і мережі) · Electric power generation and distribution control systems (Системи управління виробництвом і розподілом електроенергії) · Electrical engineering (Електротехніка) · Power management (Енергетичний менеджмент)
8.	Faculty of Automation and Instrument Making (Факультет автоматизації та приладобудування) Radio physics and electronics (Радіофізика та електроніка) Bio-engineering and medical devices and systems (Біотехнології та медичні прилади і системи) Metrology and measuring equipment (Метрологія і вимірювальна техніка) Automatics and control systems (Автоматика і системи управління) Information measuring systems (Інформаційні вимірювальні системи)
9.	Faculty of Technology of Inorganic Substances (Факультет технології неорганічних речовин) · Chemical technology of inorganic substances (Хімічна технологія неорганічних речовин) · Engineering electrochemistry (Технічна електрохімія) · Chemical technology of refractory nonmetallic silicate materials (Хімічна технологія тугоплавких неметалевих силікатних матеріалів) · Chemical technology of rare dispersed elements and materials based on them (Хімічна технологія рідкісних розсіяних елементів та матеріалів на їхній основі)
10.	Faculty of Technology of Organic Substances (Факультет технології органічних речовин) · Chemical technology of organic substances (Хімічна технологія органічних речовин) · Industrial biotechnology (Промислова біотехнологія) · Chemical technology of fuel and carbon materials (Хімічна технологія палива та вуглецевих матеріалів) · Technology of fats and fat substitutes (Технологія жирів та жирозамінників) · Chemical technology of high-molecular substances (Хімічна технологія високомолекулярних речовин) · Oil and gas production (Видобування нафти та газу) · Technology of fermentation production and wine-making (Технологія бродильних виробництв і виноробства) · Biotechnology of bioactive substances (Біотехнологія біологічно-активних речовин)
11.	Faculty of Integrated Technologies and Chemical Engineering (Факультет інтегрованих технологій) · Equipment for chemical production (Обладнання для хімічного виробництва) · Equipment for food industry (Обладнання харчової промисловості) · Chemical technology of high-molecular compounds (Хімічна технологія високомолекулярних сполук) · Ecology and environmental protection (Екологія та охорона навколишнього середовища) · Computer-aided integrated technologies (Комп'ютерні інтегровані технології) · Polymer processing technology (Технологія переробки полімерів) · Automation of technological processes and production (Автоматизація технологічних процесів і виробництва)

Прочитайте про різні факультети деяких університетів світу (див. Appendix I).

Письмове завдання

Вправа 2. Дайте відповіді на запитання про один з факультетів вашого ВНЗ.

1. When was the department founded? 2. What industry does it train specialists for? 3. What industrial enterprises does it cooperate with? 4. Who of well-known scientists worked at the department? 5. How many specialities are there at the department? 6. Where do graduates of the department work at?

Читання

Прочитайте текст зі словником.

What Does the Large Hadron Collider Do?

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is currently being installed in a 27-kilometer ring buried deep below the countryside on the outskirts of Geneva, Switzerland. It started its operation in 2007, and became the world's most powerful particle accelerator. During the experiments, high-energy protons in two counter-rotating beams are smashed together in a search for signatures of supersymmetry, dark matter and the origins of mass.

The beams are made up of bunches containing billions of protons. Traveling at a whisker below the speed of light they are injected, accelerated, and kept circulating for hours, guided by thousands of powerful superconducting magnets.

The experiments' detectors will watch carefully as the energy of colliding protons transforms into thousands of exotic particles. The detectors could see up to 600 million collision events per second, with the experiments trying to obtain the data for signs of extremely rare events such as the creation of the much-sought Higgs boson.

Виберіть правильний варіант.

1. The Large Hadron Collider is a powerful ___.

a) laser b) particle accelerator c) atomic power plant

2. The LHC is built in ___.

a) Switzerland b) France c) America

3. During the experiments, the beams of high energy ___ collide.

a) molecules b) protons c) electrons

4. The scientists try to observe the creation of ___.

a) Dirac's positron b) Rutherford's atom c) Higgs boson

Граматика. Особливості перекладу пасивних конструкцій

В англійській мові пасивний стан вживається частіше, ніж в українській. Існує декілька випадків, коли переклад присудка у пасивному стані становить певні труднощі.

1. Якщо у пасивному стані є носій дії (by somebody), то при перекладі можна вживати особову форму дієслова в активному стані:

The news is brougt by my sister. - Новину принесла моя сестра.

2. Якщо присудок у пасивній конструкції виражений дієсловом з прийменником, то підмет перекладають додатком з відповідним прийменником, а присудок - неозначено-особовою формою дієслова.

The doctor was sent for. - Послали за лікарем.

The child is being looked after. - За дитиною доглядають.

Запам'ятайте дієслова з прийменником!

to look for - шукати	to wait for - чекати
to look through - переглядати	to pay attention to - звертати увагу на
to work on - працювати над	to listen to - слухати
to refer to - посилатися на	to rely on - покладатися на

3. Безособові конструкції перекладають наступним чином:

It is known that ... - Відомо, що ...	It is expected that ... - Чекають, що ...
It is said that ... - Говорять, що ...	It should be mentioned that ... - Слід згадати, що ...

Запитання для самоперевірки.

1. Чому з'являються труднощі при перекладі пасивних конструкцій з англійської на українську мову? 2. Як перекладаються речення, у яких присудок виражений дієсловом з прийменником?

Вправа 3. Перекладіть речення. Зверніть увагу на дієслова, які потребують після себе прийменника.

1. He was listened to with great attention. 2. The child was looked for everywhere. 3. The documents were sent for a week ago. 4. Her children will be taken care of. 5. She is always waited for. 6. Tsiolkovsky's works are often referred to at present. 7. He doesn't like to be laughed at. 8. The results of the last experiment were constantly referred to by the professor.

Вправа 4. Поставте дієслово в дужках у необхідному часі.

1. The inventor of the radio, Popov, (to be born) in 1859. 2. The work (to be done) by students at the laboratory. 3. The mother (to be told) not to worry about her sick boy. 4. He (to be examined) soon by the doctor. 5. It (to be called) Pussy, but my little sister (to call) it Push. 6. Great progress (to be made) in radio engineering since that time. 7. The first two-electrode valve (to be make) in 1904. 8. Great progress (to be achieved) in the field of electronics. 9. I (to be given) a kitten last week.

Вправа 5. Розкрийте дужки та поставте дієслова у Passive Voice.

1. Soon he (to send) to a sanatorium. 2. The book (to discuss) at the next conference. 3. The composition must (to hand) in on Wednesday. 4. Yesterday he (to tell) to prepare a speech. 5. The article (to publish) last week, if I am not mistaken. 6. The lectures (to attend) by all of us. 7. A taxi (to call) fifteen minutes ago, so we are expecting it any moment. 8. The young man (to introduce) to me only a couple of hours ago, but it seems to me that I've known him for years.

Вправа 6. Передайте речення у Passive Voice.

1. They broke the window last week. 2. When I came home, they had eaten the sweets. 3. We will do the work in the evening. 4. He wrote this book in the 19th century. 5. They were playing tennis from four till five. 6. They have made a number of important experiments in this laboratory. 7. Livingstone explored Central Africa in the 19th century. 8. By the middle of autumn we had planted all the trees in the orchard. 9. They will stage this play at the beginning of the next season. 10. They have forgotten the story.

Вправа 7. Перекладіть речення англійською.

1. Вже послали за ліками? - Так, їх зараз шукають. 2. Його виховала сестра. 3. Не турбуйся, йому допоможуть в роботі. 4. Нажаль, в нашому районі вирубують багато дерев. 5. Цей міст ще будується. Він вже будувався, коли я побачив його вперше. 6. Коли файл копіювався, раптом виключили електрику. 7. Коли я прийду додому, обід ще буде готуватись. 8. Це явище широко обговорювалось у науковій пресі.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 8. Трансформуйте речення з активного у пасивний стан. Пере-кладіть речення.

1. They deliver all the mail at half past nine. 2. This engineer is writing the letter in English. 3. William taught this group of children. 4. The students will buy the theatre tickets next week. 5. They have published this booklet. 6. They had built this block of flats by the end of the year. 7. Mary was writing the article for the journal from five till eight. 8. Everybody knows you. 9. Everyone hears our broadcasts. 10. We will have finished the work by Saturday.

Вправа 9. Назвіть номери речень, присудок яких стоїть у пасивному стані.

1. May 7, 1895 has entered the history of science as the date of the invention of radio. 2. In 1938 the first TV station came into being in Moscow, but the war stopped the development of television. 3. The international exchange programmes will be developed still further in future. 4. Some powerful radio stations have recently been built in the northern regions. 5. Much attention is being paid to the development of three-dimensional television.

Вправа 10. Виберіть правильний переклад присудка.

1. The machine tool measures its production itself.

2. The machine tool will measure its production itself.

3. The part is measured with great accuracy.

a) виміряли; b) виміряє; c) виміряється; d) буде виміряти.

4. The builders are planning to build the road.

5. The building of the road is being planned.

6. The building of the road was being planned.

a) планується; b) планують; c) спланували; d) планували.

7. The tests have been carried out well.

8. The tests were being carried out well.

9. The tests are being carried out well.

а) виконуються; b) виконувались; c) виконані; d) будуть виконані.

Вправа 11. Складіть розповідь про свій факультет з використанням активних слів та виразів.

Lesson 3.5 My Major

Розмовна тема. Моя спеціалізація

Вправа 1. Прочитайте розмовні формули для розповіді про будь-яку спеціальність та складіть розповідь про власну спеціальність.

I am a first year student of NTU “KhPI”.

I study at ___ Department.

I major in ___.

Besides my speciality at our department there are such specialities as ___.

In ___ I will gain a Bachelor's Degree.

After graduating from the University I am going to be an engineer (technologist, designer, etc.) and work in (at) ___.

Письмове завдання

Вправа 2. Прочитайте та заповніть пропуски.

A Six-Step Process to Finding a College Major

One of the greatest stressors for college-bound high-school students - as well as for some college students - is choosing a college major. Deciding your major (and minor) is a life decision, and the one that can have an impact on your plans beyond. This will help guide your thinking as you take steps toward choosing a college major that is best for you.

Step 1: Self-Assessment of Interests. Write down a list of activities, course subjects, and topics that interest you, inspire you. What are your likes and dislikes - about school, hobbies, work, and volunteering? If you have taken an assessment test at school (or online), you can enter some of the results here as well.

Things that Interest, Inspire Me: ___________________

Step 2: Examination of Skills and Abilities. One of the most important elements in choosing a major (and a future career) is a realistic review of your strengths and weaknesses, skills and abilities. It's important to take an honest view of the subjects / skills you are best at, as well as those you struggle with. Write down your best and worst skills and abilities.

Skills That I Want to Use and Excel at: ___________________

Skills That I Don't Want to Use or am Weak in: ______________________

Step 3: Understanding What You Value About Work. Different jobs and careers provide a range of intrinsic rewards to people working in them. For example, teachers place a much greater value on educating and impacting the lives of their students than they do on financial rewards. What are you seeking from your career? Some examples include helping society, working under pressure, group affiliation, stability, security, social status, financial rewards. Write down a list of what you seek from your future career.

The Values I Want From My Job / Career: _______________________

Step 4: Researching Occupations and Careers. Many students have an idea of the types of work they may want to do, but rarely do they have a full understanding of the requirements of the work - or even what the work fully entails. Others have never really thought about careers and have little or no knowledge of what they want to do after college. This step involves conducting research and recording the information you found about one or more potential career fields.

Potential Career Fields for Me: _________________________

Step 5: Information Review & Reality Check. Now that you have a better underst...