English for technical students

Do not try to break the customs rules and regulations because you may have a lot of troubles.

Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Перекладіть речення на англійську мову письмово.

- Де Ваш паспорт? - Ось він. Я їду до Лондона. - Як довго Ви збираєтесь там пробути? - Моя віза на три місяці, але я їду на два тижні. - Чи мені показувати Вам усі речі? - Ні, відкрийте, будь ласка, цю валізу. - Тут лише мої особисті речі та одяг. - У Вас є речі які підлягають обкладанню митом? - Не думаю. Я везу лише подарунки та речі, які були в ужитку. - Чи цигарки підлягають обкладанню митом? - Так, якщо Ви провозите їх більше як 200 штук. - Скільки мені треба сплатити за провіз додаткових двохсот цигарок? - На жаль, я не знаю. Запитайте в митного службовця, він Вам відповість.

Граматика. The Present, Past, Future Continuous Tenses. Формування та вживання

Спосіб утворення

to be+Participle I

The Present Continuous Tense (Теперішній тривалий час)

Випадки вживання	Приклади
a) Дія, яка відбувається в момент розмови (now - зараз, at this moment - у цей момент).	He is sleeping now. - Він зараз спить.
b) Дія, яка відбувається в поточний період часу (this week - цього тижня, this month - цього місяця).	We are studying English tenses this term. - Ми вивчаємо англійські часи у цьому семестрі.
с) Дія, яка планується на майбутнє.	I am leaving tonight. - Я вирушаю сьогодні ввечері.

The Past Continuous Tense (Минулий тривалий час)

Випадки вживання	Приклади
a) Тривала дія, яка відбувається в деякий момент часу в минулому (at 5 o'clock yesterday - о п'ятій годині вчора; at this time yesterday - в цей час вчора).	At this time yesterday I was watching TV. - В цей час вчора я дивився телевізор.
b) Тривала дія, яка відбувається одночасно з деякою дією в минулому (when I came - коли я прийшов).	When I came home my family was having dinner. - Коли я прийшов додому, моя сім'я снідала.
с) Тривала дія, яка відбувається протягом деякого періоду часу в минулому (from 6 till 7 yesterday - вчора з шостої до сьомої; the whole day yesterday - цілий день вчора).	We were preparing for the test the whole last week. - Весь минулий тиждень ми готувались до тесту.

The Future Continuous Tense (Майбутній тривалий час)

Випадки вживання	Приклади
a) Тривала дія, яка відбувається в деякий момент часу в майбутньому (at 5 o'clock tomorrow - о п'ятій годині завтра; at this time tomorrow - в цей час завтра).	At this time tomorrow we will be walking in the park. - В цей час завтра ми будемо гуляти в парку.
b) Тривала дія, яка буде відбуватися одночасно з деякою дією в майбутньому (when you come - коли ви прийдете).	When you come tomorrow we will be still working. - Коли ви прийдете, ми все ще будемо працювати.
с) Тривала дія, яка буде відбуватися протягом деякого періоду часу в майбутньому (from 6 till 7 tomorrow - завтра з шостої до сьомої; the whole evening tomorrow - цілий вечір завтра).	I think we will be discussing this problem for a long time. - Я гадаю, ми будемо обговорювати цю проблему довгий час.

Запам'ятайте!

Дієслова, які виражають почуття: (to love - любити), сприймання (to see - бачити, to feel - почувати), розумові процеси (to know - знати, to under-stand - розуміти), не вживаються в Continuous Tenses.

O Smile !

A man travelling at 130 miles per hour on the motorway was stopped by the police. “Sorry, officer,” said the driver, “was I driving too fast?” - “No, Sir. You were flying too low.”

Вправа 2. Перепишіть речення у минулому та у майбутньому часі.

1. I am learning grammar rules. 2. Your friends are writing a letter to the President. 3. What are you doing now? 4. He is not sleeping. 5. Who are you waiting for? I am waiting for my friend. 6. She is not listening to the news now. 7. We are looking for our grandma's glasses.

Вправа 3. Поставте дієслово у дужках у необхідну часову форму.

1. When he met me I (to walk) to the Institute and had little time to talk to him. 2. What your sister (to do) now? She (to play) tennis. 3. The whole next week we (to prepare) for the test in physics. 4. Look! Nick (to swim) across the river. 5. Our grandmother (to cook) dinner from two till three yesterday. 6. He (to discuss) the problem with his group-mates when the teacher came. 7. They (to discuss) the plans for the next year at this moment. 8. Do you know who (to sing) in the yard the whole evening yesterday? 9. I don't know which book he (to read). 10. Can you tell me who (to sit) next to you at the last concert? 11. My telephone (to charge) from 5 till 6 yesterday.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 4. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова у Present Inde-finite або Present Continuous.

1. It (to take) me forty minutes to get to school. 2. Hello, Pete, where you (to go)? - I (to hurry) to school. 3. When your lessons (to begin) on Monday? - They (to begin) at nine o'clock. 4. Where your sister (to be)? - She (to do) her homework in the next room. 5. It usually (to take) me an hour to do my written exercises. 6. Where Boris (to be)? I (to look) for him. - He (to have) lunch at the canteen. 7. In the evening I often (to go) to see my friends. 8. On Sunday we sometimes (to go) to the cinema or to a disco club. 9. Andrew (to get) up very early as he (to live) far from school. He (to be) never late. 10. It (to be) six o'clock in the evening now. Victor (to do) his homework. His sister (to read) a book. His mother and grandmother (to talk).

Вправа 5. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова у Past Indefinite або Past Continuous.

1. They (to have) tea when I (to come) home. 2. He (to walk) along the river when a boat (to pass). 3. We (to listen) to an interesting lecture on UFOs yesterday. 4. When I (to enter) the classroom, the teacher (to write) words on the blackboard and the pupils (to copy) them into their exercise-books. 5. They (to get) ready to go out when it (to begin) raining. 6. Yesterday at one o'clock I (to have) lunch. 7. When he (to come) in, I (to do) my exercises. 8. What you (to do) at eight o'clock yesterday? 9. At this time yesterday I (to ride) home by my bicycle. 10. You (to sleep) when I (to go) out. 11. I (to walk) along the street with my friend when a tram (to pass). 12. We (to discuss) our plans for the weekend when Nick (to rush) into the room. 13. I (to copy) files from my flesh-card when suddenly the computer (to hang). 14. Yesterday my sister (to celebrate) her birthday. The telephone (to ring) the whole day. 15. The doctor (to examine) the patient the whole week but (not to find) the cause of his pains.

Вправа 6. Вивчіть напам'ять один з діалогів розділу 9.1.

Lesson 2.4 Speaking Over the Telephone

Розмовна тема. Телефонна розмова

I. Прочитайте текст.

Active Vocabulary:

telephone directory - телефонний довідник; receiver - телефонна трубка; buzz - гудіти; dial - диск телефону, набирати номер; engaged - зайнятий; to hold the wire (line) - бути на лінії; interrupt - переривати; avoid - запобігати; curious - допитливий; to savour - смакувати.

The Procedure of Telephoning

Telephoning is very simple. You look up the necessary number in the telephone directory; then you pick up the receiver and wait for the signal (buzz, buzzing sound). Next you make the necessary turns of the dial, according to the number required, and you will know at once whether the line is clear or engaged (Am. busy) from the buzz given automatically.

If you hear a prolonged buzzing, hold the wire and your number will answer in a moment. A frequent high tone buzzing means that the line is engaged. In this case you must put down or hang up the receiver and wait for a couple of minutes.

If you wish to interrupt a conversation for a couple of minutes, you say, “Please hold the line”, and put the receiver on the desk. In this way you avoid being cut off (disconnected). Having finished speaking you put the receiver on its rest.

A Telephone Call

When Americans answer the telephone, they say, “Hello”. Not so in other countries. Germans methodically answer with their last names. Russians say, “I'm listening.” The curious French say, “Hello, who's on the line?” Italians greet callers with “Ready”, the English answer with their phone number, and the Chinese say, “Hey, hey, who are you?”

A telephone call from a friend is a joy, unless you are in the middle of a meal, having a bath or on the point of going out to an engagement for which you are already late. But even when you have time, a telephone conversation cannot be savoured and rerun several times as a letter can. You cannot put a blue ribbon around a sentimental telephone call and keep it for years.

A letter sender in effect is saying, “I am setting aside some of my time for you alone, I am thinking of you. This is more important to me than all the other things that I could be doing.”

II. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. What do you do when you want to telephone? 2. What do a prolonged buzzing and a frequent high tone buzzing mean? 3. What do you do when you wish to interrupt a conversation? 4. How do people in different countries answer the telephone call?

III. Прочитайте і перекладіть діалог.

Telephone Conversation

- Stanley Hydraulic Tools. Can I help you? - I'd like to speak to Mr. Warner, please. - Mr. Warner? What is your name, please? - This is Boris Frolov, from HM Systems. - Would you spell your name, please? - F-r-o-l-o-v. - Thanks. Hold on, please. I'll find out if he is in. - What is it, Miss Murray? - Mr. Frolov wants to talk to you, sir. - I'm very busy at the moment. Ask him to phone later. - Yes, sir. - Oh ... wait a minute, Miss Murray. What is Mr. Frolov? - He said he was from HM Systems. - From HM Systems? ... Oh, ask him what his telephone number is. I'll ring him back.

- Hello? This is Mr. Warner's secretary speaking. - Yes, Frolov here. - I'm sorry. Mr. Warner's very busy at the moment. Can you tell me your telephone number, Mr. Frolov? Mr. Warner will call you back later. - Of course. Double five-nine-three-six-four-two. - ... and where are you calling from? - From Kiev, Ukraine. - Could you tell me the code for Kiev? - Three-eight-zero-double four. - Thank you, Mr. Frolov.

Читання

THE TELEPHONE

By Jerome K. Jerome

I suppose the telephone is really a useful invention. You want to see a man two streets off. You could put on your hat, and be at his office in five minutes. You just want to start, when the telephone catches your eye. You think you will ring him up first. You begin by ringing up some half dozen times before anybody answers you. You are burning with indignation and shout: “I have rung twenty times. What is the use of my having a telephone if I can't get any answer when I ring? I've been ringing all the morning. Why is it?” Then you wait for the answer and at last you hear the voice.

“What - what do you say? I can't hear what you say.”

“I say, I've been ringing here for over an hour and I can't get any reply,” you cry.

“Don't stay so near the receiver. I can't hear what you say. What number?”

You say that you want to be put through with four-five-seven-six.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. Where did the friend of the author live? 2. How many times had the author rung up before anybody answered? 3. Did the author hear the voice of his friend? 4. What is your telephone number?

10.3. Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Заповніть пропуски у реченнях вивченими словами або словосполученнями з розмовної теми «Телефонна розмова».

You look up the necessary number in the ___, then you pick up the receiver and wait for the signal. Next you make the necessary turns of the ___, according to the number required. If you hear a prolonged ___, hold the wire and your number will answer in a moment. If you wish to interrupt a conversation for a couple of minutes, you say, “Please hold the line”, and lay the receiver on ___. Having finished speaking you put the ___ on its rest. When Americans ___ the telephone they say “Hello”. But even when you have time, a telephone ___ cannot be savoured and rerun several times as a letter can.

O Smile!

Harry was madly in love with Betty, but couldn't find enough courage to raise the question face to face. Finally he decided to ask her on the telephone. “Darling!” he blurted out, “will you marry me?” - “Of course, I will, you silly boy,” she replied, “who is it speaking?”

Граматика. The Present, Past, Future Perfect Tenses. Формування та вживання.

Спосіб утворення

to have + Participle II основного дієслова

Participle II утворюється за допомогою закінчення -ed для правильних дієслів і має спеціальну форму для неправильних дієслів (дивись таблицю неправильних дієслів (Appendix III) - третій стовпчик)

The Present Perfect Tense (Теперішній перфектний час)

Випадки вживання	Приклади
a) Завершена дія, точний час якої не вказується, а більше уваги приділяється результату.	I have left my textbook at home. - Я залишив свій підручник вдома.
b) Дія, яка закінчилась до моменту розмови, а час дії позначений невизначеними дієприслівниками (already - вже, just - тільки-но, recently - нещодавно, ever - коли-небудь).	He has already come. - Він вже прийшов. Have you ever been to France? - Ви коли-небудь були у Франції?
c) Дія, яка завершилась в ще незакінчений інтервал часу (this week - цього тижня, this month - цього місяця).	We have passed two exams this week. - Цього тижня ми склали два екзамени.

The Past Perfect Tense (Минулий перфектний час)

Випадки вживання	Приклади
a) Дія, яка закінчилась до деякого моменту у минулому (by 5 o'clock yesterday - до 5 години вчора).	He had finished his work by 6 o'clock in the evening. - Він закінчив роботу до 6 години вечора.
b) Дія, яка закінчилась до деякого моменту у минулому, який виражений іншою дією (before he came - до того, як він прийшов).	Before he came, we had already planted all the trees. - До того, як він прийшов, ми вже посадили всі дерева.

The Future Perfect Tense (Майбутній перфектний час)

Випадки вживання	Приклади
Дія, яка закінчиться до деякого моменту у майбутньому (by 5 o'clock tomorrow - до 5 години завтра).	He will have finished his work by 6 o'clock tomorrow. - Він закінчить роботу до 6 години завтра.

O Smile!

Doctor's wife: “Now, my dear, you must forget your profession if you go to see our friends with me.”

Her husband: “What have I done?”

Doctor's wife: “Why, you feel the pulse of everyone who gives you his hand.”

Вправа 2. Поставте дієслово в дужках у Present Perfect, Past Perfect або Future Perfect.

1. My room-mates (to do) their homework. Now they can go to a skating-rink with me. 2. The pupils (to translate) the text before the bell rang. 2. You (to be) to Warsaw? 3. He (to receive) the telegram by tomorrow. 4. I already (to send) the message. 5. Yesterday Kate (to do) her lessons by eight o'clock. 6. By this time tomorrow you (to take) your examination. 7. We (not to receive) any letters from her lately. 8. The girls (to clean) the room by the time their mother came back home. 9. The children (to fall asleep) by ten o'clock. 10. I just (to see) him.

Вправа 3. Перекладіть англійською.

1. Я залишив свій зошит вдома. 2. Скільки нових слів ви вивчили в цьому місяці? 3. Я не можу їхати з тобою додому. Я ще не склав екзамену з фізики. 3. Ми щойно прочитали телеграму. 4. Нарешті ми закінчили роботу. Тепер ми можемо відпочити. 5. Студент переклав текст до закін-чення заняття. 6. Після того, як мій товариш пішов додому, я згадав, що забув показати йому нові марки. 7. Чому тут так темно? - Я забув купити нову лампочку. 8. Вони збудують нову бібліотеку до першого вересня. 9. Вчитель перевірить наші креслення до того часу. 10. Ми закінчили обговорення доповіді до четвертої години. 11. Мама приготувала вечерю до того, як вони прийшли додому.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 4. Складіть телефонну розмову за однією з тем.

1. You've read an advertisement in a newspaper about a job and would like to apply. Call up the office and arrange a meeting for the interview. 2. You are arriving tomorrow by plane and would like to be met. You are making a telephone call to your relatives, but the line is too bad. Be patient! 3. You have an urgent talk to Mr. Brown, who is not in at the moment. Leave a message to him with his secretary. 4. You and your friends are hungry. Call to a pizzeria and order as much food as you can afford.

Вправа 5. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова у Present Perfect, Past Perfect або Future Perfect.

1. We (to reach) the village by the sunset. 2. You (to have) breakfast yet? 3. The teacher (to correct) our dictations by the next lesson. 4. They already (to plant) several hundred trees this year. 5. At last I (to write) the composition; now I'll go for a walk. 6. He just (to leave). 7. She already (to answer) the letter. 7. I just (to tell) you the answer. 8. You (to switch off) the light before you left the house? 9. I already (to tell) you the answer. 10. Here is your watch. I just (find) it in the fridge.

Вправа 6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова у Present Perfect або Past Indefinite.

1. The sun (not to rise) yet, but the sky in the east is getting lighter every minute. 2. I (to see) you walking along the street the other day with a heavy bag. 3. I (not to read) the newspaper today. 4. It is very late, and trams (to stop) running: we must find a taxi to get home. 5. How many times you (to be) to Kiev? 6. At last I (to translate) this article: now I will have a little rest. 7. We (to go) to the country yesterday, but the rain (to spoil) all the pleasure. 8. My watch was going in the morning, but now it (to stop). 9. The lecture (not yet to begin) and the students are talking in the classroom. 10. She just (to go) out. 11. She (to leave) the room a moment ago. 12. We (not yet to solve) the problem. 13. When it all (to happen)? 14. The morning was cold and rainy, but since ten o'clock the weather (to change) and now the sun is shining brightly. 15. Show me the dress which you (to make). 16. Oh, how dark it is! A large black cloud (to cover) the sky. I think it will start raining in a few minutes. 17. Oh, close the window! Look, all my papers (to fall) on the floor because of the wind. 18. When you (to open) the window? - I (to open) it ten minutes ago.

Вправа 7. Складіть діалог телефонної розмови, використовуючи акти-вні слова та словосполучення.

Lesson 2.5 Staying at a Hotel

Розмовна тема. Правила перебування у готелі

I. Прочитайте і запам'ятайте.

When travelling, people almost always stay at hotels. It is advisable, therefore, to remember the following:

1. The first thing to do is to book a room in advance either by letter, telephone or fax. Otherwise you may arrive at the hotel and be told that it is full.

2. On arrival at the hotel go to the reception desk in the lobby and confirm your reservation. The clerk will then give you a registration form to fill in and sign (the form is filled in block letters). In smaller hotels you simply sign the visitor's book and give your permanent address.

3. In large hotels you may ask for any service by telephone. You tell the operator if you wish to be called at a certain time. You call room service when you want a meal or drinks sent up to your room, and you can have a lot of maid service if you need something (a suit or dress) cleaned or pressed.

4. Let the hotel management know well in advance the day and time of your departure.

II. Прочитайте та перекладіть наступний діалог.

A: Yesterday I told you I'd be leaving today. May I have my bill now? Room fifty-two, Frolov.

B: Just a minute, sir... Here you are. (Presents a bill which Frolov pays). If you want a taxi, the bell-boy can get you one.

A: Yes, send him to get one, please.

B: I hope your stay here has been a pleasant one, sir.

A: Yes, I've been very comfortable here. Thank you very much indeed.

Читання

I. Прочитайте текст та перекажіть його.

The Hotel

My car reaches the hotel where I want to stay. I get out and go to the hotel office. Here I first ask if they can give me an accommodation.

“Certainly”, answers the clerk, “we have got several rooms.”

“Would you like a suite, a single room or a double room?” he continues.

I say that I would like a single room with a bathroom, a telephone, a colour TV set and a refrigerator.

The clerk says he can give me such a room on the third floor. I ask about the price of the room. He informs me of the price and soon everything is settled. I hand in my passport, fill in an arrival form and get the key to my room. Next I ask the hotel porter to carry my luggage to the room. He does as requested.

I look at my room. I like it very much. It is very comfortable. I can have a fine rest here. I ring for the chambermaid and inquire about the meals at the hotel restaurant. Next I obtain information about the hairdresser's, about where I can have my boots cleaned, about where I can have my linen washed (if there is a laundry service at the hotel), etc. She answers all my questions.

There is a lot of time before dinner and so I settle down quietly to rest.

Запам'ятайте, як читати скорочення!



etc. - and so on - тощо i.e. - that is - тобто e.g. - for example - наприклад

II. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. Have you ever stayed at a hotel? 2. What kinds of rooms are there? 3. What facilities do you generally find in a hotel? 4. What do you do first of all when you arrive at a hotel? 5. Do you need to have your passport with you when you check in at a hotel? 6. What does the porter do in a hotel? 7. What kind of service may you ask for by telephone in large hotels?

III. Прочитайте та перекладіть діалоги.

Receptionist: Good afternoon, sir.

Mr. Hills: Good afternoon. Is this the Milestone Hotel?

Receptionist: Yes, this is the Milestone.

Mr. Hills: Good. I'm Mr. Hills. We've got a reservation.

Receptionist: Just a minute, please. Yes, you've got a reservation. It's for five people. It's for three weeks. Three single rooms and one double. Am I right?

Mr. Hills: No. You're not right. We'd like two double rooms and one single room.

Receptionist: I'm sorry. Two double rooms, number six and seven. One single room, number nine.

Mr. Hills: Where are the rooms?

Receptionist: On the second floor.

Receptionist: Please, sign the register, Mr. Travis. Sam, take the suitcases to the second floor.

Sam: Yes, madam.

Mr. Travis: Here's the register. How much are the rooms, please?

Receptionist: A single room's forty pounds (Ј40). A double room's sixty pounds (Ј60). Would you like a television in the room?

Mrs. Travis: Yes, please. Mr. Travis and I would like a television. We'd like a telephone, too.

Receptionist: Every room's got a telephone.

Mrs. Travis: Have the rooms got bathrooms?

Receptionist: Yes, every room's got a bathroom.

Mr. Travis: Have the bathrooms got showers?

Receptionist: Yes, every bathroom's got a shower.

Mr. Travis: Well, thank you.

Receptionist: Are you going to the rooms?

Mr. Travis: Yes, we're going now. Send two cups of coffee to the rooms, please.

Mrs. Travis: And three colas.

Mr. Travis: Yes, two cups of coffee and three colas.

Receptionist: Yes, sir. Here are the keys, Mr. Travis. Sam, take the Travises to room six, seven and nine.

Sam: Come this way, please.

Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Перекладіть речення з діалогу, використовуючи активну лексику за темою “Staying at a Hotel”.

Clerk: What can I do for you, sir?

J: Moє прізвище Джонсон. Для мене зарезервовано номер.

Clerk: Just a moment, I'll have a look. Yes, sir, you want a single room for three nights, don't you?

J: Taк.

Clerk: We reserved room 65 on the seventh floor.

J: Чи можу я подивитись її?

Clerk: Yes, certainly. The porter will take you there. You'd better fill in this form first.

J: Taк, звичайно. Спасибі.

Вправа 2. Доповніть діалог фразами за темою “Staying at a Hotel”.

- What can I do for you, sir? - ___

- You can have room 45 on the third floor. - ___

- Yes, of course. Come this way, please. - ___

Граматика. The Present, Past, Future Perfect Continuous Tenses. Формування та вживання

Спосіб утворення

to have + been + Participle I основного дієслова

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Теперішній перфектно-тривалий)

Випадки вживання	Приклади
Незавершена дія, яка почалась у минулому і триває дотепер, або тільки-но закінчилась. Зазвичай вказується інтервал часу, протягом якого виконується дія (since - з; for - протягом).	I have been studying English for 3 years (since my childhood). - Я вивчаю англійську протягом трьох років (з дитинства).

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Минулий перфектно-тривалий)

Випадки вживання	Приклади
Незавершена дія, яка почалась у минулому і триває до певного часу у минулому. Зазвичай вказується інтервал часу, протягом якого виконується дія (since - з; for - протягом).	He had been writing the letter for half an hour before I came. - Він писав листа вже півгодини, до того як я прийшов.

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Майбутній перфектно-тривалий)

Випадки вживання	Приклади
Дія, яка триває і закінчиться до деякого моменту у майбутньому (since - з; for - протягом).	Tomorrow he will have been travelling for a year. - Завтра виповнюється рівно рік, як він подорожує.

Вправа 3. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова у Present Indefi-nite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous.

1. He (to run) now. He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest. 2. What they (to do) now? - They (to work) in the reading-room. They (to work) there for already three hours. 3. Where he (to be) now? - He (to be) in the garden. He (to play) volley-ball with his friends. They (to play) since breakfast time. 4. I (to live) in Kiev. I (to live) in Kiev since 1990. 5. She already (to do) her homework for two hours; but she (not yet to do) half of it. 6. I (to wait) for you since two o'clock. 7. What you (to do)? - I (to read). I (to read) for already two hours. I already (to read) sixty pages. 8. This man (to be) a writer. He (to write) books. He (to write) books since he was a young man. He already (to write) eight books. 9. What you (to do) here since morning? 10. Lena is a very good girl. She always (to help) her mother about the house. Today she (to help) her mother since morning. They already (to wash) the floor and (to dust) the furniture. Now they (to cook) dinner together.

Вправа 4. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова у Present Indefi-nite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous.

1. This is the factory where my father (to work). He (to work) here for fifteen years. 2. You (to find) your note-book? - No! I still (to look) for it. I already (to look) for it for two hours, but (not yet to find) it. 3. You (to play) with a ball for already three hours. Go home and do your homework. 4. Wake up! You (to sleep) for ten hours already. 5. I (to wait) for a letter from my cousin for a month already, but (not yet to receive) it. 6. It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it. 7. I just (to receive) a letter from my granny, but I (not yet to receive) any letters from my parents. 8. The weather (to be) fine today. The sun (to shine) ever since we got up. 9. Every day I (to wind) up my watch at 10 o'clock in the evening. 10. Come along, Henry, what you (to do) now? I (to wait) for you a long time.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 5. Заповніть пропуски одним зі слів у дужках.

1. I have got ___ (a reservation, a manager, a hotel). 2. Let the hotel ___ (room, key, manager) know well in advance the day and time of your departure. 3. The clerk says he can give me ___ (a confirmation, a porter, a room) on the third floor. 4. I ask the hotel ___ (form, register, porter) to carry my luggage to the room. 5. When travelling people almost always stay at a ___ (laundry, luggage, hotel).

Вправа 6. Доповніть діалог.

B: Do you have a double room for three nights? - C: ___ - B: How much is it? - C: ___ - B: Can I see it, please? - C: ___

Вправа 7. Перекладіть англійською.

1. Коли я прийшов, хлопці грали в футбол вже дві години. 2. Ми з ранку чекаємо потяга на вокзалі. 3. В кінці грудня буде вже чотири місяці, як ми вивчаємо англійську в університеті. 4. Том дивиться телевізор вже три години. 5. До вступу в університет моя сестра два роки працювала на заводі. 6. Вони проживають у готелі з минулого тижня.

Вправа 8. Складіть діалог з адміністратором готелю, використовуючи активні слова та словосполучення.

Lesson 2.6 Cross-cultural Communication

Розмовна тема. Традиції та звички іноземців

How not to behave badly abroad

Active Vocabulary:

to behave - поводити себе; international etiquette - міжнародний етикет; widespread - широко розповсюджений; customs - традиції; matter - справа; sign - знак; manner - манера; social insult - соціальна образа; status - статус; respect - повага; stranger - незнайомець; to greet - привітати.

Travelling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live in a global village, but how well do we know and understand each other? Here is a simple test. Imagine you have arranged a meeting at four o'clock. What time should you expect your foreign business colleagues to arrive? If they're German, they'll be bang on time. If they're American, they'll probably be 15 minutes early. If they're British, they'll be 15 minutes late, and you should allow up to an hour for the Italians.

When the European Community began to increase in size, several guidebooks appeared giving advice on international etiquette. At first a lot of people thought this was a joke, especially the British, who seemed to assume that the widespread understanding of their language meant a corresponding understanding of English customs. Very soon they had to change their ideas, as they realized that they had a lot to learn about how to behave with their foreign business friends. For example:

The British are happy to have a business lunch and discuss business matters with a drink during the meal; the Japanese prefer not to work while eating. Lunch is a time to relax and get to know one another, and they rarely drink at lunchtime.

The Germans like to talk business before dinner; the French like to eat first and talk afterwards. They have to be well fed and watered before they discuss anything.

Taking off your jacket and rolling up your sleeves is a sign of getting down to work in Britain and Holland, but in Germany people regard it as taking it easy.

American executives sometimes signal their feeling of ease and importance in their offices by putting their feet on the desk whilst on the telephone. In Japan, people would be shocked. Showing the soles of your feet is the height of bad manners. It is a social insult only exceeded by blowing your nose in public.

The Japanese have perhaps the strictest rules of social and business behaviour. Seniority is very important, and a younger man should never be sent to complete a business deal with an older Japanese man. The Japanese business card almost needs a rulebook of its own. You must exchange business cards immediately on meeting because it is essential to establish everyone's status and position.

When it is handed to a person in a superior position, it must be given and received with both hands, and you must take time to read it carefully, and not just put it in your pocket! Also the bow is a very important part of greeting someone. You should not expect the Japanese to shake hands. Bowing the head is a mark of respect and the first bow of the day should be lower than when you meet thereafter.

The Americans sometimes find it difficult to accept the more formal Japanese manners. They prefer to be casual and more informal, as illustrated by the universal “Have a nice day!” American waiters have a one-word imperative “Enjoy!” The British, of course, are cool and reserved. The great topic of conversation between strangers in Britain is the weather - unemotional and impersonal. In America, the main topic between strangers is the search to find graphical link. “Oh, really? You live in Ohio? I had an uncle who once worked there.”

Here are some final tips for travellers

· In France you shouldn't sit down in a cafe until you've shaken hands with everyone you know.

· In Afghanistan you should spend at least five minutes saying hello.

· In Pakistan you mustn't wink. It is offensive.

· In the Middle East you must never use the left hand for greeting, eating, drinking, or smoking. Also, you should take care not to admire anything in your hosts' home. They will feel that they have to give it to you.

· In Russia you must match your hosts drink for drink or they will think you are unfriendly.

· In Thailand you should clasp your hands together and lower your head and your eyes when you greet someone.

· In America you should eat your hamburger with both hands and as quickly as possible. You shouldn't try to have a conversation until it is eaten.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. How many nationalities are mentioned in the text? 2. People of what country keep to the most formal rules of behaviour? 3. When do Americans usually arrive to a business meeting? 4. What is the main topic of conversation between the British? 5. Japanese usually bow when they meet. Which bow is the lowest of the day? 6. What do the British show by rolling up their sleeves? 7. Do Japanese discuss business during the dinner?

Запам'ятайте прислів'я!

When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

Читання

Eye Contact

In many Western societies, including the United States, a person who does not maintain `good eye contact' is regarded as being slightly suspicious, or a `shifty' character. Americans unconsciously consider people who avoid eye contact as unfriendly, insecure, untrustworthy, inattentive and impersonal. However, in contrast, Japanese children are taught at school to direct their gaze at the region of their teacher's Adam's apple or tie knot, and, as adults, Japanese lower their eyes when speaking to a superior, a gesture of respect.

Latin American cultures, as well as some African cultures, such as Nigeria, have longer looking time, but prolonged eye contact from an individual of lower status is considered disrespectful. In the US, it is considered rude to stare - regardless of who is looking at whom. In contrast, the polite Englishman is taught to pay strict attention to a speaker, to listen carefully, and to blink his eyes to let the speaker know he or she has been understood as well as heard. Americans signal interest and comprehension by bobbing their heads or grunting.

A widening of the eyes can also be interpreted differently, depending on circumstances and culture. Take, for instance, the case of an American and a Chinese discussing the terms of an offered contract. Regardless of the language in which the suggested contract is carried out, the US negotiator may interpret a Chinese person's widened eyes as an expression of astonishment instead of as a danger signal (its true meaning) of politely expressed anger.

Прокоментуйте такі теми.

1. Observations about many people from the United States. 2. Observations about the English. 3. An observation about Japanese children. 4. The meaning of lowering one's eyes in Japan.

Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Запишіть ваші міркування з однієї з тем.

1. Do you agree with the saying “When in Rome, do as the Romans do”? Do you have a similar saying in your native language? 2. What are the “rules” about greeting people in your country? When do you shake hands? When do you kiss? What about saying goodbye? 3. Think of one or two examples of bad manners. For example, in Britain it is considered impolite to ask people how much they earn.

Граматика. Повторення часових форм дієслова

Вправа 2. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова у потрібній формі.

1. What you (to do) when I (to come) in? 2. When I (to come) to his house, they (to tell) me that he (to leave) an hour before. 3. On checking up his answers he (to find) out that he (to make) several mistakes. 4. When I (to leave) home, the snow already (to stop), but a strong wind (to blow). 5. You (to read) this book? - Yes, I (to read) it. I (to think) it (to be) very interesting. 6. What the children (to do) now? - Oh, they (to play) the new table game which I (to buy) for them the day before yesterday. 7. They (to reach) the corner of the street by now and (to stand) at the bus stop. 8. After we (to walk) about two hours, we arrived at a picturesque glade covered with fresh grass. 9. We could not go out because it (to rain) hard since early morning. 10. She (to teach) at our school for twenty years now. 11. I (to ring) you up tomorrow. 12. He (to begin) to write his composition at three o'clock. It is already eleven, and he still (to write) it. He says he (to finish) it by twelve. 13. We (to help) our librarian to put the books in the right order for already three days, but we (to arrange) only half the books. 14. How long you (to wait) for me? I am really very sorry. 15. When I (to come) home yesterday, my sister already (to return) and (to sit) at the fireplace looking through some old photographs. 16. When I (to come) to Pete's house last Sunday, he (to read) a new magazine. 17. Yesterday by eight o'clock he (to finish) all his homework, and when I (to come) to his place at nine, he (to watch) TV. 18. Light (to travel) more quickly than sound. 19. Here you (to be) at last! I (to wait) for you for twenty minutes.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 3. Поставте дієслова в дужках у потрібну форму.

1. Yesterday Tom (not / to wake up) very early. 2. We (know) our examination results the day after tomorrow. 3. Look! Somebody (to climb) up that tree over there. 4. I (to lose) my key! Can you help me to find it? 5. The Moon (to go) round the Earth. 6. Ann (to wait) for me when I (to arrive) 7. Jim (to play) tennis since 2 o'clock. 8. Before the train came we (to wait) for 2 hours. 9. By this time tomorrow you (to receive) the answer. 10. This supermarket (to work) 24 hours. 11. Jane (to cook) a cake for the dinner when we came. 12. They (to paint) the wall since the morning. 13. It (to rain) now. 14. He (to study) the whole day tomorrow. 15. She always (to read) at mealtime. 16. Before we came, the film (to finish). 17. There (to be) many people at the last party. 18. Please, don't make noise. He (to write) an important document. 19. He never (to be) to London. 20. When we came Tom (to watch) TV. 21. Tomorrow I (to send) you the letter by E-mail. 22. What (to do) you tonight? 23. The whole evening yesterday they (to play) checkers. 24. What you (to do) here since the morning? 25. What he (to do) now? - He (to play) volleyball with his friends. 26. My father (to work) at this factory for 3 years. 27. You (to find) your notebook yet? 28. Every day I (to water) my flowers. 29. I (not to write) yet the letter. 30. I (to think) about it for 3 days already. 31. He (to leave) 5 minutes ago.

Вправа 4. Поставте запитання до виділених фрагментів речень.

1. He is going to Paris next week. 2. This supermarket works 24 hours. (general question) 3. Tom was cooking a cake for the dinner. 4. They have been painting the wall since the morning. 5. Einstein developed the theory of relativity. 6. When we arrived to Italy the weather was awful. 7. There were three red roses in the vase. 8. He went to his office in the morning. 9. He will arrive at the station at 6 p.m. 10. The scientists are studying the behaviour of elementary particles. 11. There were some problems when they were going through the customs. (general question)

Вправа 5. Знайдіть три англійських прислів'я, що характеризують національні традиції та звички.

Unit 3. Ukraine in European Educational Environment

Lesson 3.1 Ukraine

Розмовна тема. Україна

Active Vocabulary:

government - уряд; anthem - гімн; to border on - межувати з; total area - загальна площа; mountain - гора; tributary - приток; moderate - помірний; fertile - родючий; black soil - чорнозем, agricultural - сільсько-господар-ський; to be rich in - бути багатим; equipment - устаткування; instrument - прилад; consumer goods - споживчі товари; legislative - законодавчий; executive - виконавчий; judicial - судовий; to be elected - бути обраним.

Ukraine is situated in the south-eastern part of Central Europe and has its own territory, government, national emblem, flag and anthem. It borders on Russia, Byelorussia, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary and Poland on land and Russia, Georgia, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey on sea. The population of Ukraine is over 47 million. The total area of the country is 603,700 kmІ (45^th country in size). The capital of Ukraine is Kiev.

The territory of Ukraine is mostly a level, treeless plain, called “steppe”. There are the Crimean Mountains in the Crimean peninsula and the Carpathians in the west, but they are not very high. The territory of our country has an astonishing variety of landscapes. We have high mountains, vast steppes, endless forests, beautiful rivers and lakes. The largest lake of Ukraine is Swytyaz, its total area is 24.2 square kilometres and the depth is 58.5 metres. Ukraine has 131 rivers, among them are the Dnieper with its tributaries such as the Desna, the Prypyat, the Dniester, the Bug, the Donets. The flora and fauna of our country are extremely rich. Almost all kinds of European animals and birds can be found on the territory of our vast land. Ukraine has inexhaustible natural wealth. It possesses enormous tracts of woodland, vast tracts of fertile arable lands and fine pastures.

The climate of the country is moderate. Winter is rather mild, with no severe frosts but with regular snowfalls everywhere except the south. The rivers and lakes freeze in winter. The average winter temperature varies from -20 Centigrade in the north to -5 in the south. Summer is quite hot and dry, with occasional showers and thunderstorms. The fertile black soil is well watered in spring and autumn and gets plenty of sunshine in summer.

The country is rich in natural resources, such as iron ore, coal, colour metals, oil, gas, mineral salts, clay and potential water power. It has developed a varied industry, concentrated mostly in and around such big cities as Kiev, Zaporozhye, Dnepropetrovsk, Dnyeprodzerzhinsk, Odessa, Kharkov, Lviv, Nickolayev and others. It produces planes and ships, lorries and busses, motorcars and locomotives, computer and electronic equipment, precision instruments and agricultural machines, TV and radio sets, chemicals and textiles and various consumer goods. Odessa, Sebastopol, Nickolayev, Kherson and Kerch are main Ukrainian ports.

Due to the favorable climatic conditions, Ukraine is traditionally an agricultural area. It grows wheat, maize, buckwheat and other corn, red and green vegetables, all kinds of fruit, melons and berries. Ukraine is one of the world's main centers of sugar production. It produces sugar both for its own needs and for export.

Ukraine is a parliamentary-presidential democracy with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The Declaration of Ukrainian Independence was proclaimed on August 24, 1991 by the Ukrainian Parliament. The President of Ukraine is elected by countrywide popular vote and is the head of the executive branch. The Prime Minister is appointed by the 450-seat parliament, the Verkhovna Rada. The parliament also approves the Cabinet of Ministers, offered by the Prime Minister and the President. The heads of all central agencies and regional and district administrations are appointed by the President.

Ukraine is subdivided into twenty-four oblasts (provinces) and one autonomous republic, the Crimea. Additionally, two cities, Kiev and Sebastopol, have a special legal status.

Ukraine has its own original culture and art. Ukraine has many professional theatres and Philharmonic societies. The National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine, the Gryhory Veryovka Ukrainian People's Choir, the Dance Company of Ukraine are known not only in the country but all over the world.

Over the last years people of Ukraine display a keen interest in the Ukrainian history and artistic heritage. There is a new approach to the development of culture, arts and languages.

Запам'ятайте зразки виразів для розповіді про країну.

U. is situated in ___; U. ___ is washed by ___; U. ___ borders on ___; the total area of U. is ___; the population of U. is ___; the capital of U. is ___; the main rivers are ___; the climate is mostly ___; U. is rich in ___; the main industrial centres are ___; U. produces ___; as an agricultural country U. grows ___ ; as for political system U. is a ___; the head of the state is ___; U. is subdivided into ___; U. is also famous for its ___.

Вправа 1. Доповніть речення словами: rivers; proclaimed in 1991; state power; various mineral resources; about 47 million; agriculture.

1. Ukraine has its own territory, higher and local bodies of ___. 2. The geographical position of Ukraine is favourable for ___. 3. The population of Ukraine is about ___. 4. The declaration of Ukrainian independence was ___. 5. The Dnieper, the Bug, the Danube are the major ___. 6. Ukraine is rich in ___.

Письмове завдання

Вправа 2. Заповніть таблицю відомостями про Україну

Location
Total area
Border countries
Capital
Population
Mountains
Main rivers
Climate
Natural resources
Main industries
Main industrial centres
Agricultural products
Political system
The Declaration of Independence (Date)
Head of the state
Main legislative body
Administrative divisions

Читання

Прочитайте текст зі словником.

Five Subatomic Particles in a Nutshell

Ancient Greeks philosopher Leucippus and his pupil Democritus first spoke out the idea that all substances consisted of invisible “atomos,” or atoms, as we know them today. They believed these atomos could be divided into smaller and smaller particles until they reached a point that they could no longer be divided. Although they couldn't see the particles, Leucippus and Democritus tapped into a fundamental truth about our existence: The universe is made up of atoms and these atoms are responsible for life on Earth.

After considerable research and experiments, we now know that atoms can be divided into subatomic particles - protons, neutrons and electrons. Held together by electromagnetic force, these are the building blocks of all matters. Advances in technology, namely particle accelerators, also known as atom smashers, have enabled scientists to break subatomic particles down to even smaller pieces, some in existence for mere seconds. Subatomic particles have two classifications - elementary and composite. Luckily for us, the names of categories can go a long way in helping us understand their structure. Elementary subatomic particles, like quarks, cannot be divided into simpler particles. Composite subatomic particles, like hadrons, can. All subatomic particles share a fundamental property: They have “intrinsic angular momentum”, or spin. It means they rotate in one direction, just like a planet. Oddly enough, this fundamental property is present even when the particle isn't moving. It's this spin that makes all the difference.

Виберіть правильний варіант.

1. Leucippus and Democritus who first suggested the idea of atoms were ___ philosophers.

a) Greek b) Roman c) German

2. The atom consists of three main subatomic particles: ___.

a) neutron, electron, quark b) hadron, neutrino, boson c) proton, neutron, electron

3. The fundamental property of all subatomic particles is the presence of ___.

a) spin b) speed c) spark

Граматика. Повторення часових форм дієслова: груп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous

Вправа 3. Визначте часові форми дієслова в реченнях. Запишіть речення у питальній та заперечній формах. Перекладіть речення.

1. Mr. Black always draws on a drawing board. 2. These young men and women studied at an English technical college in 2002-2004. 3. I will be testing the device when you come. 4. Teachers sometimes hang tables and diagrams before a lecture. 5. The students will go to the institute by tram tomorrow. 6. You are waiting for your girl-friend now. 7. I will have been translating for 2 hours when she drops in tomorrow. 8. My daughter has been learning French for 5 years. 9. The scientist was making a very interesting experiment when we entered the lab. 10. She is talking to a friend of mine at the moment. 11. Researchers of this laboratory have developed new equipment for TV communication via outer space. 12. The scientist had completed his research by the beginning of the conference. 13. They will have finished their translation of the texts before you return. 14. He had been writing a letter for an hour when I came. 15. My father has just returned from a business trip.

Вправа 4. Визначте часову групу. Запишіть речення у Past та Future.

1. The job gives her satisfaction. 2. Students are making an experiment in the laboratory. 3. We have already finished our experiments. 4. He has been working at this problem for two years.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 5. Визначте часові форми дієслова в реченнях. Перекладіть речення.

1. They have already applied new methods in their research. 2. Our country has developed into a powerful state and has made great progress in all fields of industry, technology and science. 3. By the end of the 19th century scientists had made the first attempts to obtain synthetic materials. 4. The workers will have built this new house by the beginning of the next year. 5. Our shop is producing some new chemical apparatus. 6. The water in the tube is boiling. 7. The laboratory assistant was writing down all the data during our experiment. 8. They were mounting them from 5 to 7 o'clock. 9. They will be increasing it little by little.

Вправа 6. Перекладіть речення. Зверніть увагу на вживання різних часових форм.

- Чим ти займаєшся? - Перекладаю текст.

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