Український художній переклад та перекладачі 1920-30-х років

Мунте, Аксель

182, 266

Мур, Джордж

124, 438

Мусоргський, Модест

31

Муссінак, Леон

115

Мюллер, Вільгельм

163, 235

Мюре, Марк-Антуан

153, 215

Мюссе, Альфред де

104, 143, 149, 168, 188

Надірадзе, Колау

81, 446

Надсон, Семен

311, 356, 478

Надь, Міхал

184, 266

Назарлі

158

Наріжний, Василь

65, 145

Неґрі, Ада

14, 130, 154, 158, 162, 168, 270

Незвал, Вітезслав

155

Нейкранц, Клаус

96

Некрасов, Микола

(Нєкрасов, Ніколай)

59, 164, 178, 236, 298, 356, 456

Неруда, Ян

171, 189

Нечас, Ян

147, 169

Нєгош, Петро

153, 347

Нємцова, Божена

75

Нізамі

283, 476

Ніканович, М.

67, 446

Німан, Авґуст

91

Ністер (справж.

П. М. Каганович)

70

Ноай, Анна де

192

Новиков, Іван

60, 417

Ноель, Руже

168, 265

Нухрат, А.

83

О'Генрі

135, 154, 164, 472, 476

О'Коннор, Френк (справж. Майкл О'Донован)

167

О'Флаерті, Лаєм

186, 194, 359

Ованісян, Ованес

160, 276

Овідій Назон, Публій

43, 54, 201, 227, 295, 298, 482

Овн, Олівер

372-373

Огмар, Онги

157

Одулок, Текі

86

Ожешко, Еліза

72, 306, 307, 416, 456

Олдін, С.

22

Ольбрахт, Іван

77

Онруд, Ганс

127, 128, 417

Оркан, Владислав

74, 224. 230

Орлянд, Гершл

70

Ортеґа-і-Ґассет, Хосе

182, 194, 265

Островський, Микола

61

Островський, Олександр

59, 276

Павліковська-Ясножевська, Марія

187

Пайверинта, П.

128

Пакоч, Йозеф

184, 267

Паліашвілі, Захарій

31

Паляшті, Л.

184, 266

Пальмін, Ліодор

55, 275

Папіні, Джованні

182, 183, 194, 266

Паронян, А.

31

Парсонс, А.

373

Пасанто

137

Пассос, Джон Дос

138, 174, 327, 435

Пейдж, Мері

121

Пелішек, Йозеф

147, 169

Пер'є, Андре

113

Перец, Іцхок Лейбуш

68, 201

Перріконе, Дора Манкузо

185

Петефі, Шандор

78

Петніков, Григорій (Пєтніков, Ґріґорій)

64, 154, 175, 186, 276, 296

Петров, Євгеній

62

Пінчевський, Михайло

69, 181

Піранделло, Луїджі

149, 169, 183, 191, 195, 266, 267

Піскатор, Ервін

90. 217

Платон

44, 45, 188, 468

Плещеєв, Олексій

171

Плів'є, Теодор

181, 425

По, Едгар (Едґар)

29, 123, 135, 141, 142, 148, 190, 191, 263, 267, 336, 487, 488

Полянкер, Григорій

71

Полянов, Димитр (справж. Димитр Іванов Попов)

186

Полонський, Яків

55, 275

Поль, Ґергарт

172

Помяловський, Микола

58, 216

Поразінська, Яніна

171, 189

Премчанда (справж.

Джанпатрай Шрівастав),

156

Прієто, Міґель

22

Прокоф'єв, Олександр

177, 236

Проперцій

43, 201

Прус, Болеслав

27, 73, 147, 296, 305, 306, 456

Путрамент, Єжи

456

Пуччіні, Дж.

30, 311

Пушкін, Олександр

(Алєксандр)

12, 14, 19, 23, 25, 32, 51, 53, 54, 55, 62, 161, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 192, 207, 214, 226, 227, 236, 237, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 281, 295, 297, 298, 336, 429, 460, 461, 470, 472, 482, 483

Пшавела, Важа

180, 278

Пшерва-Тетмаєр, Казимір

74, 230, 415

Рабатц, Альф

22

Радевський, Христо

185

Радкліф, Ґарнет

373

Ракочі, Віктор

184, 266

Рансмайєр, М.

22

Расін

15, 115, 234

Распе, Рудольф Еріх

90, 92, 336

Рейхані, Амін

85

Ремарк, Еріх Марія

93, 245

Рембо (Ренбо), Артюр

17, 26, 154, 155, 173, 186, 190, 241, 242, 481

Ремонт (Реймонт),

Владислав

74, 416, 456

Ренар, Жюль

170, 373

Рендольф, Клеменс

122

Ренн, Людвіг

95

Реньє, Анрі де

17, 111, 168, 223, 233, 265

Рефік, Халід (Рефік Халід Карай)

84

Рєзник, Ліпа (Ліпе)

180, 278

Рилєєв, Кіндрат

311

Римський-Корсаков, М.

30, 32, 55, 276, 311

Рід, Джон

137, 355

Рід, Томас Майн

124, 324, 325, 328, 355

Рільке, Райнер Марія

15, 28, 148, 149, 168, 169, 175, 184, 188, 190, 191, 247, 282, 334, 484

Робертс, Чарлз

140

Роденбах, Жорж

149, 169

Родзевич, Марія

72

Роллан, Ромен

21, 106, 112, 147, 169, 172, 234

Ролліна, Моріс

149, 195

Романович, А.

66, 418

Ромен, Жюль

16, 21, 86, 113, 256, 258

Ром-Лебедєв, В.

181, 455

Роні-Молодший, Ж.-Г.

111

Роні-Старший, Жозе Анрі

111, 423, 452

Россіні, Джоакіно

32, 129, 418

Ростан, Едмон

173

Рот, Йозеф

27, 87

Рот, Ойген

187

Рудакі

472, 476

Румі, Джелаледдін

48, 171

Руставелі, Шота

24, 64, 82, 175, 181, 277, 279, 280, 281

Рюккерт, Фрідріх

170

Сабіна, Карел

29

Садовський, М.

Салтиков-Щедрін, Михайло

59, 216, 297

Сальваторі, Марґаріта

183, 266

Самен, Альбер

190, 233, 243

Санд, Жорж

106, 141

Сапфо

112

Свєтлов, Михайло

178, 236

Свидницький, Анатоль

65, 216

Свіфт, Джонатан

124, 427

Сеє, Олександр

419

Сейфеддін, Омер

84

Селін, Луї Фердинанд

115

Сендберґ, Карл

139, 154, 339, 340

Сендер, Рамон Хосе

131, 132, 428

Сенкевич, Генріх

72, 305, 306

Сент-Екзюпері, Антуан де

188

Серафимович, Олександр

62

Сервантес Сааведра, Мігель де

21, 131, 181, 428

Сервіс, Роберт

161, 340

Сетон-Томпсон, Ернест

136. 140, 144, 373

Сєрошевський, Вацлав

74

Сінклер, Ептон (Айтон)

137, 138, 306, 423

Сіто, Файвл

70

Сковорода, Григорій

153, 203, 215, 240, 271

Скотт, Вальтер

21, 122, 143, 324, 325, 364, 452, 472, 473

Сладек, Йозеф

147, 169

Слободнік, Влодзімеж

187

Словацький, Юліуш

72, 204, 213, 263, 282, 283, 470

Слонімський, Антоні

164

Сметана, Б.

29, 30, 385

Смирненський, Христо

185

Сологуб, Федір

167

Софокл

44, 400

Спір, Андре

319

Станде, Станіслав Ришард

153, 163, 164, 173, 185

Стендаль

24, 102, 103, 143, 234, 253, 434

Стефенсон, А.

22

Стівенсон, Роберт Люїс

124, 142, 184, 231, 405

Струг, Анджей

73

Суліашвілі, Давид

81

Супо, Філіпп

174

Суриков, Іван

55, 275

Сфорім, Менделе Мохер

68

Сюллі-Прюдом, Арман

147, 173

Сяо, Емі

176

Табідзе, Галактіон

180, 278

Табідзе, Тіціан

177, 178, 282

Тагор, Рабіндранат

15, 47, 84, 160, 167, 171, 443

Тайтш, Мойше

69

Таро, Жан

113

Таро, Жером

113

Татишвілі (Татішвілі),

Йосип

81, 158, 446

Таціт, Публій Корнелій

44, 46

Твен, Марк

135, 426

Тихонов, Микола

63, 162, 282, 283

Тібулл

43, 201

Тіздейл, Сара

148, 190

Тільшова, Марія

169

Тіртей

45, 187

Тодоров, Ангел

176, 186

Токунага, Сунао

(Токунага, Наосі)

85, 175, 423

Толлер, Ернст

172

Толстой, Лев

56, 189, 298, 335, 356, 416, 470

Толстой, О.К.

182

Толстой, Олексій

62, 147, 225, 228, 332, 335

Тома Кемпійський

41, 88

Тома, Людвік

169

Томан, Карел (справж. Антонін Бернашек)

163

Томський, Л.

60, 417

Топчій, Леонід

181, 295, 298

Травен, Б.

94

Троян, Йоганнес

189

Тувім, Юліан

156, 158, 189, 489

Тудуз, Жорж

114, 224, 233, 427

Туманян, Ованес

15, 79, 163, 178, 179, 180, 275, 277, 278, 279

Тургенєв, Іван

56, 57, 143, 189, 216, 227, 259, 297

Турек, Людвіґ

96

Тухольський, Курт

158

Тюллі, Джім

122, 159, 339, 340

Тютчев, Федір

477

Уайльд (Вайлд), Оскар

125, 167, 170, 182, 195, 244

Уд-Дін, Ахмед Азіз

84

Уебстер, Джен

136

Уелз (Уеллс),

Герберт

21, 28, 121, 170, 193, 255, 325, 359, 402, 405, 407, 408, 427, 433

Узда (Луїза Рам'є)

22

Уїтмен, Уолт

27, 154, 340, 476

Унамуно, Міґель де

87, 189, 194

Унру, Фріц

90, 311

Упит, Андрій

163

Ушаков, Микола (Ніколай)

26, 64, 176, 178, 180, 228, 235, 237, 277, 278, 298, 450, 451

Фарар, Клод

162, 241

Фаріна, Сальваторе

129, 145

Федін, Костянтин

63

Фейхтванґер, Ліон

93, 181, 332

Фельдеш, Йолан

184, 266

Фет, Афанасій

55, 223, 226, 477

Фефер, Іцик

70, 153, 163, 175, 176, 177, 178, 229, 275, 277, 278, 281, 455

Фінінберґ, Езра

155, 275

Фірдоусі

177, 236, 476

Фіхте, Йоганн Готліб

168

Флобер, Ґюстав

15, 20, 105, 143, 233

Фолкнер, Вільям

137. 194

Фонтана, Оскар Маурус

87, 341

Фонтане, Теодор

167

Форде, Моріс

184, 474

Фрайліґрат, Фердинанд

154, 164, 241

Франк, Леонгард

95, 172, 186

Франкль, Людвіґ Авґуст

172

Франс, Анатоль

194, 217, 234, 241, 253, 254, 255, 257, 265, 359, 399, 401, 402, 409, 423

Франциск Ассізький

50, 168

Фрідель, Егон

188

Фрік, Ріхард

127, 433

Фройхен, П.

126

Хашім, Ахмед

156

Хащеватський, Мойсей

175

Хейям (Хайям), Омар

160, 472, 476

Хетагуров, Коста

182, 437

Хосої, Вакідзо

85

Цанкар, Ян

76

Цатурян, Олександр

159, 276

Цвайґ (Цвейг), Стефан

87, 183, 242, 442

Цепліс, Альвіль

126

Церетелі, Акакій

82, 181, 230, 277, 281, 283, 295, 298

Цертелєв, Дмитро

55, 275

Цур-Мюлен, Гермінія

91, 155, 157, 162, 242, 423, 424

Чавчавадзе, Ілля

180, 278

Чапек, Йозеф

192

Чапек, Карел

77, 172, 183, 185, 192

Чаренц, Єгіше

160, 163, 275, 276

Чарот, Михась (Михась)

67, 157, 162, 357

Чато, Калман

184, 266

Чернишевський, Микола

59, 356, 429

Честертон, Гілберт Кіт

(Ґілберт Кейт)

122, 170, 189, 191, 263, 267, 359, 360

Чехов, Антон

19, 20, 57, 58, 144, 167, 184, 189, 214, 215, 224, 228, 253, 297, 332, 336, 356, 387, 407, 408

Чириков, Є.

384, 385

Чіковані, Симон

82, 175, 230, 280, 281, 282

Чічінадзе, Константіне

180, 295, 298

Чорний, Кузьма

66

Чуковський, Корній

25, 64, 90, 228, 336, 354, 410, 456

Чуковський, Микола

61

Шант, Левон

159, 276

Шаншіашвілі, Сандро

82, 181, 418

Шварц, Ґеорґ

192

Шварцман, Ошер

69, 155, 163, 178, 275, 277, 278

Шекспір, Вільям

7, 50, 117, 169, 177, 179, 189, 213, 231, 236, 244, 247, 263, 264, 358, 379, 399, 400, 402, 425, 449, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 470, 471, 472, 476, 486

Шеллі, Персі Біші

24, 26, 154, 189, 190, 240, 241, 243, 476

Шенгелая, Демна

81

Шенґер, Карл

169

Шенштедт, Вальтер

98, 424

Шеньє, А.

18, 469

Шервашидзе, Аміран

82

Шервінський, Сергій

64

Шехтман, Еля

71, 332

Шіллер (Шиллер),

Йоганн-Фрідріх

14, 23, 25, 89, 379, 400, 470, 471

Шмаїн, Нехем'є

71

Шніцлер, Артур

183, 384

Шолом-Алейхем

68

Шолохов, Михайло

62, 424

Шоу, Бернард

125, 168, 169, 190, 241, 265, 360

Шпільгаген, Фрідріх

92, 366

Шпітелер, Карл

98, 145, 442

Штер, Герман

183

Штернгайм, Карл

87, 242

Шторм, Теодор

171

Шубарт, Крістіан Фрідріх

88, 232

Юнґ, Франц

96, 217

Юнґнікель, Макс

169

Ягода, Йозеф

188

Язова, Я.

148, 188

Янсон, Густав

23

Ясенський, Бруно

28, 75, 153, 158, 339, 416

Яшвілі, Паоло

156, 177, 136, 282

UKRAINIAN LITERARY TRANSLATIONS AND TRANSLATORS IN THE 1920s-30s

In order to create an authentic view of the role of literary translation in the socio-cultural polysystem of contemporary Ukraine, it is important to give insight into its role throughout the twentieth-century history of Ukraine, especially during the decade of the 1920s National Renaissance.

The book provides a comprehensive, detailed survey of literary translations into the Ukrainian language in the 1920s-30s when the craft of translation experienced its heyday alongside other forms of verbal and non-verbal art both in Central-Eastern Ukraine (then called the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic) and Western Ukraine (most of whose territories passed over to Poland and the rest to Romania and Czechoslovakia in 1921). The 1920s have gone down in the history of Ukraine as the decade of National Renaissance, when hundreds of translations from dozens of languages (both living and dead ones) were brought out, including multi-volume and reprinted editions, and large-scale publications in a considerable number of periodicals both in the Central-Eastern and Western Ukraine.

The provenance of the Ukrainian national and cultural revival harkens back to the collapse of the Russian Empire in February 1917. The February Revolution in Russia triggered national liberation movements all over the country. The anti-tsarist state of public opinion and strong national liberation feelings together with numerous peasant uprisings against landlords had led the Ukrainian population into the turmoil of political upheavals and civil war (March 1917-March 1921). After the Bolsheviks attained an epoch-making victory over the Ukrainian governmental elite and influential political parties, they could not but underestimate the moving force of the Ukrainian national idea and the danger of its bloody obliteration. Therefore, in 1923, the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks declared governmental support of the Ukrainian language and its usage in all domains of social, administrative, economic, scientific, and cultural life in the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic by launching the “policy of Ukrainization” of the Republic's bureaucratic apparatus and its major state-financed institutions, but actually keeping in mind a policy of strengthening their own power in Ukraine. The period of so-called “active Ukrainization” lasted until 1929. Although aborted, the policy of Ukrainization greatly influenced all areas of cultural life, and its favorable consequences survived until the late 1930s in spite of the fact that the Bolsheviks eliminated the policy for maintenance of national languages in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Further denunciation of the supportive policy towards national languages in the USSR and its condemnation as a “nationalistic fallacy” would bring about rigid censorship, arrests, death, and oblivion for the hundreds of Ukrainian public leaders, intellectuals and translators among them.

It is noteworthy that translation in Ukraine, and literary translation in particular, has always played a role in protecting the nation and still does. In pre-Soviet colonial times, during Soviet and post-Soviet Ukraine, at all times of struggle for Ukrainian national self-identity and survival, the Ukrainian intellectuals viewed translation as a sign of the cultural competence of the Ukrainian people as a European nation. Therefore, in the auspicious atmosphere of the decade of National Renaissance (from the early 1920s to the early 1930s), dozens of writers, university professors and literary critics made efforts in literary translation. Numerous translations, including reprints, were put out in the market arena as separate editions or were included in literary, socio-cultural, political and purely propagandistic periodicals, or both. This fact testified to the weight the translated discourse found then in the professional and public domains, in the political debate, in the million-strong readership, and to what had become the people's popular pastime. A medium print run for a non-propagandistic fiction or poetry book was 3,000-5,000 copies, which is less than in the post-World War II Soviet period. That, together with frequent reprints, with literary magazines, such as the Kharkiv monthly “Chervonyi Shliakh” (“The Red Path”), whose circulation reached up to 15,000 copies, and some newspapers with much higher circulation, such as the government daily “Visti” (“The News”), which was printed in upwards of hundreds of thousands of copies, resulted in published translations successfully reaching a large audience.

For many interwar Ukrainian literary figures, public and political leaders, educators, scholars and scientists in Central-Eastern and Western Ukraine, separated from each other by a political boundary until 1939, translation activities became inseparable from their original creative writing practices as a device for strengthening the national language authority and broadening its recognition and daily usage by reading audiences. Moreover, literary translation served both as a powerful guardian instrument aimed at the protection of the Ukrainian language from Russification and degradation, as well as a gateway for the Ukrainian people to European cultural and civilizational values.

All in all, most Ukrainian writers genuinely believed in the Ukrainization policy, and it was the national idea that inspired a rapid development of literary and non-literary translation in the National Renaissance period, both in Soviet and Western Ukraine. During the decade of the “Great Terror” in the 1930s, many Ukrainian intellectuals and the translators among them had to pay with their own lives for their indisputable literary and translation-related achievements.

An outburst of political repressions against Ukrainian literati, scholars and academicians that started in the late 1920s and reached its peak in 1937 did not succeed in crushing the accelerative development of translation activities at once, though it became typical of the late 1930s that the names of translators recently subjected to repressions would simply disappear from their newly published translations, as well as from many reprinted editions. After all, just a handful of Ukrainian cultural figures were lucky enough to escape trumped-up charges and prosecutions.

In spite of that, translated discourse became organically integrated into the national literary and cultural polysystem as the means for protecting and enriching the Ukrainian literary language in its expressive potential, register variability, stylistic sophistication, and emphatic force.

Nowadays, dozens of translators from that time have become almost or completely forgotten, and dozens of personalities behind the names remain hardly known or unknown even to competent and experienced researchers.

The attempted survey of Ukrainian literary translations published in the 1920s-30s marks the beginning of a systematic study of Ukrainian translation practices and translated discourses of the National Renaissance period. Broader historiographic research should include more biographical sketches, an account of translators' strategies and publishers' policies, as well as the depiction of the socio-cultural and political atmosphere of that time both in Central-Eastern and Western Ukraine. However, even such a general overview points out interesting signs of the National Renaissance, in particular: in the 1920s and early 1930s several competitive publishing houses were represented by professional teams of editors, who successfully cooperated with a wide range of educated and responsible translators, and those qualified editorial boards, truly devoted to the highest standards of book-publishing, could guarantee the realization of long-term multi-volume translation projects. And most importantly, doing translations, together with all the accompanying translation activities such as editing and publishing translations, was no less prestigious than being engaged in original creative writing. The central position that literary translations occupied in the processes of literary development and canon formation, the people's enlightenment and nation-building in the 1920s and early 1930s, testified to the real renaissance scope of strengthening the living Ukrainian language and Ukrainian language culture at that time. Regarding this aspect, it would be interesting to mention the Institute of Scholarly and Scientific Ukrainian Language that successfully functioned from 1921 to 1930 at the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. The brilliant team of its members, with many practicing translators among them, worked for several years on the multi-volume Dictionary of the Living Ukrainian Language. They also compiled and edited over fifty general and special dictionaries, including Russian-Ukrainian dictionaries of both types (most of them were destroyed--literally burned to ashes!--in 1933, and the rest would be destroyed by the late 1930s).

Against all the odds, the bulk of translations from dozens of languages at that time testified to the vim and vigor of the Ukrainian national and cultural revival. Although the exact reasons for choosing the source texts and languages for translation were quite different, ones just for Russian-language and others for English-language authors, the common goal was the enrichment and flourishing of the target Ukrainian language and culture.

Kolomiyets L.V., Doctor of Philology, Professor Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Ukraine

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